Class 10 Biology - Life Processes

Choose the correct answer from the alternatives given in the brackets.
The xylem in the plants are responsible for ___________.
(transport of water, transport of food, transport of aminoacids, transport of oxygen)

Transport of water is carried out by the xylem vessels in the plants. There is the conduction of water and minerals from the roots to the leaves in the upward direction.

So, the correct answer is "Transport of water".

What is transpiration? Where does it occur?

Transpiration is the process in which there is a loss of water in the form of water vapour from the stomatal openings. It is beneficial to the plants due to its role in the ascent of sap, absorption and translocation of mineral salts and in the regulation of the temperature of plant tissues. Generally, the process of transpiration occurs through the openings of the stomata. It also occurs in smaller extent through the lenticels and cuticle.

Study the following model with which the transpiration mechanism in plants can be demonstrated. With which structure of the plant do you compare each of the following?
(i) Sponge
(ii) Glass tube filled with water.

The sponge is comparable to the leaf and the pores in it act as stomata from which transpiration is occurring. This pulls the water in the tube.

The glass tube with water is comparable to the xylem tissue which is showing ascent of sap aided by transpiration pull.

Name the main artery which takes the blood from the heart to different parts of the body?

Aorta carries the oxygenated blood from the heart to the different parts of the body via the network of arteries and arterioles. The body uses oxygen for the physiological processes of the body.

Which chamber of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body?

Right atrium of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body. This deoxygenated blood is collected by a system of venules, veins and vena cava and emptied into the right atrium.

Fill in the-blanks with suitable terms given below:
(Fast, Leaves, Stomata, Closed, Transpiration, Humid)
The leaves have more .......... on their lower surface.

The leaves have more stomata on their lower surface.

Given below are five terms. Rewrite the terms in the correct order to be in a logical sequence with regard to photosynthesis:
(i) water molecules, (ii) oxygen, (iii) grana, (iv) hydrogen and hydroxyl ions, (v) photons.

The correct order in a logical sequence with regard to photosynthesis be,
(v) photons, (iii) grana, (i) water molecules, (iv) hydrogen and hydroxyl ions, (ii) oxygen.

Name any four life processes:

The basic activities performed by an organism to maintain life is called a life process. Let us take a look at the major life processes;

1. Growth

2. Excretion

3. Reproduction

4. Nutrition

5. Movement

6. Sensitivity

7. Respiration

Explain the following term:
Diastole

Diastole is the phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle relaxes and allows the chambers to fill with blood.

Why do people have a common belief that the heart is located on the left side of the chest?

The heart is right in the center between the two lungs and above the diaphragm. The narrow end of the roughly triangular heart is pointed to the left side and during working, the contraction of the heart is most powerful at this end giving a feeling that the heart is on the left side.

Which processes would you consider essential for maintaining life?

Answer:

Life processes are processes which are required to maintain body functions and are necessary for survival.

There are the 7 processes all living things do - movement, reproduction, sensitivity, nutrition, excretion, respiration and growth.

List three events that occur during the process of photosynthesis. State in brief the role of stomata in this process.

Three events that occur during the process of photosynthesis are

(i) Absorption of light by chlorophyll pigment molecules and splitting of water molecules.
(ii) Light energy is converted into chemical energy
(iii) And Carbon dioxide is reduced to carbohydrates.

Stomata are the minute pores present on the epidermal surface of the leaves which allows the movement of gases in and out of the intercellular spaces.
During the day, when air temperatures rise and carbon dioxide levels are normal or above normal, the stomata open, allowing carbon dioxide to enter and photosynthesis to take place.
Oxygen, a poisonous (to the plant) byproduct of photosynthesis, is released to the environment by stomata. The excess water exits through the stomata in a process called transpiration.

So, stomata do not directly participate in photosynthesis. However, the stomata control the influx of carbon dioxide, a critical component of photosynthesis, and allow the excess oxygen to exit.
Stomata also control the flow of water vapor out of the leaf, limiting water loss during drought and allowing excess water to exit.

List three events that occur during photosynthesis process.

Three events that occur during the process of photosynthesis are:-

Absorption of light in chlorophyll and splitting of water molecules.
Light energy is converted into chemical energy (ATP and NADPH)
And Carbon dioxide is reduced to carbohydrates.

(i) Some forms of life do not depend upon oxygen. Explain.
(ii) Explain the various forms in which carbon is found on the Earth.
(iii)What is respiration?

(i) It is interesting to note that some forms of life, especially, bacteria are poisoned by element oxygen. Also the process of fixation of nitrogen by bacteria does not take place in the presence of oxygen.

(ii) Carbon in elemental form occurs as diamond and graphite. Carbon in combined state occurs as carbon dioxide, carbonates and hydrogen carbonate salts in various minerals. It occurs in carbon containing molecules like carbohydrates, fats, proteins, nucleic acids and vitamins etc.

(iii) Respiration is a process in which oxygen may or may not be used to convert glucose back into carbon dioxide.

What are the cellular components of blood?

Blood consists of blood plasma and blood cells. There are three types of blood cells- Red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.

What are gums made of? Is Fevicol different?

Gums are hetero-polysaccharides. They are made from two or more different types of derived monosaccharides. On the other hand, fevicol is polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) glue. It is not a polysaccharide.

How are the minerals absorbed by plants?

$\textbf{Solution:}$

$\bullet$ The mineral concentration within the soil is very low, therefore, it is dissolved in water and moved around the soil in solution.

$\bullet$ Plants absorb the minerals from the soil with the help of root hairs.

$\bullet$ The minerals are absorbed in the form of ions.

The mineral absorption by plant roots take place in two phases-

1) Initial phase-

$\bullet$ The rapid uptake of ions into outer free spaces of the plant cells (apoplast).

$\bullet$ The free spaces include the intercellular spaces and the cell wall.

$\bullet$ The entry of ions into outer space is passive absorption, i.e no energy is required.

2) Metabolic phase-

$\bullet$ The mineral ions diffuse into the cell cytoplasm and vacuoles (symplast).

$\bullet$ The entry of ions into the cell requires energy, therefore, is called active absorption.

Which materials are excreted by kidneys and lungs?

$\textbf{Correct answer: C}$

$\textbf{Option (A):}$

$\bullet$ Carbon dioxide is not removed by the kidney.

$\textbf{Option (B):}$

$\bullet$ Urea is not produced by the lungs.

$\bullet$ Carbon dioxide is not removed by the kidney. Both the given choices here are incorrect.

$\textbf{Option (C):}$

$\bullet$ Carbon dioxide is not released out of the kidney. It is the region where the blood filters out nitrogenous wastes like urea.

$\bullet$ Lungs act as the organ for breathing and so during expiration, the removal of carbon dioxide takes place.

$\textbf{Option (D):}$

$\bullet$ Urea is not produced by the lungs even though it is produced by the kidney.

Hence, the correct answer is option (C).

What is blood pressure? Name the instrument used to measure it.

$\large\textbf{Solution}$

$\textbf{Blood pressure}$

$\bullet$ The pressure exerted by the flowing blood on the blood vessels is known as blood pressure.

$\bullet$ Normal blood pressure in humans is supposed to be 120/80mm of Hg.

$\bullet$ Maximum blood pressure in the arteries is said to be systolic blood pressure and occurs during the contraction of the ventricles i.e. the systole of the ventricles.

$\textbf{Device}$

$\bullet$ The medical instrument used to measure blood pressure is known as

$\textbf{sphygmomanometer.}$

What are the parts of a sphygmomanometer? - Quora

Loss of water from the plant is known as ascent of sap. Is it true or false?

The process which results in the loss of water in the form of water vapour is known as transpiration. Transpiration is the process that is responsible for the movement of water in plants. The water contains the dissolved salts which is known as inorganic sap. The transpiration pull is responsible for the movement of sap. The movement of sap is known as ascent of sap.

Thus, the correct answer is false.

Name two main reactions that occur during the the process of photosynthesis.

The events that occur during the process of photosynthesis are:

(1) Light Reaction - Conversion of light energy to chemical energy (ATP and NADPH

$_2$ ) and splitting of water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen.

(2) Dark reaction - Reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrates (carbon assimilation).

During the journey of food from mouth to stomach through oesophagus. How muscular system coordinate in this process?

The circular muscles of the mouth enable the food to be pushed into the oral cavity and to be moved around.
During mastication, the surface muscles help in the chewing and biting actions. Thus, the muscles of the mouth enable the food to push into the oral cavity and to be moved around.
The wall of the oesophagus is made up of two kinds of smooth muscles - i) Circular muscles and ii) Longitudinal muscles.
Contraction of the circular muscles results in narrowing of the oesophagus just behind the bolus. So, the food is squeezed downwards
Contraction of the longitudinal muscles in front of the bolus widen the tube, this results in shortening of the particular part of the oesophagus.
Contraction and relaxation of these muscles dring in a wave-like motion that propels the food bolus into the stomach by the action called “peristalsis”.

Give the biological term for 'Blood vessels carrying blood to the left atrium'.

Pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart and from heart the oxygenated blood is supplied to the whole body. It is the only vein in the human body carrying oxygenated blood. There are in total four pulmonary veins, two from each lung. In this way, they play an important role in respiration because they receive oxygenated blood from alveolar of lungs and brings back to the heart.

Imagine what happens if waste materials are not sent out of the body from time to time?

$\textbf{Solution}$

$\bullet$ Excretory system is present in human body which discharge out the waste material from the body.

$\bullet$ Kidney is the excretory organ which eliminates urea whereas respiratory system eliminates carbon dioxide

$\bullet$ Digestive system eliminates waste material through feces.

$\bullet$ If waste materials are not sent out of the body, they get accumulated in the body and can cause serious problem like constipation, kidney failure. kidney stones.

$\bullet$ The waste gets stagnated, produce toxins and poisons which pollute the whole body.

$\bullet$ Ultimately they will lead to death of the organism.

Bring out the differences between right auricle and left auricle.

Right auricle	Left auricle
The blood is deoxygenated which is supplied to the right ventricle.	The blood is oxygenated which is supplied to the left ventricle.
The blood is rich in carbon dioxide.	The blood is rich in oxygen.
The walls are thinner.	The walls are thicker.
There is a tricuspid valve which opens in the right ventricle.	There is a bicuspid valve which opens in the left ventricle.
The deoxygenated blood received from vena cava from the parts of the body.	The oxygenated blood received through the pulmonary vein from lungs.
The part is connected to the right ventricle.	The part is connected to the left ventricle.

Complete the following sentence by filling the blank with a suitable word(s):
The oxygen-rich blood from the lungs comes into the _____ of the heart.

After the oxygenation of blood in the lungs, it is called oxygen-rich blood. The oxygen-rich blood from the lungs comes into the left atrium of the heart through the pulmonary vein.

What happens if there is no mucus in the Oesophagus ?

$\textbf{Solution:}$

$\bullet$ The main function of oesophagus is the movement of food from the mouth to the stomach.

$\bullet$ The mucus present in the oesophagus facilitates the downward movement of food to the stomach.

$\bullet$ The smooth passage of food is obstructed due to the absence of mucus.

$\bullet$ The epithelial cells of the oesophagus dry out in the absence of mucus.

$\bullet$ Due to the loss of functioning of muscles in the oesophagus there is constant obstruction with the movement of food.

Blood pressure of a person is measured by

Blood pressure of a person is measured by sphygmomanometer. The instrument is comprising of an inflatable air bladder cuff. With the help of the stethescope, the blood pressure in the artery is measured. The sphygmomanometer is usually graduated in units of millimeters of mercury, abbreviated as mm Hg. The cuff is tighten around the upper arm and the pressure is increased to fill the cuff with air. This blocks the flow of blood. The pressure is slowly released and the systolic and the diastolic pressure is checked. The first pressure recorded is systolic (120 mm Hg) and then the diastolic pressure (180 mm Hg).

Expand ATP.

ATP is the abbreviated form of Adenosine triphosphate. This molecule is considered as the main source of energy reserve which is present in all the living organisms. The bond between the three phosphate molecules is very strong and large amount of energy is stored in this bond. The energy can be used to perform various reactions that occur in the cell.

Bile juice contains no digestive enzymes. Yet it is important for digestion. How?

The liver cells produce the bile juice. There are bile salts known as sodium taurocholate and glycocholate, which are responsible for the emulsification of the fats. The emulsified fats are broken down into smaller fat globules. These globules are broken down to form the glycerol and fatty acids by the enzyme lipase which is present in the intestinal juice. Thus, the bile juice helps in the process of digestion of fats.

What is hypertension? How is it caused? Mention the preventive steps to be taken.

When there is an increase in the blood pressure in the arteries, the condition is known as hypertension. The systolic pressure reaches to 140 and the diastolic pressure reaches to 90.

There are many causes which can result in the development of hypertension. The causes are stress, obesity, smoking, kidney problems, thyroid problems, genetic problems and an increase in the soil intake.

Preventive measures are a follows:

Reduction in the smoking and consumption of alcohol.
Reduction in the salt intake.
Healthy fruits and vegetables should be consumed.
Exercise.

Answer the following.
(i) Name the vascular tissues labelled A and B.
(ii) What materials are transported through A?
(iii) What materials are transported through B?
(iv) How do the materials in A move upwards to the leaves?

(i) A is Xylem, B is Phloem.

(ii) Water and minerals are transported through the xylem, i.e. the part labelled A.

(iii) Food in the form of sucrose is transported through phloem, i.e. the psrt labelled B.

(iv) In xylem, upwards movement occurs due to diffusion, root pressure, transpiration pull and capillary action.

What is respiration? Write the detail note on human respiratory organs.

The process of releasing energy by the oxidation of food is known as respiration.

$\bullet$ The human respiratory system consists of nostrils, nasal passage, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs and diaphragm.

$\bullet$ Nostrils open into the nasal cavities. The nasal cavity is lined with fine hair and mucus which trap dust particles and microbes and prevent their entry into the respiratory system.

$\bullet$ The air from the nasal cavity passes to the pharynx, which leads to the trachea through a slit called the glottis.

$\bullet$ A cartilaginous flap called the epiglottis protects the glottis. The epiglottis prevents the entry of food into the trachea.

$\bullet$ C-shaped cartilaginous rings support the trachea which prevents the trachea from collapsing even when there is no air in it.

$\bullet$ At the upper end, the trachea has the voice box called the larynx.

$\bullet$ The trachea runs down the neck and divides into two bronchi, which lead to the lungs and further divide into smaller bronchioles in the lungs.

$\bullet$ The smallest bronchioles terminate in alveoli. The walls of the alveoli are thin and covered by blood capillaries to facilitate the exchange of gases in the lungs.

Explain with the help of a diagram as to how amoeba obtains nutrition.

i. The process of obtaining nutrients through food that provides for the growth and health of the organisms is known as nutrition.

ii. Nutrition in amoeba:

a. Amoeba is the unicellular organism, which follows the holozoic mode of nutrition.
b. The various processes involved in nutrition are ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, and egestion.

1. Ingestion is the process by which the amoeba takes in food. This is done by forming temporary finger-like projections called pseudopodia around the food particle, forming a bag-like structure called vacuole.

2. Digestion is the process wherein the food is broken down into simpler substances in the vacuole, with the help of digestive enzymes.

3. Absorption is the process by which the digested food in the vacuole is absorbed into the cytoplasm by diffusion.

4. Assimilation is the process where a part of the food that is absorbed into the cytoplasm is used to generate energy for the amoeba while the rest of the food is used for growth and development.

5. Egestion is the process wherein the undigested food is thrown out of the body from the vacuole.

What is respiration? Explain the types of respiration.

Respiration: The process of releasing energy by the oxidation of food is known as respiration. Respiration is of two types aerobic and anaerobic.
Aerobic respiration:
i. Respiration which takes place in the presence of oxygen is known as aerobic respiration.
ii. During this process, food (glucose) is broken down into carbon dioxide and water in the presence of oxygen.
iii. Energy release in this process is stored in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Anaerobic respiration:
i. Respiration which takes place in the absence of oxygen is known as anaerobic respiration.
ii. In anaerobic respiration in microorganisms, glucose is broken down into ethanol and carbon dioxide with the release of energy. Lactic acid is the end-product of respiration in muscle cells, while

CO$$_2$$CO2 and ethanol are formed in plants.

Explain saprozoic and parasitic nutrition.

Parasitic Nutrition: This mode of nutrition is the characteristic of parasites. The parasites live on of inside the body of their hosts. So, the parasites are dependent either wholly of partially on the host for nutrition e.g., plasmodium, liver flukes, Cuscuta, Ascaris etc. There are two types of parasitic plants.
(i) Holo Parasitic: Those which completely depend on Nutrition, Example: Orobanki. This is found on the roots of potato, tomato and brinjal plant.
(ii) Partial Parasitic: Some plant partially depend on other, are called the partial parasite. Example: Sandal plant.
Saprophytic nutrition: In this mode of nutrition, the organisms feed on the dead decaying organic matter. Organisms like fungi(yeasts, moulds, mushrooms) and many bacteria take dissolved decaying organic materials from their environment. The organism releases some enzymes to digest the dead organic food and then the nutrients are absorbed through the body surface.

What are veins?

Veins are the lines on the green flat part in a leaf that provide support for the leaf and transport both water and food.

What is blood? Write down four functions of blood.

A fluid connective tissue of red colour, alkaline, salty or colloidal in nature which is used for circulation of substances in the body is called blood.
Functions of blood -

Blood absorbs the digested part of the food and transports it to all cells of the body.
It transports the oxygen from lungs to the cells.
It transports the carbon dioxide produced in the cells due to respiration to the lungs.
It transports excreta such as urea, uric acid, etc. to the kidney the excretory organ.
It protects from diseases in the following ways - (i) Neutrophils and monocytes etc. engulf the harmful bacteria and other disease-causing organisms. (ii)Blood helps in excretion of dust particles, dead and damaged blood corpuscles in the form of pus. (iii) It produces antibodies with the help of lymphocytes to neutralise the action of toxins produced by pathogens.
blood forms a clot at the site of injury and thus prevents the further loss of blood. Blood helps in rapid healing.
It regulates the body temperature.
It transports the hormones secreted by endocrine ductless glands.
It maintains the water balance of the body.
Transports the metabolic intermediates.
Maintains the pH value of the body tissues.
Transports the toxic substances to the liver for making them less toxic.

Arteries and veins are joined by a network of _________.

Arteries always move oxygenated blood away from the heart, branching off multiple times into smaller segments, and eventually connect to the capillaries. The capillaries are where oxygen and nutrient exchange occurs with individual cells: oxygen and nutrients are delivered, carbon dioxide and waste products are removed.
From the capillaries, blood moves into larger segments, combining into larger and larger veins, always moving blood to the heart.
Hence Arteries and veins are joined by a network of capillaries.

The blood from the heart is transported to all parts of the body by the ________.

By definition, arteries are muscular-walled tubes forming part of the circulation system by which blood (mainly that which has been oxygenated) is transported from the heart to all parts of the body.
Arteries begin with the aorta(The aorta is the largest artery in the body. The aorta begins at the top of the left ventricle). Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to all of the body's tissues. They branch several times, becoming smaller and smaller as they carry blood further from the heart and into organs.
Hence the blood from the heart is transported to all parts of the body by the "arteries".

How does the bile help in the digestion of fat?

Bile helps in the emulsification of the fats i.e., breaking down of the fats into very small micelles. This increases the rate at which fat is digested by the lipase. Bile also activates lipase.

Give the biological reason for the following statement:
The left ventricle of the heart has a thicker wall than the right ventricle.

The left ventricle of the heart has a thicker wall than the right ventricle because the left ventricle has to pump blood away from the heart and to all the body parts whereas the right ventricle only has to pump blood to the lungs. The high force is needed to pump blood through the systemic circuit than to the pulmonary circuit.

What is respiration? How are respiration and burning similar and how are they different?

Explanation:

Respiration is a process by which an organism provides its cells with oxygen to metabolism, and removes carbon dioxide which is produced as waste gas.
The respiratory substrates like carbohydrates, fats, and proteins get oxidized in this process.
However burning is also an oxidation process in presence of oxygen, So in this way burning and respiration share similarities.

Complete the following sentence by filling the blanks with the suitable word(s).
The blood loaded with carbon dioxide from the body comes into the _______ of the heart.

The deoxygenated blood or blood loaded with carbon dioxide from the body enters the right atrium of the heart through the superior and inferior vena cavae.

So, the correct answer is 'right atrium'.

Thus the complete sentence will be:

The blood loaded with carbon dioxide from the body comes into the right atrium of the heart.

Mention one difference between the following on the basis of what is given in brackets.
Chlorophyll and chloroplast (part of plant cell).

Chlorophyll	Chloroplast
Chlorophyll is the green colouring matter found in plants. It is contained in microscopic cell organelles called chloroplasts.	Chloroplasts are minute oval bodies bounded by a double membrane, and their interior contains closely packed flattened sacs arranged in piles lying in a colourless ground substance called the stroma.

Give reasons for the following:
Atrial wall is less muscular than the ventricular wall.

Atrial wall is less muscular than the ventricular wall because, the ventricle pumps blood up to the lungs for oxygenation and ventricle pumps blood up to the farthest points in the body, such as, up to the toes in the feet or up to the brain against gravity. But atrial major function is to receive blood from the body and pump it into the very next ventricle.

Short / Long answer type questions.
Write an essay on the composition of blood.

$\textbf{Solution:}$

$\bullet$ Blood is a type of connective tissue that is fluid in nature.

$\bullet$ Blood is divided into two components.

$\bullet$ There are two parts in blood. namely, plasma and formed elements (Red and white blood cells and platelets.

$\textbf{Red blood cells}$ The most prevalent cells in blood are red blood cells, also known as erythrocytes.

$\bullet$ They have a biconcave form and are devoid of a nucleus.

$\bullet$ RBCs contain the pigment haemoglobin, which binds to oxygen and transports it.

$\textbf{White blood cells}$ Leucocytes are another name for white blood cells.

$\bullet$ They're amoeboid, which means they can squeeze their way through blood arteries.

$\bullet$ Diapedesis is the medical term for this condition.

$\bullet$ Granulocytes and agranulocytes are two types of leucocytes.

$\bullet$ Neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils are granulocytes.

$\bullet$ Monocytes (phagocytic in nature) and lymphocytes are agranulocytes (responsible for immune responses).

$\textbf{Platelets}$ Platelets are also known as thrombocytes.

$\bullet$ They are the tiniest produced elements and are not real cells, but rather cell fragments.

$\bullet$ They are devoid of nuclei and perform a crucial function in clotting.

Very short answer type.
Name one function of saliva other than in digestion

Saliva performs a large variety of functions other than digestion. One of its functions includes aid in speech.

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.

In respiration, the exchange of gases occurs by the principle of ..........

In respiration, the exchange of gases occurs based on the principle of diffusion. Diffusion of gases occurs in the alveoli of the lungs. The process of diffusion is affected by the pressure of each gas in the alveoli.

Fill in the blanks:
Transpiration is the loss of water as water ............ from the .............. parts of the plant.

Vapour, Aerial

Transpiration is the loss of water as water vapour from the aerial parts of the plant.

Very short answer type.
Which light is the most effective for photosynthesis?

During photosynthesis, chlorophyll reflects green light and absorbs blue and red light wavelengths of the sunlight. These red and blue light aid plant growth effectively.

Very short answer type.
What is the source of oxygen evolved during photosynthesis?

Water is the source of oxygen evolved during splitting of water molecule during photosynthesis.

Does vasoconstriction or vasodilation lower blood pressure ?

Vasoconstriction is the action when the blood vessels constrict thus the blood flow is reduced leading to increase in blood pressure. The reverse happens in vasodilation that is the blood vessels relax causing increase in the blood flow hence reducing blood pressure .

Hence Vasodilation lowers the blood pressure and not Vasoconstriction.

Short / Long Answer Types :
What is respiration? Describe the various steps resulting in the oxidation of carbohydrates to pyruvic acid. How many ATP are produced in glycolysis?

Respiration is defined as a process in living organisms involving the production of energy linked with intake of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide by the oxidation of complex organic substances.

Steps of glycolysis and ATP generation are given the diagram.

2 ATP are generated at the end of glycolysis.

1138987_863815_ans_46df49db015d42b09fddbf759dd25052.jpg

What is the mean blood pressure in the aorta?

Blood pressure is one of the vital signs, along with respiratory rate, heart rate etc. Normal resting blood pressure in an adult is approximately is 120 mmHg systolic, and 80 mmHg diastolic, abbreviated as 120/80 mmHg.

So the correct answer is 80 mmHg.

Very short answer type.
Moll's experiment demonstrates the necessity of what in photosynthesis?

The necessity of

$CO_2$ reduction in photosynthesis into carbohydrates is demonstrated by Moll's experiment.

Right ventricular wall is thinner than the left ventricular wall. Why?

Right ventricular wall is thinner than the left ventricular wall because the left ventricle needs to pump blood to different parts of the body.
Therefore, high pressure is applied by the wall of the left ventricle, which requires strength.
Whereas, the right ventricle pumps blood only to the lungs for oxygenation, which is very close to the heart, therefore less pressure is required.
Thus, the wall of the right ventricle is thinner.

How plant respiration is different from animal respiration.
Describe the process of respiration in (a) root (b) stem (c) leaves with suitable diagram.

Respiration in plants	Respiration in animals
1. plants only respire	Animals breath air for cellular respiration.
2. Plant obtain oxygen directly from the air through stomata.	Animals inhale oxygen from nose or gills into respiratory organs.
3. Carbon dioxide released during respiration is utilized by plants for photosynthesis.	Carbon dioxide released during respiration is not utilized by animals.

a) Respiration in roots: Oxygen present in the airspace of the soil get diffused into the root hairs.

Respiration in stems: In higher plants, stem possesses small opening called as lenticles through which oxygen get diffused. In the case of plants with green stems, they possess stomata through which oxygen get diffused.

Image result for respiration in stems lenticles of plants

Respiration in leaves: Leaves possess small opening called as stomata through which exchange of gases takes place. The opening and closing of stomata help in the exchange of gases between leaves and atmosphere and it is controlled by the guard cells.

What are the modes of nutrition? Explain in detail various types of modes of nutrition in living being.

Nutrition is the process to obtain and utilize food or nutrients. It is mainly divided into two categories autotrophic (organisms prepare their own food) and heterotrophic (organisms obtain food from other organisms). Autotrophic mode of nutrition is further divided into two categories such as:

1. Phototrophic: Organisms prepare their own food in the presence of sunlight, water and carbon dioxide e.g., green plants.

2. Chemotrophic: Organisms prepare their own food in the presence of chemicals such as nitrate, hydrogen sulphate, iron etc, e.g., sulphur bacteria

Heterotrophic mode of nutrition is further divided into three categories such as:

1. Holozoic: Animals eat their whole food. It includes five stages of digestion such as ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation and egestion e.g., humans.

2. saprophytic: Organisms feed on dead and decaying organic matters. In this mode, organisms first convert the complex food into the simple form and then ingests them e.g., decomposers.

3. Parasitic: Organisms obtain food from other living organisms. In this mode, one organism (parasite) lives inside the other organism (host organism) and derive nutrients from that e.g., tapeworm.

What is stomata ? write its function ?

There are small openings on the lower surface of the leaves. These pores are called stomata. These openings are surrounded by guard cells.
Functions of stomata:

1. It helps in the transpiration of water, i.e., the loss of excess water from the plant.

2. Loss of water from the stomata creates an upward pull, i.e., suction pull which helps in the absorption of water from the roots.

3. They help in the exchange of gases.

The process of production of energy inside the cells is know as...................

Respiration is a process in living organisms involving the production of energy, typically with the intake of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide from the oxidation of complex organic substances. So, the process of production of energy inside the cells is known as respiration.

Write two functions of two upper chambers of human heart?

The human heart consists of four chambers. The upper chamber is called an atrium (or auricle), and the lower chamber is called a ventricle.
The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the other body organs and pumps it into the right ventricle. This is then sent toward the lungs for oxygenation.
The oxygenated blood in the lungs is then received by the left atrium and pumped into the left ventricle.
Finally, the oxygenated blood from the left ventricle is pumped back to the body.
So, receiving blood and pumping it into the ventricles are the two functions of the upper chambers of the heart.

2095073_1101353_ans_b7517b717f8346598f4aa54e1342642d.png

In BP $120/80$ , the numerator $120$ indicates __________.

In the blood pressure

$120/80$ , the numerator

$120$ indicates the pressure in arteries that have been generated due to the contraction of the ventricles. It is also called the systolic pressure. The denominator

$80$ represents the diastolic pressure.

Explain the function of bile:

Bile is a fluid made up of cholesterol, bile salts, bilirubin, water, and bicarbonate ions. It is produced in the liver and is stored in the gallbladder. It is transported into the duodenum section of the small intestine through the common bile duct. In the small intestine, bile helps in the emulsification of fats. Hence, it plays a major role in the digestion of fats.

Explain four chambers of the mammalian heart in brief.

The human or mammalian heart consists of 4 chambers

Right atrium: deoxygenated blood fours into the right atrium from superior and inferior vena cava.
Right ventricle: the blood from right atrium goes into right ventricle that pushes it to lungs via the pulmonary artery.
Left atrium: oxygenated blood is carried from lungs to left atrium by pulmonary vein into the left atrium.
Left ventricle: left atrium pours blood into left ventricle that on contraction, transmits the blood into the aorta, the largest artery, that carries oxygenated blood.

Name the two ways in which glucose is oxidized to provide energy in various organisms.

Two ways in which glucose is oxidized to obtain or produce energy are as follows-

1) Anaerobic respiration: This process involves the breakdown of glucose into a three-carbon molecule called pyruvate in the absence of oxygen and takes place in the cytoplasm.

This pyruvate so produced can be converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide.
This process commonly takes place in yeast.

2) Aerobic respiration: During aerobic respiration (in the presence of oxygen), glucose is broken down into pyruvate and then this pyruvate molecule is broken down to give rise to three molecules of carbon dioxide and water.

How all life processes contribute to growth and development of body?

Explanation:

For survival, the body has to function properly, and it occurs with the help of life processes.
The important life processes are nutrition, transportation, metabolisms, reproduction, respiration, and excretion.
These processes work together to mean the requirements for the growth and development of an individual body.
Nutrition is a vital process, which helps organisms to meet the need and provides energy for internal systems.
All living organisms need to transport materials like oxygen, water, and food to various parts of the body. Thus transportation if necessary.
The metabolic processes help the organism maintain its structures and respond to the surrounding environment.
Reproduction helps in the continuity of the species. It’s the key process to continue the species from generation to generation.
Respiration is the process of the breakdown of some molecules at the cellular level to create the energy they need to live.
In excretion, organisms have the ability to control osmotic pressure, the balance between ions and electrolytes.

Differentiate between veins and arteries.

Arteries	Veins
1. Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body. 2. The flow of the blood is intermittent and fast. 3. Their blood has considerable pressure. 4. They have thick, elastic walls and narrow lumen.	1. Carry deoxygenated blood back from the body to the heart. 2. The flow of the blood is slow and steady. 3. Their blood has low pressure. 4. They have thinner, scarcely elastic walls and wide lumen.

1075940_1152413_ans_e5982efc58174953a4ebd25d51b09784.jpg

Give the technical term for:
Interconnected vessels between arteries and veins

Capillaries

Capillaries are thinnest blood vessels which connect arteries and veins. The walls of capillaries are very thin and diffusion of gases and chemical substances can take place very easily.

Why do fishes die when taken out of water?

$\textbf{Solution}$

$\bullet$ Fish breathe through gills which are filled with blood capillaries that absorb the oxygen dissolved in the water.

$\bullet$ When the fish is present inside the water it takes off the dissolved oxygen and releases carbon dioxide by mouth.

$\bullet$ When the fish is taken out of the water, it cannot breathe and the supply of oxygen is reduced because the cannot use oxygen present in the atmosphere.

$\bullet$ Due to which the fishes die when they are taken out of the water.

What advantage over an aquatic organism does a terrestrial organism have with regard to obtaining oxygen for respiration?

Air contains about 21% oxygen while water has 1% oxygen in dissolved state.
A terrestrial organism is able to get several more times oxygen than an aquatic animal and have an advantage over them.
Aquatic animal like fishes has to talk up the dissolved oxygen that is present in the water. And the amount of oxygen that is dissolved from the atmosphere to water is less compared to the concentration of the oxygen that is present in the air. Also, the solubility of the oxygen in the water varies depending on the temperature and pressure on the water surface.
Aquatic animals, therefore, have to breath very fast in order to provide their body with thee required the amount of oxygen. Some of the fishes have even developed the alternate way of breathing by coming up to the water surface and take a large gulp of air and then dive below water.
Terrestrial animals whereas are provided with an atmosphere which is rich in oxygen and they have intake and outtake of the air just depending on the difference in the pressure inside the lungs and the outside temperature.
Therefore less of their energy is used and they can utilize their food energy compared to how aquatic animals utilize their energy.

Explain the functional correlation of circulatory system with respiratory, digestive, and excretory system.

Explanation:

Functionally the relation between the circulatory system with the respiratory, digestive, and excretory system is as described below -
We are aware that during respiration exchange of gases occurs in the lungs.
The respiratory system causes the diffusion of oxygen into the blood and the diffusion of carbon dioxide into the blood.
The oxygen is then transported to tissues via the circulatory system.
The digestive system produces nutrients.
these nutrients are circulated to other parts of the body via the blood.
The waste produced in the body is removed by the kidney in the excretory system.
The kidney filters the blood and purifies it by removing the harmful waste.

Name the different cells of xylem tissues through which water moves upwards to reach the leaves

Water moves upward through system cells mainly trachieds and vessels and also through system fiber and system parenchyma.

The upward movement of water through the leaves and stem is ascent of lap.

Hence, solve.

Mention the chambers of the heart in which oxygenated and deoxygenated blood are found.

The heart has four chambers: two atria and two ventricles.

The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body and sends it to the right ventricle. The right ventricle pumps the deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle. The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the body.

In each of the following situations what happens to the rate photosynthesis?
Stomata get blocked due to dust

Opening of stomata is essential for availability of carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. Blockage of stomata will reduce the rate of photosynthesis.

Which process is involved in the process of water absorption?

Transpiration is the process involved in the process of water absorption. Transpiration of water molecules from the cells of a leaf creates a suction which pulls water from the xylem cells of roots. Specially, during the day, when the stomata are open, the transpiration pull becomes the major driving force in the movement of water in the xylem.

Fill in the blanks with suitable word:
Heterotrophs depend on and other for food

Heterotrophs are organisms that ingest organic carbon from other sources to produce energy and maintain their own life. Heterotrophs are not able to produce their own food through photosynthesis and therefore wholly depend on autotrophs for food supply.

Which part of respiration is common to both aerobes and anaerobes?

The glycolysis pathway is common for both aerobes and anaerobes. In this process, glucose breaks down to form pyruvate in the cytoplasm of the cell.

What is the range of manual systolic and diastolic pressure.

For a normal reading, your blood pressure needs to show a top number (systolic pressure) that's between 90 and less than 120 and a bottom number (diastolic pressure) that's between 60 and less than 80.

Write the various steps of photosynthesis.

Photosynthesis in plants is of 3 steps, occurring in chloroplast:

Absorption of light,
Conversion of light energy into chemical energy and splitting of water molecules,
Carbon dioxide is reduced to carbohydrates.

What is the other name of wind pipe?

The trachea is another name for windpipe, which is the tube that connects larynx to the primary bronchi, just before your lungs.
The word trachea is from the Greek phrase for windpipe tracheia arteria, which literally meant "rough artery."

In the diagrams we conventionally show veins in blue.What is the actual colour of the blood following through the following ?
(i) In arteries (ii) In veins (iii) In capillaries

The blood of the humans and the vertebrates are always red in color due to the presence of the pigment hemoglobin, this hemoglobin imparts red color color to the blood through red blood cells. But the color may show a slight variation due to the amount of oxygen in it. The blood colour in different blood vessels are:

(i) In arteries - The color of the blood is bright red due to the presence of an adequate amount of oxygen. This type of blood is called as oxygenated blood.

(ii) In veins - The blood in the vein is deoxygenated blood (lack of oxygen in the blood), due to this condition, the color of the blood is darker in shade. This dark colored blood often seen as bluish or purplish color.

(iii) In capillaries - The blood in the capillaries is oxygenated as well as deoxygenated due to which certain capillaries are bright red in color while others are dark or deoxygenated and seen as bluish or purplish color.

Name the fundamental process in which living organisms release energy within their cytoplasm.

Respiration is the process in which living organisms release energy within their cytoplasm.

Answer in detail.
How all the life processes contribute to the growth and development of the body?

Life processes are processes that are required to maintain body functions and are necessary for survival. The important life processes are nutrition, transportation, metabolism, reproduction, respiration, and excretion. All these processes work together and result in the growth and development of the body. For example, nutrition is the process by which we take up nutrients that are used by the cells to meet their respective needs. This is a vital process that helps living beings to obtain their energy from various sources. Respiration is associated with the exchange of gases as well as the burning of food. It results in the breakdown of glucose and release of energy. Similarly, cell cycle and cell division play an important role in the growth and development of the organisms. They help in the formation of new organisms as well as repair of dead and damaged cells and tissues.

Name the following.
Inorganic compounds essential for photosynthesis.

Carbon dioxide(gas) and water are the inorganic compounds essential for photosynthesis.

What do you mean by life processes? Explain the general life processes in a living organism.

The processes essential for maintaining the body of a living organism are known as life processes.

The general life processes in a living organism includes-

Nutrition- It is the process of taking in food from external sources and converting it into energy for other mechanisms.
Respiration- It is the process by which energy is obtained by oxidising nutrients and releasing waste products.
Transportation- It is the movement of substances from one part to another part of the body.
Excretion- it is the process by which metabolic wastes are eliminated out of the body.

Answer the following question in one sentence.
Which is the ultimate pathway for fixing $CO_2$ into glucose?

Photosynthesis is the ultimate pathway for fixing

$CO_2$ into Glucose.

Vikram is not feeling well, the following results have come in the test. Observe the table and write the answer for the following question.
Sl. No. Blood Tests Present status Normal range
$1$ . Blood pressure $160/90$ $120/80$ mm of Hg
$2$ . Glucose(Fasting) $120$ $60-100$ mg/dl
$3$ . Glucose(Post Lunch) $220$ $160-180$ mg/dl
$4$ Bilirubin $1$ $0.1-0.8$ mg/dl
Blood Pressure $160/90$ . What does $160$ indicate?

160 indicates systolic pressure which is more than 140 indicating that Vikram is suffering from hypertension.

Define pulse and blood pressure.

Blood pressure is the force of blood flowing against the walls of arteries while heart rate (also called pulse) is the number of times heart beats every minute.

The bottom number (diastolic) is the pressure as the heart relaxes between beats. A reading of 120/80 mm Hg is considered normal.

Explain in your own words with suitable examples.
Describe the transportation system in plants.

Transportation is a life process where substances synthesized or absorbed in one part of the body are carried to other parts of the body. The transportation system in plants moves the food synthesized in leaves to different parts. It also helps in moving raw materials absorbed from the roots to various organs of the plant. However, these are entirely different pathways. The transportation system in plants consists of two different types of conducting tissues. Xylem conducts water and minerals obtained from soil (via roots) to the rest of the plant. Phloem transports food materials from the leaves to different parts of the plant body.
Transportation of water
The first step in transportation of water is absorption of water by roots of plants. As the water is absorbed by the roots from the soil and moved to the vascular system, it has to be transported to various parts of the plant. Two forces responsible for transporting the water up in a plant are root pressure and transpiration pull. Root Pressure is the positive pressure created inside the xylem when water follows the ions that are transported against the concentration gradients into the vascular system. However, majority of water is transported through transpiration pull.
Transpiration pull is the pull of water as a result of tension created by transpiration. It is the major driving force of water movement upwards in a plants. It accounts for loss of 99% of water taken by the plant and this loss is mainly through stomata. As the water is released by leaves into the atmosphere, the water level in the intracellular spaces of the leaf decreases. To compensate this water loss, water is brought to the leaves through xylem. Transpiration helps in the absorption of water and minerals to all the parts of the plants.
Transportation of food
The transportation of food from the leaves to other parts of the plant occurs in the vascular tissue, phloem and this process of transporting food is known as translocation. The phloem also transports amino acids and other substances to storage organs of the plant (along with the growing organs) such as roots, fruits, and seeds. The phloem consists of companion cells, sieve tubes, phloem parenchyma, and fibres.
The translocation of food occurs in the sieve tubes with the help of companion cells.
Translocation in the phloem, unlike the xylem, is achieved by utilizing energy from ATP. For example, a food material such as sucrose is transported into the phloem tissue using ATP energy. As a result, the osmotic pressure in the tissue increases, causing the water to move into it. This pressure moves the material in the phloem to the tissues, which have less pressure. This is helpful in moving materials according to the requirements of the plant.

Draw and describe : Structure of Human Heart.

$\textbf{Structure of Human Heart:}$

$\bullet$ The heart is a mesodermally derived organ located in the thoracic cavity.

$\bullet$ It is present between the two lungs but slightly tilted to the left. It has the size of a clenched fist.

$\bullet$ It is covered by a double-walled membrane called the pericardium.

$\bullet$ The heart has 4 chambers, two upper chambers which are relatively smaller called atria and two larger lower chambers called ventricles.

$\bullet$ The two atria are separated by a thin, muscular wall called the interatrial septum whereas the ventricles are separated by a thick-walled inter-ventricular septum.

$\bullet$ The inter-atrial septum and inter-ventricular septum prevent the mixing of deoxygenated blood in the right side of the heart with oxygenated blood in the left side of the heart.

$\bullet$ The atria and ventricle of the same side are separated by a thick fibrous tissue called the atrioventricular septum.

$\bullet$ The opening between the right atrium and the right ventricle is guarded by a valve called the tricuspid valve, whereas a bicuspid valve guards the opening between the left atrium and the left ventricle.

$\bullet$ The largest artery is the aorta which arises from the left ventricle supplies blood to all the body parts except the lungs.

$\bullet$ The pulmonary artery that arises from the right ventricle carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

$\bullet$ The openings of the right and left ventricles into the pulmonary artery and the aorta respectively are provided with the semilunar valves.

$\bullet$ The valves allow the blood to flow only in one direction, i.e. from the atria to the ventricles and from the ventricles to the pulmonary artery or aorta.

Mention the source of Oxygen given out by plants during the process of photosynthesis.

The source of Oxygen given out during photosynthesis is Water.

What is the first stable product formed during dark reaction of photosynthesis?

$C_{3}$ plants the first stable product of

$CO_{2}$ fixation phosphoglyceric acid (PGA) whereas, in

$C_{4}$ plants, the first stable product is oxalic acetic acid ( OAA).

Name the end products formed during:
(i) Oxidation of glucose in the muscles
(ii) Oxidation of glucose in body cells
iii) Breakdown of glucose anaerobically.

a. Oxidation of glucose in the muscles occurs due to lack of oxygen, the end products formed are lactic acid and ATP.
b. Oxidation of glucose in body cells occurs in the mitochondria in presence of oxygen. The end products are carbon dioxide, water and ATP.
c. Breakdown of glucose anaerobically in Yeast produces Ethanol, carbon dioxide and ATP, while in muscles, lactic acid and ATP are produced.

What is meant by blood pressure? How systolic pressure differs from diastolic pressure?

Blood pressure is the pressure exerted by blood against the wall of blood vessels while circulating. It is also called arterial blood pressure. Systolic and Diastolic pressure are the 2 parameters used to represent the blood pressure.

SYSTOLIC PRESSURE

DIASTOLIC PRESSURE


The maximum arterial pressure recorded during the contraction of heart is systolic pressure. (Contraction of left ventricle) Which is 120 mm of Hg column

The lowest pressure recorded within the arterial blood stream when the heart is expanding or returning to rest position is diastolic pressure. (Resting state of left ventricle). Which is 80 mm of Hg column

__________ in our mouth helps in making the food soft.

Saliva released by the salivary glands of our mouth helps in making the food soft. This is done so that we can swallow the food easily. Saliva also contains amylase enzyme that aids in digesting some sugars present in the food.

So, the correct answer is 'saliva'.

Observe the diagram given and label the following terms given in the box
stomatal opening, guard cell

1667777_1801909_ans_007df638938b4dd58dc2e598504e23e3.png

Why do veins have thin walls as compared to arteries?

Blood flow through vein does not exert pressure on the walls of veins. Due to this, they do not need thick walls. Hence, veins have thin walls as compared to arteries.

In each of the following situations what happens to the rate of photosynthesis?
a) Cloudy days
b) No rainfall in the area
c) Good manuring in the area

Rain and manuring will not affect the rate of photosynthesis. The rate of photosynthesis will get affected on cloudy days. Photosynthesis will reduce due to less availability of sunlight.

Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
Diaphragm forms the ______ of the chest cavity.

Diaphragm forms the floor of the chest cavity. It is present below the lungs and help in the breathing process.

If a plant is releasing carbon dioxide and taking in oxygen during the day, does it mean that there is no photosynthesis occurring? Justify your answer.

Explanation:

If plant is releasing CO2 and taking in O2, it doesn’t mean that no photosynthesis is happening in the plant. This is because, in day time, plants perform both respiration and photosynthesis simultaneously. Plants use up all carbon dioxide released by respiration in the process of photosynthesis. Similarly, some of the oxygen produced during photosynthesis is used up in respiration process for the energy production and utilisation.

What is the special feature present in a human heart that does not allow the mixing of oxygen-rich and carbon dioxide-rich blood, when they reach the heart?

$\textbf{Explanation:}$

$\bullet$ A septum is a diving wall that is present between the left side and the right side of the heart.

$\bullet$ It acts as a barrier and does not allow the mixing of oxygen-rich and carbon dioxide-rich blood.

$\textbf{Conclusion:}$ The septum of the heart does not allow mixing of blood when oxygen-rich and carbon dioxide-rich blood reach the heart.

Find the odd one out

Trachea, Alveoli, Diaphragm, Capillaries.

Capillaries are the odd one out because they are a part of the circulatory system while rest of the three are parts of the respiratory system.

Your neighboring uncle has been diagnosed with hypertension. What should he do to keep his blood pressure within normal range?

The following methods can be adopted to keep the blood pressure within the normal range:
• Loose the extra weight.
• Exercise or do yoga regularly.
• Eat a healthy balanced diet containing fruits and vegetables.
• Reduce the amount of salt in the food.
• Avoid alcohol and smoking.
• Reduce the amount of stress by indulging in your favourite activities.
• Regular monitoring of blood pressure.

Explain in your own words with suitable example.

How is excretion in plants useful to human beings?

Excretion in plants results in the production of various kinds of excreta which are waste for the plant but are equally important for human use. The following examples are helpful in proving the above fact:
1. Oxygen which is an excretory product of photosynthesis is an absolute requirement for human beings to survive on earth.
2. Tannin is a waste plant product which is stored in leaves and bark. it is used in making tea all over the world.
3. Plants store waste products in their leaves and barks which are shed off regularly. These shed offs are used to make manure.
4. Essential oils are also waste products of plants which are stored in their leaves. These essential oils are used for various purposes by us.

What will happen if platelets were absent in the blood?

Platelets play an Important role in clotting of blood. It prevents excess loss of blood in case of injury. Lack of platelet will not allow the blood to clot. This will result in excess loss of blood in case of injury. This may prove fatal for the person.

A process in living organisms involving the production of ____, typically with the intake of _ and the release of _______ from the oxidation of complex organic substances is called respiration.

A process in living organisms involving the production of energy, typically with the intake of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide from the oxidation of complex organic substances is called respiration.

Oxygen is used to breakdown the food we eat to produce energy. In this process waste materials like carbon dioxide is produced, which is released out. This complete process of inhalation, gaseous exchange, energy production, and exhalation is called respiration.

Short answer
Write the main function of platelets.

Platelets play an important role in the clotting of blood by blocking the flow of blood in case of any injury. They are small and irregular cells.

What is diastolic blood pressure?

The pressure during relaxation or diastole of the left ventricle is called diastolic blood pressure.

Note: Diastole occurs simultaneously in both the ventricle, the pressure felt as pulse is due to that of the left ventricle and hence, only the left ventricle is considered.

After respiration, energy is stored in which form?

Chemical energy is stored in the bonds of glucose. During the process of respiration (aerobic respiration), the glucose molecule is broken down to release carbon dioxide, water, and energy. This process releases the energy of glucose which is then stored as energy in ATP molecules. ATP molecules are the 'energy currencies of the cell'.

So, after respiration, energy is stored in the form of chemical energy.

What is respiration?

Respiration is a catabolic (breaking down) reaction, involving the burning up of food substances. such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins within the tissue to produce energy. Breathing helps to carry

$O_2$ from lungs to the tissues for internal respiration and to bring back

$CO_2$ to the lungs.

Which cells in blood facilitate exchange of gases?

The RBCs or erythrocytes in the blood facilitate exchange of gases.

What is hypertension?

When blood pressure is constantly higher than the normal range, that is 140/90 mm of Hg it is called hypertension or high blood pressure.

What is normal blood pressure?

It is the systemic arterial blood pressure, which the blood flowing through the arteries exerts on their walls.

What is systolic blood pressure?

The pressure during contraction or systole of left ventricle is called systolic blood pressure.

Note: Systole occurs simultaneously in both the left and the right ventricle. However, as the left ventricle pumps blood into the aorta which is felt as the pulse, therefore the systolic pressure is considered for the left ventricle.

Write a short note on hypotension.

A blood pressure less than 90/60 mm of Hg is considered as low blood pressure or hypotension. Hypotension results in fatigue or lightheadedness. Depending on the reason like a heart disease or sepsis or loss of water through diarrhoea it may or may not be life threatening.

Explain the process of Photosynthesis.

The process by which green plants containing chlorophyll produce food (glucose) from carbon dioxide and water by using light energy is called photosynthesis.

Discuss in detail the factors affecting the process of photosynthesis

The process of photosynthesis is affected by several factors. These can be divided into two categories:
(1) External Factors or Atmospheric factors:

Light
Temperature
$CO_{2}$
$H_{2}O$
$O_{2}$

(2) Internal Factors:

Chlorophyll
Amount of stored food
Structure of leaf

(1) External Factors:
1. Light:
Light is the most important factor because sunlight is a source of energy for the synthesis of carbohydrates. Light may affect the process of photosynthesis in three forms.
(a) Type of Sunlight:
The only visible spectrum of sunlight with wavelength 400nm - 780nm is used in photosynthesis. Rate of photosynthesis is highest when both blue and red part of light are supplied together to plant as compared to when these lights are supplied separately. Chlorophyll absorbs more energy from these two parts of the visible spectrum.
(b) Light intensity:

The amount of light absorbed by plants depends upon the form of the leaves and their arrangement (phyllotaxy).
On average, only 3.0% of the total light is absorbed by chlorophyll pigment and remaining is reflected or refracted.
An increase in the intensity of the light may result in an increase in photosynthesis if temperature and $CO_{2}$ is ont a limiting factor.
At a certain stage, a further increase in light intensity fails to increase the rate of photosynthesis because some other factor may become limiting factors.
Increase in light intensity beyond a certain limit may damage chloroplast and other cell organelles by photooxidation and photosynthetic apparatus are destroyed.
This is called Solarization.

Note: At a certain light intensity, the amount of

$CO_{2}$ used in photosynthesis and the amount of

$CO_{2}$ produced in respiration become equal. This point is known as the Compensation point.

(c) Duration of Light:

It has been observed that plants may carry out photosynthesis when continuous light is supplied for a relatively long period of time.
Normally, 10 to 12 hours duration of light availability is required to help plants to carry out sufficient photosynthesis.

2. Temperature:
Photosynthesis takes place in a wide range of temperature. Some Gymnosperms such as Juniperus may perform photosynthesis at -35°C and in some xerophytes photosynthesis may take place at 55°C. Algae found in hot waters may perform photosynthesis at a high temperature of 75°C. In the majority of plants rate of photosynthesis gradually increases between 10°C - 35°C. At high temperature, photosynthetic enzymes begin to get denatured. Binding of RuBISCO with

$CO_{2}$ decreases resulting in to decrease in the rate of photosynthesis.

3. Carbon dioxide (

$CO_{2}$ ):
The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere usually is 0.03% (300ppm). As the amount of

$CO_{2}$ increases, the rate of photosynthesis keeps on increasing up to some time until some other factor becomes limiting factors. Normally the rate of photosynthesis increases by an increase in

$CO_{2}$ concentration up to 1.0% but an increase in

$CO_{2}$ concentration beyond this has a toxic effect on plants. Gaseous exchange stops due to the closing of stomatal pore.

4. Water:
Water is an important reactant in the process of photosynthesis. It acts as a Hydrogen donor in this process. Only 1.0% of total water absorbed by plants is used in photosynthesis. Hence normally water does not become a limiting factor in photosynthesis.
It may affect photosynthesis indirectly. Greater shortage of soil water may indirectly affect photosynthesis because the shortage of water may cause the closure of stomata. As a result, gaseous exchange stops, the water potential of the leaf becomes low and enzymatic activity may be adversely affected.

5. Oxygen:
Increase in the concentration of

$O_{2}$ affects the rate of photosynthesis. Oxygen acts as a competitive inhibitor for enzyme RuBISCO. In

$C_{3}$ plants RuBISCO begins to act as an oxygenase enzyme in place of carboxylase under the increased concentration of

$O_{2}$ . At this stage, photorespiration begins causing a reduction in

$CO_{2}$ fixation.
Internal Factors:
Rate of photosynthesis is affected by several internal factors i.e. plant-related factors. Some of these are as follows:
1. Chlorophyll:
Chlorophyll is the primary pigment related to photosynthesis and converts light energy into chemical energy. Normally the rate of photosynthesis increases with an increase in the amount of chlorophyll if other factors remain optimum or do not become a limiting factor.
2. Amount of stored food:
The end product of photosynthesis is stored in plant cells. The continuous accumulation of the end products in the cells decreases the rate of photosynthesis. The translocation of end products to other parts increases the rate again.
3. The internal structure of leaf:
Rate of photosynthesis also depends on the number of stomata per unit area, their structure and distribution on leaves. A higher number of stomata and a longer period of their opening promotes absorption of

$CO_{2}$ and hence the rate of photosynthesis increases.

What is respiration? Define external and internal respiration.

Respiration:

$\bullet$ The body needs energy to perform various vital activities.

$\bullet$ This energy is obtained mainly by oxidation of carbohydrates & fats. Oxidation of these substances consumes

$O_2$ & release

$CO_2$ . The process of consumption of

$O_2$ and the release of

$CO_2$ is termed as respiratory exchange.

$\bullet$ Mammals exhibit aerial respiration which needs a respiratory system.

$\bullet$ The respiratory system is concerned with intake of

$O_2$ and giving out of

$CO_2$ .

Types of Respiration:
The respiration is of two types:

$\bullet$ External respiration: It takes place in the alveoli in lungs. Taking in of

$O_2$ and giving out of

$CO_2$ is termed as external respiration or breathing or ventilation. It is a physical process.

$\bullet$ Internal respiration: Intake of

$O_2$ by the body cells and production of

$CO_2$ and ATP is called internal or cellular respiration.

The internal respiration is of two types:

$\bullet$ Aerobic respiration: Cellular respiration in the presence of

$O_2$ is called aerobic respiration.

$\bullet$ Anaerobic respiration: The cellular respiration in lack of

$O_2$ is called anaerobic respiration.

Explain excretion in human being (figure not required).

The wastes that are produced in the human body are removed by the process of excretion.
The excretion is done by the excretory system present in our body.
The excretory system consists of - kidneys, ureters, urethra and urinary bladder.
Kidneys filter the blood and remove toxins from the blood. The final toxins are collected and removed from the body in the form of urine.
The urine is $95\%$ of water and the rest contains urea and other wastes.

What is blood pressure? How is it measured?

Blood pressure may be defined as the pressure exerted by the blood on the arteries and veins. Blood pressure is measured by a device called a sphygmomanometer. It is composed of an inflatable rubber cuff. A measuring device indicates the cuff's pressure, a bulb inflated the cuff and a valve releases the pressure.

Given below is the diagrammatic representation of the excretory system. Answer the following questions:
Which part of kidney is connected to ureter?

$\textbf{Correct option:}$ Urinary Bladder - (6)

$\textbf{Explanation:}$

$\bullet$ The part of the kidney which is connected to the ureter is the Urinary bladder.

$\bullet$ The ureter carries the urine from the kidney after it filters the blood, and urine is carried to the urinary bladder, where the it is stored.

$\textbf{Additional Information:}$

$\bullet$ The given figure in the question is a diagrammatic representation part of the Human Excretory System.

$\bullet$ The names of all the labelled parts are-

$\textbf{1.}$ Inferior Vena Cava

$\textbf{2.}$ Aorta

$\textbf{3.}$ Renal Artery

$\textbf{4.}$ Left Kidney

$\textbf{5.}$ Ureter

$\textbf{6.}$ Urinary Bladder

$\textbf{7.}$ Urethra

Draw a neat diagram of human respiratory system and label its following parts:
Rings of cartilage, lung, bronchi, alveolar sac

Write differences between systole and diastole.

Explanation of the answer.

	Systole	Diastole
Definition	The contraction of heart muscles is termed as systole	The relaxation of heart muscles is termed as diastole.
Mechanism	The two ventricles eject out blood in the pulmonary artery and to the aorta.	The aortic valve and the mitral valve closes , chambers of heart get filled with blood.
Duration	Takes shorter time than the diastolic phase.	Takes longer time than the systolic phase

2147492_425001_ans_4c7f3de37bf547cba4bf18115ab35cff.jpg

(a) Draw a labelled diagram of a sectional view of the human heart.
(b) Describe double circulation in human beings. Why is it necessary?
(c) What would be the consequences of deficiency of haemoglobin in our body?

b) Humans have a four-chambered heart and the type of blood circulation is called as double circulation. This process is necessary because the blood enters twice in the heart in a single cycle. The deoxygenated and the oxygenated blood does not get mixed and the circulation is maintained properly.

c) Haemoglobin is the respiratory pigment found in the RBCs of humans. This pigment is responsible for the transport of oxygen to the body cells for cellular respiration. Therefore, deficiency of haemoglobin in the blood can affect the oxygen supplying capacity of blood which leads to the deficiency of oxygen in the body cells.

1943422_603773_ans_87fcbea1a33f4c0cb935a575ecaec950.png

Name the three kinds of blood vessels of human circulatory system. Write the function of each.

Three main kinds of blood vessels of the human circulatory system are

1) Arteries. - Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to all of the body's tissues. They branch several times, becoming smaller and smaller as they carry blood farther from the heart and into organs.

2) Capillaries - These are small, thin blood vessels that connect the arteries and the veins. Their thin walls allow oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, and other waste products to pass to and from cells.

3) Veins - These are blood vessels that take blood back to the heart; this blood contains less oxygen and is rich in waste products that are to be excreted or removed from the body. Veins become larger as they get closer to the heart.

What are the three main types of blood vessels in the body?

Arteries are the vessels that carry blood away from the heart to various organs of the body. Since the blood emerges from the heart under high pressure, the arteries have thick, elastic walls.

Veins collect the blood from different organs and bring it back to the heart. They do not need thick walls because the blood is no longer under pressure, instead, they have valves that ensure that the blood flows only in one direction.

On reaching an organ or tissue, the artery divides into smaller and smaller vessels to bring the blood in contact with all the individual cells. The smallest vessels have walls that are one-cell thick and are called capillaries. Exchange of material between the blood and surrounding cells takes place across this thin wall. The capillaries then join together to form veins that convey the blood away from the organ or tissue.

Briefly explain how transpiration helps in upward conduction of water in plants?
(a) .................................................................................
(b) .................................................................................

Answer:

(a) Transpiration creates a suction force which is necessary for the absorption of water which is essential for photosynthesis as molecules line up in the xylem tissues for absorption the first molecule gets lost by the plant due to the transpiration.

(b) As it transpires there is some space left before the second molecule. It moves forward followed by all molecules of water which are lined up moving front like a chain.

Draw a labelled diagram to show interrelationship between arteries, veins and capillaries.

1453865_761055_ans_78be7f018b084dca81c88471f1133537.png

(a) Draw a labelled diagram of human heart.
(b) What is the use of platelets in maintenance of human beings?
(c) Which respiratory pigment is found in red blood corpuscles present in human blood?

b) Naturally the loss of blood from the system has to be minimized. In addition, leakage would lead to a loss of pressure which would reduce the efficiency of the pumping system. To avoid this, the blood has platelet cells which circulate around the body and plug these leaks by helping to clot the blood at these points of injury.

c) Haemoglobin is the respiratory pigment is found in red blood corpuscles present in human blood.

1943551_721940_ans_27836f5e8ca74267938ad85bd8f6f64f.png

An apparatus shown alongside was set up in sunlight for about an hour. It was observed that drops of water appeared on the inside of the polythene bag.
Suppose the pot in this experiment was placed inside a room instead of placing it under sunlight. What difference would be noticed?

As we keep the pot inside the room, the stomata will not open fully and the rate of loss of water will be very-very less, and no water vapours will appear in the polythene bag. By keeping the pot in the room the loss of water will be very less and as a result, the transpiration will be very less.

Describe an experiment to show that the plant loses water through its leaves.

The following experiment can be done to proves that plants transpire:

Apparatus:

One growing plant
Clear plastic packs
Tape

Methodology:

Take a potted plant after keeping it under sunlight for at least 3 hours.
Cover the plant using a plastic cover and secure the pack on the stem with tape.
Make sure to fill the plastic bag with air (without blowing into it) before sealing up the pack.
Place the set up inside the house overnight. Observe the next morning.

Result:

The droplets of water will appear on the inner face of the plastic bag. This shows that the water is lost from the leaves.

2094569_833594_ans_934c226ad17d410486e55de7a9642bd4.png

Value based questions.
When an animal is wounded, its overall blood pressure rises, but the area in the vicinity of the wound swells as a result of local vasodilation. Why?

Local vasodilation in the wounded area enables more blood carrying oxygen and nutrients to arrive there and speed up the process of repair and replacement. Increased body blood pressure prepares the body of the animal to respond to any further stress more readily and efficiently.

What is the mean arterial pressure in a person whose diastolic and systolic pressures are 160 and 100 mm Hg respectively?

The mean arterial pressure = 2 x diastolic pressure + systolic pressure

= (2 x 160 + 100 ) / 3

= (320 + 100 ) / 3

= 420 / 3

= 140 mm Hg

Short / Long type answer type questions.
If your blood pressure is reported as 142 over 95, what are the diastolic, systolic, and pulse pressures? Does this mean that you have hypertension?

Diastolic blood pressure = 95 mmHg
Systolic blood pressure = 142 mmHg
Pulse pressure (Diastolic blood pressure $-$ Systolic blood pressure) = 47 mmHg.
This person has stage I hypertension because the systolic blood pressure is greater than 140 mmHg and the diastolic blood pressure is greater than 90 mmHg.

Oxygen is a waste product of photosynthesis. Comment.

Answer:

Oxygen is released by plants after photosynthesis as a waste because plants require carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to synthesis glucose by the process of photosynthesis.

Oxygen produced is a waste because plant don't consume all the oxygen produced during photosynthesis and is given out during gaseous exchange.

Observe the pictures given below and tell the life process shown in each of these.

Image (a) shows vegetative reproduction of the plant. It is a type of asexual reproduction.

Image (b) shows a hen laying an egg. The eggshell will be broken once the chick is completely developed.

Image (c) shows the germination of a seed. The upper part i.e. plumule will push out from the soil and become the shoot; And the lower part i.e. radicle will move further into the soil and become roots.

Image (d) shows binary fission. It is a type of asexual reproduction where the division of genetic material is followed by the division of the cytoplasm. Ultimately two daughter cells are formed which grow into different individuals.

Rewrite and complete the following sentences by inserting the correct word in the space indicated.
The phenomenon of loss of water through a cut stem of injured part of plant is called ____.

The phenomenon of loss of water through a cut stem of the injured part of the plant is called Bleeding.
Bleeding is the process by which a plant loses its substances from the wound. Latex and other exudates are collected from the wound caused in the plant body.

Match the terms to these definitions:
Calvin cycle, chloroplast, cyclic electron pathway, electromagnetic spectrum, electron transport system, light-dependent reactions, photolysis, photon, photorespiration, photosynthesis, photosystem, RUBP (ribulose bisphosphate), thylakoid, Warburg effect, red drop, compensation point.

The process by which green plants convert the energy of sunlight into chemical energy which is then stored as carbohydrate is called?

Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants convert the energy of sunlight into chemical energy which is then stored as carbohydrate.

Name the pores in a leaf through which the exchange of respiratory gases takes place.

$\textbf{Solution:}$

$\bullet$ The exchange of respiratory gases takes place through the pores present on the surface of leaves called stomata.

$\bullet$ They are the tiny openings present in the epidermis layer of the leaves.

$\bullet$ The stomatal pores are guided by the guard cells which regulates the opening and closing of the pores.

$\bullet$ Stomata plays an important role in the process of transpiration

Stomata Images, Stock Photos & Vectors | Shutterstock

Explain the working of the heart.

The heart is divided into four chambers and has valves that allow the blood to flow in one direction only.
The upper two chambers with relatively thin walls are called atria.
The two lower chambers with thick muscular walls are called ventricles.
The figure shows the complete circulatory system in the body.
The right atrium receives carbon dioxide-rich blood from the various parts of the body and is then moved into the right ventricle.
The right ventricle pumps the blood to the lungs, where carbon dioxide is removed and oxygen is absorbed.
The left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood as it comes back to the heart from the lungs and is pushed into the left ventricle.
The left ventricle pumps this blood to the rest of the body.
The right side of the heart is completely separated from the left side with the help of a partition called the septum. This prevents the mixing of oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood.

1750855_1831427_ans_401961b1e90a431a9d2de53830fce865.png

Draw the diagram of sectional view of human heart and label the following parts
a. The chambers of the heart that pumps out deoxygenated blood.
b. The blood vessel that receives deoxygenated blood from the other parts of the body.
c. The blood vessel that carries away oxygenated blood from the heart.
d. Part which prevents the back flow of blood.

Answer-

a) Right Ventricle

b) Superior and and Inferior Vena Cava

c) Aorta

d) Tricuspid and Mitral Valve

2140966_1978480_ans_6dbb75ecbfd547a395452ba0310138a5.PNG

(a) Draw a labelled sectional view of human heart.
(b) State the functions of the following components of transport system:
(i) Blood (ii) Lymph

(a) Diagram of human heart
(b) (i) Functions of Blood
1. it maintains body temperature.
2. Transports material like food. water and amino acids.
3. Maintains immunity, fights with the germs.
4. Helps in cloning in case of injury
5. It transports oxygen to maintain energy levels.
(ii) Functions of Lymph
1. It transports fat.
2. It carries digested and absorbed fat from intestine.
3. tt drains excess fluid from extracellular space back into the blood.
1764464_1836937_ans_0a0ebc1eee7e47fba62c63a5ee346299.jpg

1764464_1836937_ans_0a0ebc1eee7e47fba62c63a5ee346299.jpg

Match the items in Column I with those in Column II.
Column I Column II
A. Nasal chamber (i) Production of voice
B. Epiglottis (ii) C-shaped rings
C. Air sacs (iii) Warms air
D. Lungs (iv) Drives mucus
E. Larynx (v) Closes wind-pipe during swallowing
F. Trachea (vi) Network of capillaries
G. Cilia (vii) Spongy and elastic

Column I	Column II
A. Nasal chamber	(iii) Warms air (includes nostrils, that clean and warm the air to body temperature)
B. Epiglottis	(v) Closes wind-pipe during swallowing (present at the junction of wind and food pipe, prevents the entry of food into the windpipe)
C. Air sacs	(vi) Network of capillaries (the air sacs or alveoli are covered by a network of capillaries to facilitate the exchange of gases)
D. Lungs	(vii) spongy and elastic (lungs are spongy and elastic for inhalation and exhalation)
E. Larynx	(i) Production of voice (larynx or the voice box produces sound)
F. Trachea	(ii) C-shaped rings (trachea is prevented from collapsing by c-shaped cartilage)
G. Cilia	(iv) Drives mucus (ciliated epithelium lines the trachea, bronchi moving the mucus containing trapped dust towards outside)

Draw a diagram of the respiratory system and label the following.
(i) Part through which air is taken in.
(ii) Part which protects the lungs.
(iii) Part which carries the air into the lungs.

Answer-

(i) Part which air is taken in- Lungs
(ii) Part that protects the lungs- Rib cage
(iii) Part that carries the air into the lungs- Windpipe

Biology: Respiratory System Anatomy Diagram | Human respiratory system, Respiratory system anatomy, Respiratory system function

(i) Identify any two parts from the above diagram which carry oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
(ii) Explain the process of double circulation with the help of a flow chart.

Answer:

Oxygenated blood : B/D/F

[B= left ventricle/D=aorta/F=left auricle/pulmonary vein]

Deoxygenated blood: A/C/E

[A= right ventricle/C= pulmonary artery/E=right auricle/vena cava]

2141392_1978851_ans_73ea4cbc71934d308a0ced438e063f92.JPG

Draw the diagram of a sectional view of the human heart and label the given part.
A) The chamber of the heart that pumps out deoxygenated blood.

The chamber of the heart that pumps deoxygenated blood is the right ventricle.

The deoxygenated blood is carried by the pulmonary arteries to the lungs.

2145225_1979683_ans_3729e44a1a174e759cf4427a45d34c90.PNG

Draw the sectional view of the human heart and label it.

2145428_1979684_ans_e297d5c323d84a5f9ce7e5c9f9921f97.PNG

i) Mention any two components of blood.
ii) Trace the movement of oxygenated blood in the body.
iii) What is the function of valves present in between atria and ventricles.
iv) Write one structural difference between arteries and veins.

$\textbf{i)}$

$\textbf{Solution:}$

$\bullet$ Two components of blood are:

$\bullet$ Red blood cells - They contain haemoglobin that carries respiratory gases from one part of the body to another.

$\bullet$ White blood cells - These cells help in fighting against diseases.

$\textbf{ii)}$

$\textbf{Solution:}$

$\bullet$ Oxygenated blood is released by the heart through the aorta and reaches the cells of the body through arteries, arterioles, and capillaries.

$\bullet$ Deoxygenated blood is taken from all parts of the body to the heart from which the deoxygenated blood is sent to the lungs via the pulmonary artery for oxygenation.

$\bullet$ After the exchange of gases in the lungs, the oxygenated blood comes back to the heart via the pulmonary vein and from the heart, it is pumped back to all parts of the body.

$\textbf{iii)}$

$\textbf{Solution:}$

$\bullet$ The valves are present only in ventricles not in atria.

$\bullet$ The valves prevent the back-flow of blood.

$\bullet$ Arteries do not need valves as they are transporting oxygenated blood (most of the time) from the heart to all parts of the body that too at high speed.

$\textbf{iv)}$

$\textbf{Solution:}$

$\textbf{Artery:}$	$\textbf{Vein:}$
$\bullet$ The walls of arteries are thick as the blood moves with high pressure.	$\bullet$ The walls of veins are thin as compared to arteries.
$\bullet$ Valves are absent (not required).	$\bullet$ Valves are present to prevent the backflow of the blood.

Sl. No.	Blood Tests	Present status	Normal range
$1$ .	Blood pressure	$160/90$	$120/80$ mm of Hg
$2$ .	Glucose(Fasting)	$120$	$60-100$ mg/dl
$3$ .	Glucose(Post Lunch)	$220$	$160-180$ mg/dl
$4$	Bilirubin	$1$	$0.1-0.8$ mg/dl

Column I	Column II
A. Nasal chamber	(i) Production of voice
B. Epiglottis	(ii) C-shaped rings
C. Air sacs	(iii) Warms air
D. Lungs	(iv) Drives mucus
E. Larynx	(v) Closes wind-pipe during swallowing
F. Trachea	(vi) Network of capillaries
G. Cilia	(vii) Spongy and elastic

Life Processes - Class 10 Biology - Extra Questions

Choose the correct answer from the alternatives given in the brackets.The xylem in the plants are responsible for ___________.(transport of water, transport of food, transport of aminoacids, transport of oxygen)

What is transpiration? Where does it occur?

Study the following model with which the transpiration mechanism in plants can be demonstrated. With which structure of the plant do you compare each of the following?(i) Sponge(ii) Glass tube filled with water.

Name the main artery which takes the blood from the heart to different parts of the body?

Which chamber of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body?

Fill in the-blanks with suitable terms given below:(Fast, Leaves, Stomata, Closed, Transpiration, Humid)The leaves have more .......... on their lower surface.

Given below are five terms. Rewrite the terms in the correct order to be in a logical sequence with regard to photosynthesis: (i) water molecules, (ii) oxygen, (iii) grana, (iv) hydrogen and hydroxyl ions, (v) photons.

Name any four life processes:

Explain the following term:Diastole

Why do people have a common belief that the heart is located on the left side of the chest?

Which processes would you consider essential for maintaining life?

List three events that occur during the process of photosynthesis. State in brief the role of stomata in this process.

List three events that occur during photosynthesis process.

(i) Some forms of life do not depend upon oxygen. Explain.(ii) Explain the various forms in which carbon is found on the Earth.(iii)What is respiration?

What are the cellular components of blood?

What are gums made of? Is Fevicol different?

How are the minerals absorbed by plants?

Which materials are excreted by kidneys and lungs?

What is blood pressure? Name the instrument used to measure it.

Loss of water from the plant is known as ascent of sap. Is it true or false?

Name two main reactions that occur during the the process of photosynthesis.

During the journey of food from mouth to stomach through oesophagus. How muscular system coordinate in this process?

Give the biological term for 'Blood vessels carrying blood to the left atrium'.

Imagine what happens if waste materials are not sent out of the body from time to time?

Bring out the differences between right auricle and left auricle.

Complete the following sentence by filling the blank with a suitable word(s):The oxygen-rich blood from the lungs comes into the _____ of the heart.

What happens if there is no mucus in the Oesophagus ?

Blood pressure of a person is measured by

Expand ATP.

Bile juice contains no digestive enzymes. Yet it is important for digestion. How?

What is hypertension? How is it caused? Mention the preventive steps to be taken.

Answer the following.(i) Name the vascular tissues labelled A and B.(ii) What materials are transported through A?(iii) What materials are transported through B?(iv) How do the materials in A move upwards to the leaves?

What is respiration? Write the detail note on human respiratory organs.

Explain with the help of a diagram as to how amoeba obtains nutrition.

What is respiration? Explain the types of respiration.

Explain saprozoic and parasitic nutrition.

What are veins?

What is blood? Write down four functions of blood.

Arteries and veins are joined by a network of _________.

The blood from the heart is transported to all parts of the body by the ________.

How does the bile help in the digestion of fat?

Give the biological reason for the following statement:The left ventricle of the heart has a thicker wall than the right ventricle.

What is respiration? How are respiration and burning similar and how are they different?

Complete the following sentence by filling the blanks with the suitable word(s).The blood loaded with carbon dioxide from the body comes into the _______ of the heart.

Mention one difference between the following on the basis of what is given in brackets.Chlorophyll and chloroplast (part of plant cell).

Give reasons for the following:Atrial wall is less muscular than the ventricular wall.

Short / Long answer type questions.Write an essay on the composition of blood.

Very short answer type.Name one function of saliva other than in digestion

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.In respiration, the exchange of gases occurs by the principle of ..........

Fill in the blanks:Transpiration is the loss of water as water ............ from the .............. parts of the plant.

Very short answer type.Which light is the most effective for photosynthesis?

Very short answer type.What is the source of oxygen evolved during photosynthesis?

Does vasoconstriction or vasodilation lower blood pressure ?

Short / Long Answer Types :What is respiration? Describe the various steps resulting in the oxidation of carbohydrates to pyruvic acid. How many ATP are produced in glycolysis?

What is the mean blood pressure in the aorta?

Very short answer type.Moll's experiment demonstrates the necessity of what in photosynthesis?

Right ventricular wall is thinner than the left ventricular wall. Why?

How plant respiration is different from animal respiration.Describe the process of respiration in (a) root (b) stem (c) leaves with suitable diagram.

What are the modes of nutrition? Explain in detail various types of modes of nutrition in living being.

What is stomata ? write its function ?

The process of production of energy inside the cells is know as...................

Write two functions of two upper chambers of human heart?

In BP 120/80120/80 , the numerator 120120 indicates __________.

Explain the function of bile:

Explain four chambers of the mammalian heart in brief.

Name the two ways in which glucose is oxidized to provide energy in various organisms.

How all life processes contribute to growth and development of body?

Differentiate between veins and arteries.

Give the technical term for:Interconnected vessels between arteries and veins

Why do fishes die when taken out of water?

What advantage over an aquatic organism does a terrestrial organism have with regard to obtaining oxygen for respiration?

Explain the functional correlation of circulatory system with respiratory, digestive, and excretory system.

Name the different cells of xylem tissues through which water moves upwards to reach the leaves

Mention the chambers of the heart in which oxygenated and deoxygenated blood are found.

In each of the following situations what happens to the rate photosynthesis?Stomata get blocked due to dust

Which process is involved in the process of water absorption?

Fill in the blanks with suitable word:Heterotrophs depend on ______ and other ______ for food

Which part of respiration is common to both aerobes and anaerobes?

What is the range of manual systolic and diastolic pressure.

Choose the correct answer from the alternatives given in the brackets.
The xylem in the plants are responsible for ___________.
(transport of water, transport of food, transport of aminoacids, transport of oxygen)

Study the following model with which the transpiration mechanism in plants can be demonstrated. With which structure of the plant do you compare each of the following?
(i) Sponge
(ii) Glass tube filled with water.

Fill in the-blanks with suitable terms given below:
(Fast, Leaves, Stomata, Closed, Transpiration, Humid)
The leaves have more .......... on their lower surface.

Given below are five terms. Rewrite the terms in the correct order to be in a logical sequence with regard to photosynthesis:
(i) water molecules, (ii) oxygen, (iii) grana, (iv) hydrogen and hydroxyl ions, (v) photons.

Explain the following term:
Diastole

(i) Some forms of life do not depend upon oxygen. Explain.
(ii) Explain the various forms in which carbon is found on the Earth.
(iii)What is respiration?

Complete the following sentence by filling the blank with a suitable word(s):
The oxygen-rich blood from the lungs comes into the _____ of the heart.

Answer the following.
(i) Name the vascular tissues labelled A and B.
(ii) What materials are transported through A?
(iii) What materials are transported through B?
(iv) How do the materials in A move upwards to the leaves?

Give the biological reason for the following statement:
The left ventricle of the heart has a thicker wall than the right ventricle.

Complete the following sentence by filling the blanks with the suitable word(s).
The blood loaded with carbon dioxide from the body comes into the _______ of the heart.

Mention one difference between the following on the basis of what is given in brackets.
Chlorophyll and chloroplast (part of plant cell).

Give reasons for the following:
Atrial wall is less muscular than the ventricular wall.

Short / Long answer type questions.
Write an essay on the composition of blood.

Very short answer type.
Name one function of saliva other than in digestion

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.

In respiration, the exchange of gases occurs by the principle of ..........

Fill in the blanks:
Transpiration is the loss of water as water ............ from the .............. parts of the plant.

Very short answer type.
Which light is the most effective for photosynthesis?

Very short answer type.
What is the source of oxygen evolved during photosynthesis?

Short / Long Answer Types :
What is respiration? Describe the various steps resulting in the oxidation of carbohydrates to pyruvic acid. How many ATP are produced in glycolysis?

Very short answer type.
Moll's experiment demonstrates the necessity of what in photosynthesis?

How plant respiration is different from animal respiration.
Describe the process of respiration in (a) root (b) stem (c) leaves with suitable diagram.

In BP $120/80$ , the numerator $120$ indicates __________.

Give the technical term for:
Interconnected vessels between arteries and veins

In each of the following situations what happens to the rate photosynthesis?
Stomata get blocked due to dust

Fill in the blanks with suitable word:
Heterotrophs depend on and other for food

In the diagrams we conventionally show veins in blue.What is the actual colour of the blood following through the following ?
(i) In arteries (ii) In veins (iii) In capillaries

Answer in detail.
How all the life processes contribute to the growth and development of the body?

Name the following.
Inorganic compounds essential for photosynthesis.

Answer the following question in one sentence.
Which is the ultimate pathway for fixing $CO_2$ into glucose?

Explain in your own words with suitable examples.
Describe the transportation system in plants.

Name the end products formed during:
(i) Oxidation of glucose in the muscles
(ii) Oxidation of glucose in body cells
iii) Breakdown of glucose anaerobically.

Observe the diagram given and label the following terms given in the box
stomatal opening, guard cell

In each of the following situations what happens to the rate of photosynthesis?
a) Cloudy days
b) No rainfall in the area
c) Good manuring in the area

Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
Diaphragm forms the ______ of the chest cavity.

Find the odd one out

Trachea, Alveoli, Diaphragm, Capillaries.

Explain in your own words with suitable example.

How is excretion in plants useful to human beings?

A process in living organisms involving the production of ____, typically with the intake of _ and the release of _______ from the oxidation of complex organic substances is called respiration.

Short answer
Write the main function of platelets.

Given below is the diagrammatic representation of the excretory system. Answer the following questions:
Which part of kidney is connected to ureter?

Draw a neat diagram of human respiratory system and label its following parts:
Rings of cartilage, lung, bronchi, alveolar sac

(a) Draw a labelled diagram of a sectional view of the human heart.
(b) Describe double circulation in human beings. Why is it necessary?
(c) What would be the consequences of deficiency of haemoglobin in our body?

Briefly explain how transpiration helps in upward conduction of water in plants?
(a) .................................................................................
(b) .................................................................................

(a) Draw a labelled diagram of human heart.
(b) What is the use of platelets in maintenance of human beings?
(c) Which respiratory pigment is found in red blood corpuscles present in human blood?

An apparatus shown alongside was set up in sunlight for about an hour. It was observed that drops of water appeared on the inside of the polythene bag.
Suppose the pot in this experiment was placed inside a room instead of placing it under sunlight. What difference would be noticed?

Value based questions.
When an animal is wounded, its overall blood pressure rises, but the area in the vicinity of the wound swells as a result of local vasodilation. Why?

Short / Long type answer type questions.
If your blood pressure is reported as 142 over 95, what are the diastolic, systolic, and pulse pressures? Does this mean that you have hypertension?

Rewrite and complete the following sentences by inserting the correct word in the space indicated.
The phenomenon of loss of water through a cut stem of injured part of plant is called ____.

(a) Draw a labelled sectional view of human heart.
(b) State the functions of the following components of transport system:
(i) Blood (ii) Lymph

Draw a diagram of the respiratory system and label the following.
(i) Part through which air is taken in.
(ii) Part which protects the lungs.
(iii) Part which carries the air into the lungs.

(i) Identify any two parts from the above diagram which carry oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
(ii) Explain the process of double circulation with the help of a flow chart.

Draw the diagram of a sectional view of the human heart and label the given part.
A) The chamber of the heart that pumps out deoxygenated blood.

i) Mention any two components of blood.
ii) Trace the movement of oxygenated blood in the body.
iii) What is the function of valves present in between atria and ventricles.
iv) Write one structural difference between arteries and veins.