Explanation
The concept of going concern assumes that a business firm would continue to carry out its operations indefinitely, i.e. for a fairly long period of time and would not be liquidated in the foreseeable future.
This is an important assumption of accounting as it provides the very basis for showing the value of assets in the balance sheet.
Conversely, this means the entity will not be forced to halt operations and liquidate its assets in the near term at what may be low fire-sale prices.
Dual aspect is the foundation or basic principle of accounting. This concept states that every transaction has a dual or two-fold effect and should therefore be recorded at two places.
The duality principle is commonly expressed in terms of fundamental Accounting Equation, which is as follows :
Assets = Liabilities + Capital
In other words, the equation states that the assets of a business are always equal to the claims of owners and the outsiders. The claims also called equity of owners is termed as Capital(owners’ equity) and that of outsiders, as Liabilities(creditors equity). These both combined together form total liabilities. The total liabilities are also called as equities.
As per AS-2, Valuation of inventories prescribed the accounting treatment for inventories and sets the guidance to determine the value at which the inventories are carried in the financial statement.
Net realisable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business less the estimated costs.
The cost of inventories should comprise all costs of purchase, Costs of conversion and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition.
Hence, as per AS-2, "Inventories should be valued at the lower of cost and net realisable value."
The convention of conservatism is the convention of caution, or the policy of playing safe. This principle requires that in the situation of uncertainty and doubt, the business transactions should be recorded in such a manner that the profits and assets are not overstated and losses and liabilities are not understated. The following are some examples:
1. Closing stock is valued at cost price or Net realisable value, whichever is lower.
2. Joint life insurance policy is shown only at surrender value as against the amount paid.
3. Provision for doubtful debt is created in anticipation of bad debts etc.
4. Provision for pending law suit against the firm, which may either be decided in its favour.
The concept of conservatism (also called ‘prudence’) provides guidance for recording transactions in the book of accounts and is based on the policy of playing safe.
The concept states that a conscious approach should be adopted in ascertaining income so that profits of the enterprise are not overstated.
The concept of conservatism requires that profits should not to be recorded until realised but all losses, even those which may have a remote possibility, are to be provided in the books of accounts.
In other words, the equation states that the assets of a business are always equal to the claims of owners and the outsiders. The claims also called equity of owners is termed as Capital(owners’ equity) and that of outsiders, as Liabilities(creditors equity).
The convention of conservatism mean that the convention of caution, or the policy of playing safe. This principle requires that in the situation of uncertainty and doubt, the business transactions should be recorded in such a manner that the profits and assets are not overstated and losses and liabilities are not understated. The following are some examples:
Dual aspect is the foundation or basic principle of accounting. It provides the very basis for recording business transactions into the book of accounts. This concept states that every transaction has a dual or two-fold effect and should therefore be recorded at two places. In other words, at least two accounts will be involved in recording a transaction.
The double-entry system also requires that for all transactions, the amounts entered as debits must be equal to the amounts entered as credits.The best application of this aspect is the Accounting Equation, i.e., Assets = Liabilities + Capital.
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