India After Independence - Class 8 History - Extra Questions

Fill in the blanks:
Economic planning by which both the state and the private sector played a role in development was called a _________ _________ model.

Economic planning by which both the state and the private sector played a role in developing what was called a mixed economy model.


Fill in the blanks:
The death of _________ sparked off such violent protests that the government was forced to give in to the demand for the linguistic state of Andhra.

The death of Potti Sriramula sparked off such violent protests that the government was forced to give in to the demand for the linguistic state of Andhra.  


Why do you think Afro-Asian countries want to remain non-aligned?

The Afro-Asian countries want to remain non-aligned because none of the countries including India wants to be drawn in the cold war and the atmosphere of suspicion and mistrust which resulted in the formation of blocs. They all want peace through NAM and policy of neutrality or non-involvement.



Who were the architects of NAM?

Architects of NAM:
(i) President Sukarno of Indonesia
(ii) Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru of India
(iii) President Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt
(iv) President Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana
(v) President Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia


Name the non-alignment leader from India.

Jawaharlal Nehru. 
A key role was played in the formation of the Non-Alignment movement by the then Heads of State and Government Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt, Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, Shri Jawaharlal Nehru of India, Ahmed Sukarno of Indonesia and Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia, who later became the founding fathers of the movement and its emblematic leaders.
 


With reference to the Non-Aligned Movement, explain the following:
Two factors responsible for its formation.

Factors Responsible for its formations:
(i) Global tension caused by Cold War: Most of the newly independent countries of Asia and Africa realised the division of the world into two power blocs was not in their larger interest and this might endanger World Peace. These nations felt that by maintaining distance from both the super powers they would put off the danger of another war or a nuclear holocaust.
(ii) Right of independent judgement: The newly independent nations were able to keep their own identity by not aligning with any of the power blocs. They wanted to solve their problems themselves without any outside interference or influence.


State the major objectives of the Non-Aligned Movement.

Objectives of NAM:
$$1$$. To oppose colonialism, imperialism and racial discrimination.
$$2$$. To advocate sovereign equality of all states.
$$3$$. To eliminate all those causes which could lead to war.
$$4$$. To encourage friendly relations among countries.
$$5$$. To settle international disputes in a peaceful manner.
$$6$$. To oppose the sue of force and the use of nuclear weapons.
$$7$$. To protect human rights and to protect the environment.
$$8$$. To build a New International Economic Order (NIEO) based on equality, equity and justice.


Why was formation of linguistic states inevitable after independence?

In 1948, the government appointed a commission under S K Dhar, a judge of the Allahabad High Court, to examine the case for the reorganization of states on the linguistic basis. It favoured reorganization on the basis of administrative convenience rather than linguistic considerations. In December 1948, Congress appointed another committee under Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallabh Bhai Patel and Pattabhi Sitaramayya (known as the JVP Committee) to examine the issue afresh. The committee, in a report submitted in April 1949, dismissed the idea of reorganization on a linguistic basis. In 1953, the government was forced to create a separate state of Andhra Pradesh for Telugu-speaking people following the long-drawn agitation and death of Potti Sriramulu after a hunger strike for 56 days. This led to the demand for the creation of states on the linguistic basis from other parts of the country and on December 22, 1953, Jawaharlal Nehru announced the appointment of a commission under Fazl Ali to consider this demand. While accepting Commission’s recommendations, the government divided the country into 14 states and 6 union territories on a linguistic basis under the States Reorganization Act 1956.


What were the problems faced by India along with its independence? 

The most burning issues in India soon after its independence were the riots between the Hindus and Muslims while the Sikhs were siding with Hindus. Another big problem before the new government was to secure the accession of most of the Indian states to the Union of India and lay the foundation of their full integration into the new Indian nation.


Answer the following questions in two or four sentence each : 
" Formation of Andhra Pradesh based on language was essential to Indian Government ". Why ?

After the death of Potti Sriramulu who died after 58 days of hunger strike demanding for Vishalandhra, the demand for language based state reorganization went up. As a result, Andhrapradesh was formed in 1953


With reference to the Non-Aligned Movement, explain the following:
Role of Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru.

(i) The Asian Relations Conference took place in Delhi in 1947 in which he prompted the delegates not to join any block and to get ready for the freedom of their countries. He prompted the newly independent countries to remain united and maintain their separate identity. 
(ii) He along with the Chinese Premier Chou-En-Lai enunciated the five principles of peaceful co-existence i.e. Panchsheel. 
(iii) The Bandung Conference of 1955 was a further step towards the formation of NAM. His principles of Panchsheel became the bedrock of NAM. 
(iv) Those were the efforts of Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru and other prominent leaders like President Sukarno, President Gamal Abdel Nasser, President Joseph Broz Tito. 
(v) India under the leadership of Nehru played a leading role in various issues and problems of international politics, which strengthened the Non-aligned movement.


Mention any four objectives of the Non-Aligned Movement.

Main objectives of the Non-Alignment Movement were-
  1. To promote unity and cooperation between the developing countries based on mutual interests.
  2. To defend international peace and security and solve conflicts in peaceful manners.
  3. To promote sustainable development through international cooperation.
  4. To promote and reinforce multilateralism.


What is meant by the term non-alignment?

Non-Alignment is a policy of a nation which states that it will not support or depend on any powerful country. It was a movement started by the newly independent countries during the cold war to keep away from the military alliances of then powerful nations the USA  and USSR. 


With reference to the role played by NAM in the world affairs, state the following:
(a) Its efforts to put an end to apartheid in South Africa.
(b) It's significance in promoting International peace.
(c) It's role as a leader of the third world.

The NAM movement was developed as a forum of independent nations to discuss joint international policies and promote peace, harmony, and prosperity in International order.
1) It lambasted the policies of racial discrimination and denounced the policy of subjugating the black population commonly known as Apartheid. It gave a clarion call to bring an end to the apartheid system prevailing in Africa by joint efforts of all countries. The Cairo Summit of 1964 focused on African liberation and Lusaka Summit of 1970 openly criticised the Apartheid System with a view to restore human rights and fundamental freedom of the Blacks.
2) NAM has given the world a new direction towards preserving the international peace. It has raised its voice against suppression in the world, advocated for equality, refrained from forming alliance with any of the major power bloc. It called out for disarmament while realising reforms in the United Nations. It promoted equitable world order.
3) The Nam acted as a platform to negotiate dispute peacefully between developing and developed countries. It supported territorial integrity and sovereignty of the nations and protecting third world nations against the western hegemony.


With reference to the Bandung Conference, answer the following questions:
(a) Who presided over the conference?
(b) State the issues discussed at the conference.
(c) What is the significance of the Bandung conference?

( a)
Gamal A. Nasser of Egypt, Jawaharlal of India, Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia, Sukarno of Indonesia, Nkrumah of Ghana along with 24 other Heads of States belonging to the first post-colonial generation of leaders presided over the  Badung conference.
 (b)
The issues discussed in the conference were that of the rising insecurities among the newly independent countries from the superpowers. The reluctance of the superpowers on consulting the members of the conference, in discussing the matters affecting Asia.
(c)
The Bandung Conference laid the foundation stone for the Non-Alignment Movement. It led to project the dissatisfaction the Third World countries facing because of the policies of the West. It also helped in raising voice against the colonialism and extend support for the Independence movement of various colonies of Europe around the world.


Study the picture and answer the following questions:
(a) Identify the persons in the picture. Name the organisation with which these persons were associated.
(b) When and where was this organisation formed? Mention any three factors responsible for the formation of this organisation.
(c) State any three objectives of this organisation. Has this organisation been able to achieve its objectives? Give reasons for your answer.
502357.JPG

(a)
The persons in this picture are (from left to right)
  1. Gamal Abdel Nasser from Egypt.
  2. Josip Broz Tito from Yugoslavia.
  3. Jawaharlal Nehru from India.
They were associated with the Non-Alignment Movement.

( b)
The first summit of Non-Alignment Movement took place in Belgrade in 1961.
Factor responsible for its formation were:-
  1. The tense environment of the world due to Cold War.
  2. The emergence of newly independent countries of Asia and Africa and their sense of insecurity due to the superpowers.
  3. To increase the cooperation among the countries.

 c)
 Objectives of NAM are:-
  1. To promote unity and cooperation between the countries.
  2. To defend international peace and security and solve conflicts in peaceful manners.
  3. To promote sustainable development through cooperation.

Yes, The movement had succeeded in creating a strong stage at the international forum to represent the Third World countries. But the primary objectives of Peace, development and economic cooperations among the member nations are still to be met.


What are the basic principles of Panchsheel?

The basic principles of  Panchsheel Agreement are:
  1. Mutual non-aggression
  2. Mutual non-interference in domestic systems.
  3. Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty.
  4. Equality and mutual benefit.
  5. Peaceful co-existence.


When did the concept of non-alignment emerge and why?

The seeds of the Non-Alignment was sown in the Bandung Asian African Conference held in 1955 but it came into existence in 1961 with the first non-aligned summit, with the meeting of the five founding members Jawaharlal Nehru of India, Gamal Abdul Nassar of Egypt, Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia, Indonesia's Sukarno and Ghana's Kwame Nkrumah. It came into existence due to the tense environment of the Cold War and the emergence of newly independent colonies which need to protect their sovereignty from being compromised by the superpowers USA and USSR.


When and where was Non-aligned Movement formally launched?

The first summit of the non-aligned countries took place in Belgrade, Serbia in 1961. It was attended by the founding leaders of India, Indonesia, Egypt, Ghana and Yugoslavia with 21 non-aligned countries.The movement played an important role in giving the Third World countries a medium to stay neutral from then power blocs USA and USSR.



Give any two factors responsible for the development of the policy of Non-Alignment.

The factors responsible for the development of the policy of Non-Alignment were:
  1. It came into existence when the world was divided into two hostile groups led by the USA on one side and USSR on the other. They were having different ideologies and socio-economic systems, which were trying to gain influence through military alliances with other states leading to an insecure world.
  2. The newly independent countries of Asia and Africa were determined to have their own perspectives of national and international interests.


Discuss:
How was the economic development of India visualised in the early decades after Independence?

The economic development of India visualized in the early decades after Independence in the following ways:-
1) In 1950, the Government set up a planning commission to help design and execute suitable policies for economic development.
2) There was a broad agreement on the "Mixed economy" model. Here both the private sector and state would play important and complementary roles in increasing production and generating jobs.
3) It was on the Planning Commission to define which industries should be initiated by the state and which by the market and how to achieve a balance between the different regions and the states.
4) In 1956, the second five-year plan was formulated which focused on the development of heavy industries such as steel, and on the building of the large dams.
5) These sectors were to be under the control of the state. This focus on heavy industry and the effort on the state regulation of the economy was to guide the economic policy for the next few decades.


Discuss:
What did Dr Ambedkar mean when he said that In politics we will have equality, and in social and economic life we will have inequality?

In his final speech to the Constituent Assembly, Dr. Ambedkar pointed out that political democracy had to be accompanied by economic and social democracy. Giving the right to vote would not automatically lead to the removal of other inequalities such as between rich and poor, or between upper and lower castes. With the new Constitution/ he said, India was going to enter into a life of contradictions. In politics (i.e. every citizen will have right to vote or contest to election or to form or join a political party) we will have equality and in social and economic life we will have inequality. In politics we will be recognizing the principle of one man one vote one value. But in our social and economic life, we shall, by reason of our social and economic structure continue to deny the principle of one man one value.


What was the role of the Planning Commission?

 In 1950, the Government set up a Planning Commission to help, design and execute suitable policies for economic development. Both the state and the private sector were to play important and complementary roles in increasing production and generating jobs. So, the role of the Commission was to define which industries should be initiated by the state and which by the market, how to achieve a balance between the different regions and states. Ultimately, lifting India and Indians out of poverty and building a modern technical and industrial base were the main objectives of the Planning Commission. 


Class 8 History Extra Questions