Explanation
In p-type materials holes are majority carriers and electrons are majority carriers in n-type materials. When the two types of semiconductor materials are joined together, the electrons from the n-type material diffuse into p-type material and combines with holes as their concentration is higher in n-type layer. This creates a layer of negative ions near the junction in p-type material. Negative ions are formed because the trivalent impurities (e.g., Aluminum) now has an extra electron from the n-type material. Similarly, the holes from the p-type material diffuse into n-type material resulting in a layer of positive ions in the n-type material.These negative ions creates an electric field in the direction from n-type to p-type. As more electrons diffuse into p-type material, the electric field strength goes on increasing. The electrons from n-type material now diffusing into p-type material will have to overcome the electric field due to negative ions. At one point, the electric field becomes sufficiently strong to stop further diffusion of electrons.
Hint: The voltage drop in a parallel connection is always the same. Use Ohm's law to find the current.
Step1: Finding the current through the zener diode.
The voltage drop in a parallel connection is always same. Therefore,
$$(\mathrm{i})_{1 \mathrm{k} \Omega}=\frac{15 \mathrm{~V}}{1 \mathrm{k} \Omega}=15 \mathrm{~mA}$$
$$(\mathrm{i})_{250 \Omega}=\frac{(20-15) \mathrm{V}}{250 \Omega}=\frac{5 \mathrm{~V}}{250 \Omega}=\frac{20}{1000} \mathrm{~A}=20 \mathrm{~mA}$$
$$\therefore(\mathrm{i})_{\mathrm{Zener}}=(20-15)=5 \mathrm{~mA} \text {. }$$
CORRECT ANSWER(d) 5ma
We know that in the case of metallic conductors, the potential difference varies in direct proportion to the current flowing. The $$I-V$$ graph of a ohmic conductor is a straight line. But, a p-n junction diode is not in according with Ohm's law. The current voltage characteristic curve of a p-n junction diode shows both forward bias as well as reverse bias characteristics as shown as in the graph.
A covalent bond is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. The stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces between atoms when they share electrons is known as covalent bonding. As the valency of germanium is $$4$$, it can share $$4$$ electrons of neighboring atom to complete the octet. Hence, Ge has covalent bond. NaCl is an example of an ionic bond and helium and copper both have valency $$2$$ and $$1$$ respectively.
A p-n junction can conduct current only when it is forward biased and does not while it is reverse biased.
A p-n junction is generally called a p-n junction diode since the current flows in an unidirectional manner and hence makes the diode suitable to used as a rectifier.
A rectifier converts alternating current to direct current and this process of converting AC to DC is known as rectification.
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