Explanation
In atomic physics, hyperfine structure is the different effects leading to small shifts and splitting in the energy levels of atoms, molecules and ions. The name is a reference to the fine structure which results from the interaction between the magnetic moments associated with electron spin and the electrons' orbital angular momentum. Hyperfine structure, with energy shifts is typically orders of magnitude smaller than the fine structure, results from the interactions of the nucleus (or nuclei, in molecules) with internally generated electric and magnetic fields.
Niels Bohr introduced the atomic Hydrogen model in 1913. He described it as a positively charged nucleus, comprised of protons and neutrons, surrounded by a negatively charged electron cloud. In the model, electrons orbit the nucleus in atomic shells. The atom is held together by electrostatic forces between the positive nucleus and negative surroundings.
Bohr’s Postulates
1. An atom has a number of stable orbits in which an electron can reside without the emission of radiant energy. Each orbit corresponds, to a certain energy level.
2. An electron may jump spontaneously from one orbit (energy level E1) to the other orbit (energy level E2) (E2 > E1); then the energy change AE in the electron jump is given by Planck’s equation
∆E = E2-E1 = hv
Where h = Planck’s constant.
And v = frequency of light emitted.
3. The motion of an electron in a circular orbit is restricted in such a manner that its angular momentum is an integral multiple of h/2π, Thus
mvr = nh/2π, where m = mass of the electron
v = velocity of the electron
r = radius of the orbit an
n = an integer called principal quantum number of the electron.:
4. A special surface around nucleus which contained orbits of equal energy and radius was called shell. These shells are numbered from inside to outwards as 1, 2, 3, 4 etc. and called K, L, M, N etc., respectively.
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