Explanation
Following are the Exceptions to the law of diminishing marginal utility:
1) Hobbies: In certain hobbies like the collection of various stamps and coins, rare paintings, music, reading, etc., the law does not hold true because every additional increase in the stock gives more pleasure. This increases marginal utility. However, this violates the assumption of homogeneity and continuity.
2) Miser: In the case of a miser, every additional rupee gives him more and more satisfaction. The marginal utility of money tends to increase with an increase in his stock of money. However, this situation ignores the assumption of rationality.
3) Addictions: It is observed in the case of a drunkard that the level of intoxication increases with every additional unit of liquor consumed. So MU received by drunkard may increase. Actually, it is only an illusion. This condition is similar to almost all addictions. However, this violates the assumption of rationality.
4) Power: This is an exception to the law because when a person acquires power, his lust for power increases. He desires to have more and more of it. However, this again violates the rationality assumption.
Complementary Goods refers to those goods which are consumed together to satisfy a particular want. Complementary goods are products which are used together. Examples are, DVD player and DVD, tennis balls and tennis rackets, petrol and car. Hence, correct answer is option D.
In cardinal utility analysis, utility can be measured in terms of cardinal numbers i.e. 1,2,3,4, etc. which is very irrational on the part of consumer to act that way. As while buying a commodity a consumer does not measures his utility in cardinal numbers, they just measure it has high or low.
The Cardinal Utility approach is propounded by neo-classical economists, who believe that utility is measurable, and the customer can express his satisfaction in cardinal or quantitative numbers, such as 1,2,3, and so on. ... Here, one Util is equivalent to one rupee and the utility of money remains constant.
Marginal utility quantifies the added satisfaction that a consumer garners from consuming additional units of goods or services. The concept of marginal utility is used by economists to determine how much of an item consumers are willing to purchase.
Within economics, the concept of utility is used to model worth or value. Its usage has evolved significantly over time. The term was introduced initially as a measure of pleasure or satisfaction within the theory of utilitarianism by moral philosophers such as Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill
Positive marginal utility occurs when the consumption of an additional item increases the total utility, while negative marginal utility occurs when the consumption of an additional item decreases the total utility.
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