Making Of The Indian Constitution - Class 11 Commerce Legal Studies - Extra Questions

Difference between Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha is the  Members of Lok Sabha are directly elected by the eligible voters for Five years.  The Members of Rajya Sabha  are elected by the elected members of State Legislative Assemblies in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of single transferable vote for six years. In Rajya Sabha one third of the members are retire in every second year.

Republic in our Preamble indicates that India has an elected head called the president. He is elected indirectly for a fixed period of five years. That's why India is known as Republic.

salient features of Indian constitutions are :
1) Democratic Rule : India has adopted the democratic
system of government. General elections are held in our country every
five years. Citizens above the age of 18 are eligible to cast their vote. We
cannot imagine democracy without elections. People all over the country
play their role in electing their representatives. Any voter of the
country can contest an election irrespective of his/ her religion, caste, class or gender.
2) Secularism : A secular nation means that the government
does not conform to the norms of any particular religion in its
system of governance. Citizens are not discriminated on the
basis of their faith, sect or religion. Every citizen enjoys the right
to follow and propagate the religion of his/her choice.
3) Republic : Republic means a government that obtains powers from people directly or indirectly. We have adopted a democratic republic system of government which means that powers are not limited in the hands of a few privileged people; rather it is accessible to all the citizens irrespective of their caste, class, religion or gender.

He was referring to Mahatma Gandhi.

Sovereign- It means people have the supreme right to take decisions on internal as well as external matters. No external power can dictate the government of India.

Emergency is a situtaion or a  period of government in which its constitutional set up is altered.

• National emergency: its provisions are provided under the article 352 of Indian constitution. National emergency can be declared on the basis of external aggression or armed rebellion in the whole of India or a part of its territory. Such an emergency was declared in India in 1962 (China war), 1971 (Pakistan war), and 1975 (declared by Indira Gandhi).
  
• State emergency: it is provided in the article 356. Government or a division of government can declare this kind of emergency.
  
• Financial Emergency Under Article 360. If there is any threat to the economic status of the country, this kind of emergency can be imposed. It has never been declared in India.
  

• The money bill can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha. It is up to Lok Sabha to accept or reject all or any recommendation of Rajya Sabha.
• The Lok Sabha is directly elected representatives of the people and enjoys real power on behalf of the people. In money matters Lok Sabha is supreme as Rajya Sabha can only delay a money bill for 14 days or give suggestions.If there is a joint session of the two Houses then the will of the Lok Sabha prevails due to its numerical supremacy.The Lok Sabha controls the Council of Ministers through No-Confidence Motion.The Rajya Sabha has no say in this matter.

A Constitution can be said to be rigid or flexible on the basis of its amendability. A flexible constitution can be amended by ordinary law making procedure whereas a rigid one requires special procedures.

The Constitution mentions three types of emergencies:

The Preamble of our Constitution contains the philosophy on which the entire Constitution contains the philosophy on which the entire Constitution has been built. It provides a standard to examine and evaluate any law and action of government, to find out whether it is good or bad. It is the soul of the Indian Constitution.

Several key words have been used in the Preamble of the Indian Constitution:
(i) We, the people of India. The constitution has been drawn up and enacted by the people through their representatives, and not handed down to them by a king or any outside powers.

(i) There is a provision made for providing universal access, retention and quality in elementary education with a special emphasis on girls.
(ii) There is also an establishment of pace setting of schools like Navodaya Vidyalaya in each district.
(iii) Vocational streams have been developed to equip large number of high school students with occupations related to knowledge and skills.

Preamble is an introductory statement to the Constitution which contains the ideals on which the Constitution is based and the basic underlying principles of the Constitution.
Importance of the Preamble can be stated as follows
(i) The Preamble contains the philosophy on which the entire Constitution has been built. It provides a standard to examine and evaluates any law and action of government to find out whether it is good or bad. Hence, it is the soul of the Constitution.
(ii) The Preamble shows the way the government ought to run. It declares India to be a sovereign, socialist, secular and democratic republic.
(iii) It envisages justice-social, economic and political-for all its citizens. It seeks to give the citizens all types of freedoms-freedom of thought and expression, freedom of belief and worship etc.
(iv) The Preamble mentions people as the source of the Constitution. It seeks to provide equality of status and opportunity to all individuals and thus promotes a sense of brotherhood among all citizens.

(i) National Emergency- It is declared when President of India is satisfied that the security of India or any part thereof is threatened or is likely to be threatened by war or external aggression.
(ii) Financial Emergency- It is declared when financial stability or credit of India is threatened.
(iii) Constitutional Emergency- It is declared when the government of a state cannot run according to the provisions of the constitution or when a state government is unable to carry out the directions of the Union government due to a political deadlock or failure.

1- Motions of no confidence against the government can only be introduced and passed in the Loksabha if passed the prime minister and his council will resign hence Rajya Sabha has no real power.
2- The money bills are introduced only in the Lok Sabha. Referring money bills to the Rajya Sabha is a mere constitutional formality.
3- The council of Ministers is responsible only to Lok Sabha.

Article 51 A (g) of the Constitution states that it shall be the fundamental duty of every citizen to protect and improve the natural environment including forests and Wildlife. So the preservation of the environment and wildlife is not only our moral duty as human beings but also our duty towards our nation. If the environment and wildlife get destroyed, we, as human beings, don’t have a chance to survive. Environmental degradation in India is already in such a worst condition that air in the metropolitan city is dangerous for breathing. If we destroy our forests and wildlife, our ecology will suffer irreparable loss and human life will become miserable in India.

The pledge that he wanted the makers of the Indian Constitution to take was to dedicate their lives to the service of India, the Indian people and the humanity at large.

Article 342(A) introduces greater transparency as its made mandatory to take the concurrence of parliament for adding or deleting any community in the backward list.

A systematic compilation of set of rules to run the government of a country is known as the ‘constitution’ of the country.

$$1$$. General emergency: If the President is satisfied that a grave emergency exists where by the security of India is threatened, either by war or by external aggression or armed rebellion, the President can proclaim this emergency. The President can do this only after getting the approval in writing of the Union Cabinet.
$$2$$. State emergency: If the President, on receipt of a report from the governor or otherwise, is satisfied that the governance of a State cannot be carried on in accordance with the provision of the Constitution, he may bdeclare an emergency in the State.
$$3$$. Financial emergency: If the President is satisfied that a situation has arisen whereby the financial stability or credit of the nation is threatened, he can declare financial emergency.

Over the last half a century, no large social group or political party has ever questioned the legitimacy of the constitution itself. 

1) Liberty means freedom to individual to do he/she wants to do without harming others Liberty.
2) Equality means an equal opportunity to all the citizens irrespective of their caste, religion, race, gender.
3) Fraternity means an environment of brotherhood among the citizens of a nation.

Law allows all the citizens of a country, the right to follow different faith and religious beliefs. All citizens enjoy the freedom of worship. The country does not have a religion of its own. All the religions in our country hold the same status.

Fundamental duties such as respecting the National flag and National Anthem, respect and protect the Constitution, follow our great leaders who fought for our freedom, to protect our country, readiness to serve our country if necessary, treating everyone as brothers irrespective of their castes, religions, languages, races etc. are those which I would like to fulfill.

Directive Principles are certain guidelines to be followed while the governments frame law. Though these are not mandatory, they should be taken into account.