Explanation
$$\textbf{Option (C):}$$
$$\bullet$$ A timber company in the United States found out the benefits of neem tree as a pesticide. They received the patent in 1988 and sold it to W.R.Grace in 1992.
$$\bullet$$ After this was done it started suing the Indian companies that were producing the emulsion from the neem trees to produce pesticides.
$$\bullet$$ Vandana Shiva the director of the Research Foundation of Science Technology and Natural Resource Policy in India challenged this patent in the International Court on the ground that patent of agriculture and pharmaceutical inventions has already been accomplished by generations of Indian experimenters.
$$\bullet$$ Vandana Shiva's efforts got the patent canceled. This is why the Indian companies can now use neem for producing pesticides.
Hence, the correct answer is option (C).
$$\textbf{Correct answer: A}$$
$$\textbf{Option (A):}$$
$$\bullet$$ One of the major importance of using biotechnology in agriculture is for the generation of pest-resistant varieties of plants.
$$\bullet$$ It increases the yield of the plant which is the expected result from the biotechnological process.
$$\bullet$$ Without the use of chemical pesticides, the plants can avoid getting affected by pests.
$$\bullet$$ These plants can kill the weeds or even the pests that feed on them and hence can grow at a better rate.
$$\textbf{Option (B):}$$
$$\bullet$$ Increasing the nitrogen content in the soil is not performed by biotechnological means.
$$\bullet$$ More nitrogen-fixing bacteria or more necessity of nitrogen in the plant increases the nitrogen content.
$$\bullet$$ Decreasing seed numbers is not a beneficial factor for a plant.
$$\bullet$$ If the seed number is higher then the plant can grow more and propagate more with similar genetic characters.
$$\textbf{Option (D):}$$
$$\bullet$$ Biotechnology is not used to increase the plants as it is mainly done through hybridization or artificial propagation of plants.
$$\bullet$$These processes are performed by crop producers like farmers.
Hence, the correct answer is option (A).
$$\textbf{Correct answer: D}$$
$$\bullet$$ Biopatent allows private monopoly rights over plants and animals.
$$\bullet$$ This is only possible if the plants or animals are transgenic species that are prepared by the person.
$$\bullet$$ This means the plants and animals are not formed naturally and are produced using biotechnological means. Naturally growing plants and animals cannot be patented.
$$\bullet$$ People will not be able to research in areas dominated by patents.
$$\bullet$$ This is because patented work is the property of the owner as per the patenting law.
$$\bullet$$ For performing research on patented work the researcher needs to take permission from the owner.
$$\bullet$$ The presence of biopatent has helped underdeveloped countries see increased economic growth.
$$\bullet$$ By selling the patents many countries have developed their economy.
$$\bullet$$ Biopatent allows monopoly over biological resources if the resources are created by the researcher.
$$\bullet$$ There are different types of biological resources that can be patented.
Hence, the correct answer is option (D).
$$\textbf{Correct answer: C}$$
$$\bullet$$ Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent. This means the embryonic stem cells can form any of the tissues or organs in the specific organism.
$$\bullet$$ The differentiated cells can together completely produce the organism.
$$\bullet$$ These cells can be isolated from the epiblast tissues present in the blastocyst and can be subjected to a nutrient medium.
$$\bullet$$ The inner cell mass contains these cells that have the potential to develop into major structures of the organism.
$$\bullet$$ In a few days, the cells present in the inner cell mass of the blastocyst increase in number in a medium.
$$\bullet$$ IThis proliferation is possible if a proper growth medium is introduced.
$$\bullet$$ The embryonic stem cells give rise to three germination layers which are the endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm.
Please disable the adBlock and continue. Thank you.
