Reading Comprehension - Class 9 English - Extra Questions

The poet mentions that the children are in a cargo on the elephant's back; all of them singing a song and the elephant too sways along with the rhythm of the song.

The poet says that the elephant is so strong that "he could play cup and ball with Robert and Helen and Uncle Paul", but he does not do so because he has learnt to be kind. It is this kindness that enables him to be with children.

The author states in the passage that when followed by predators, Kangaroos stand submerged to the chest in the water and then attempt to drown the attacker by holding him under water.

The narrator describes the roads across Iceland as being "unpaved and often washed out".

The narrator had faith in his mother's physical ability because he had seen her raise six children and also "put in long hours doing physical labor" on their small farm.

Sir Leon predicted that in future computers would become small enough in size to be able to carry in the pocket. Ordinary people would be able to use them to obtain valuable information. 

The narrator thought that the trip would 'spice up' his mother's 'humdrum life' and was sure that it would revitalize her.

The passage states that computers are capable of 'doing extremely complicated work in all branches of learning'. It further states that computers can solve very complex mathematical problems or even put thousands of unrelated facts in proper order. The passage gives the example of how computers can be used to provide information so as to prevent a traffic jam. 

Mother did not join the swimming in the beginning because she felt she was far too old for that sort of a thing.

The passage defines stress as a body reaction to any demands or changes in its internal and external environments. The factors that lead to stress are changes in external environment like temperature, pollutants, humidity and working conditions. Nowadays, a competitive mindset also leads to stress.  

Some of the signs through which a person gets to know that he/she is under stress are muscle tension in various parts of the body, palpitation, high blood pressure, indigestion and hyper-acidity.

The passage states that over-confidence generally leads people into misadventures where there is a risk or a danger to their lives.

The passage states that modesty is a virtue that over-confident people lack. It further says that modesty makes one a realist and a person who is 'cut down to size'. Modest people are very cautious and assess the entire situation before taking any step. They adopt a realist approach. 

The passage explains that in the past pilgrimages were undertaken when people became free of their worldly duties and wanted to take such a religious and pious journey in search of peace and knowledge. It used to be a sadhana, a way of communing with nature for the pilgrims of past. Pilgrims used to travel light, on foot and without the luxurious comfort of A.C hotel rooms and cars. The author says that pilgrimages, nowadays, have become more of a tourism opportunity where people go for picnics and fun.

The passage states that people many time over-assess their capabilities and jump into situations beyond their control. This over-assessment is the reason why a person becomes overconfident. 

(i) agility - quickly
(ii) hailed - greeted.
(iii) villain - rogue/wicked man.

(1) Descent
(2) Muffled
(3) Lever
(4) Content

The people living in developed countries enjoy the benefits of prosperity. They have a reasonable life span and enjoy basic comforts and good health. Their children are well-fed and educated.

A developed country is economically, agriculturally and technologically advanced. These are the fields in which a developed country is advanced.

The King of Bohemia says that the letters were written in his own private paper and in his own handwriting. Miss Adler also has the King's photograph. These are the reasons why the letters could not be proved false.

An age-old belief regarding the bride's mehendi colour and its significance is that a darker colour suggests bountiful love and affection from the future in-laws and husband, and for this reason brides take pain to ensure that only the best quality henna is used for their wedding day.

The passage explains that Jill was crying because of being bullied. She studied in a "mixed" school and ten or fifteen of the biggest boys and girls of the school liked to bully the others. The Head of this school thought that these bullies were "interesting psychological cases" and so they were not punished for their misdeeds.

As per the passage, through software engineering India can enter computer-aided design and manufacturing.

The man who visited Holmes's apartment was tall and handsome. He dressed in the uniform of a foreign country and also wore a mask.

Rangoli is a sign of welcome and implies that the house is ready for the day. It used to be a must for all Hindu homes because of this very reason and is a tradition that has been passed down from one generation to another.

As per the passage, living mechanically is to live successfully. By living mechanically, one can live like a free spirit, unburdened by the constant necessity "of turn in a silly hunt for books and spectacles"

The passage states that to be an elected assembly member one needs to win over the support of the voters by giving them an honest account of services, one must fight for their interest, and show your achievements to win the popularity of the masses.

As per the passage, the ideal of most people is to eat well, to make merry and to enjoy the material things in life, as can be inferred from the line 'Their ideal is  -------- material things of life.'

Lord Macaulay was the father and founder of the present education system, as is referred to in the fourth line of the first paragraph.

As per the passage, all around development is the true aim of education. Education should train not only the mind but also the hands and the heart.

As per the passage, women in Victorian England were groomed from childhood to be docile and dutiful, submissive and obedient. The measure of a perfect women was her capacity to bear pain and suffering.

The main question raised by the French Revolution was that of equality. It had ended aristocratic privileges as well as laws that maintained those privileges.

The passage states that every man is born into this world with a strong desire to live well. Thus the desire of every man in this world is to live well.

A child's interests, aptitudes, his habits and everything else which goes towards the development of his personality comes within the teacher's preview.

Effective and brilliant teachers, teachers who are equipped with the training and bearing on the quality of life can provide through rich dynamic education.

The Bet
Placing faith in a stranger is never an easy task but there are some who have the knack of identifying the basic goodness in a man. This is about  one  such  25  year  old  banker  who  was manning the loan clearance desk in his bank. One morning when a seemingly illiterate man sat before him requesting a small loan to start a business venture of his own the banker was in two minds. But he decided to place a bet on the man and gave him a small loan of Rs. 5000/- to be repaid over a period of five years.The first year passed and no repayment of the loan was seen. The auditors were informed that the man had been put in a prison for fraud. The second year also the same story was repeated. The banker was taken t o t ask because for six continuous years the loan remained unpaid. He was removed from his important post and the loan amount deducted from his salary.
But one fine day at the end of the seventh year a gentleman entered the bank. He was dressed well, wore expensive clothes and had come out of an expensive car. He looked around the bank and walked straight to the banker. He bent low to touch the banker's feet and thanked him warmly for trusting him when no one else had. He had been falsely accused and sent to prison for six years but had been declared innocent and let off about 8 months back. He had set up a small outsourcing business and had done very well. He thanked the banker again and again and offered him a Director's post in his enterprise.
As they say trust and faith can change the course the mightiest of oceans!!

The given sentence is true. Vikramaditya's judgement was a judgement of wisdom that even Gods appraised. Even after his death, pepple remember him for his wisdom and justice. He had a gift to see the people and give them justice. 

The given sentence is false. Vikramaditya was a renowned king and was known for his justice. He always gave justice to the innocent and punished the guilty. He was never know to punish an innocent. 

"My second guru was Principal Bhave, about whom I made a mention earlier. He taught us Physics."

The child dislikes eating peas, bread, fat, gravy, grapes, tomatoes, onions, peppers, fish, garlic, cottage cheese and red sauce on the ice cream.

The poem puts forth a comparison between leaf and man. Like how a leaf is beautiful and bright when it's growing, so is man fine and gay in his youth. When the frost and storm comes in, the leaves wither and fall from the tree, just as the seasons (time) come in and take away the man's youth, bringing in illness and old age. The withering of the leaves is similar to the wrinkles formed on an old man's face.

1. I followed casually.

The answers are:

A man's life too has seasons, just like the seasons seen throughout the year. Spring is when new leaves grow, it is like the birth of a man. Summer is the youth of a man, where his life is young and bright, like the sunny weather. Autumn is the old age, where man starts to wither, and winter is finally death, where man fades away.

Author has presented the side of parents as well as kids. I agree with author's views because parents have a vital role in upbringing of children. It is necessary that they know the right way to talk to their children and help them grow. Parents need to listen to their children as well as help them solve their issues or suggest them the right way.

Bipin was not very good at mixing with people. Every Monday from his way back from work, he would buy five books. After having dinner at 8:30, he would rest for half an hour and turn to a book. This was a routine he had been following for years.

Dogs are very popular pets, and man's best friend, due to their virtues:

Eleanor Roosevelt was a quite and parent less girl when she was young. Later in life, she became the first lady of the United States, an author, lecturer and a woman who was loved and admired throughout the world.

If the visitors did not leave by eight, he would tell that his doctor had advised him to have dinner by 8:30. This would make the visitors leave.

In today's world, parents ask their kids questions such as the cuisine they prefer, the movie they want to see, the holiday they wish to go on and the subject they wish to study.

Besides being the First Lady, she was an author, lecturer and a woman much admired and loved by people through out the world.

There is a constant tussle between the hunting animal and its prey. The hunting animals try their worst to kill their prey most efficiently but their prey uses any trick to avoid becoming a meal.

Some species like Russell's viper inject poison whereas Rat Snakes catch and push their prey against the ground.

In her personal life, she faced many challenges. Her parents died while she was young. Her second son died when he was a baby. Her strong athletic husband was stricken with polio, which left him physically disabled for life.

[a] The dog farm was run by a "rough-hewn woman and her ancient mother.

The passage explains that giving children too much too soon comes with its own bag of problems: they grow to be adults and face problems coping with life's disappointments. Giving children too much too soon spoils them and gives them a sense of entitlement that hinders their professional career and personal relationships.

The passage states that parents and teachers, both, want children to learn qualities like hard work, honesty, commitment and compassion.

Title- The Difference Between Listening and Hearing

The mother panther generally delivers a litter of four cubs, rarely five.

Master - His master gave him a lot of hard tasks to do.

Napoleon and his companions were unjust and cruel in their behavior towards the other animals in many small and big ways. First, Napoleon took away the puppies as soon as Bluebell and Jessie gave birth, saying that they would take care of the puppies' education. The milk and the apples were consumed only by the pigs. Other animals did not get a share. Squealer explained to the animals that milk and apple were necessary for the well being of the pigs as they were the brain workers. If the pigs failed in their duty then Jones would come back. Hence, they were reserved for the pigs alone. 

Langoors jump easily from one tree to another. They are a noble community and not cheeky or dishonest like that of the red monkeys of the plain. Langoors do not attack or approach dogs or humans. The young ones fight on the grass like boys but appear a little confused. However, they are patient and satisfied dwelling in the woods for their livelihood.

(i) While the other boys worked hard in the fields and helped their parents, Chittru idled and lazed around. He preferred fishing in the stream and breaking fruits off other people's trees. He squandered his time loafing here and there.
(ii) Bisnus ambition was to receive a good schooling. He went on his own accord to school, not forced by anyone, to read and write so that he could get well educated like other children in the big world.
(iii) Sarru, who came from a small village, three miles away from Bisnus' village, informed him about the sudden visit of a panther to his village, the previous night.
(iv) Bisnu, who was a cool-headed boy, found the information of Sarru to be interesting, about the visit of the panther to their village but nevertheless, he was not too excited to hear it. He knew that panthers were a common sight viewed on hills, and did not harm except in winters when food was scarce.
(v) The panther had become a cattle-lifter because once it was wounded by the shikaris, who had aimed a bullet in his leg. The panther had consequently become slow paced. Unable to hunt fast running barking deer, it started killing cattle.
(vi) Sarru jokingly told Bisnu, that his father told him, that six years back, a panther had become a man-eater and had killed around six people in their valley. Later it was reported that the panther had poisoned itself after eating the headman of the village since the headmen was a rouge i.e. a vicious person.

(1) encumbered
(2) penetrate
(3) underrated
(4) superlative

Title "Langoors - A Dignified Community".
It is an appropriate title because it tells us about the dignified behaviour of langoors in a community.

Flight - The flight was canceled on account of bad weather and persistent rainfall.

Title- Collectors and Collecting: Advantages and Disadvantages of Collecting

(1) The judge ordered the police to arrest the culprit on the basis of clear evidence against him.
(2) Gopi draws pictures in sand so fast that the onlookers are astounded at his skill.
(3) Leander Paes did India proud by winning the set and the match in a short period of time.
(4) The Literary club in our school conducts a number of activities to hone the skills of its members.

She was crying behind the gym because she had been tired and troubled due to tasking tactics of big boys and girls. She wanted to vent out her anger and not be humiliated by crying in front of others.

The meanings of the words are given below- 

The forest department hired a professional hunter because a panther was terrorizing the villagers of the Kulna district in Bangladesh. The panther had killed seven persons in two months. The villagers' efforts to kill the panther had failed.

(i) corpse - dead body

Bitter - The medicine tasted bitter, but I managed to drink it.

i) The shape of the cake we ordered was supposed to be round and not rectangular.

Still - My father knew that something tragic happened; still he managed to remain calm.

"Richard Parker and Thirsty" is a suitable title for the summary. The title is suitable as the summary tells how the hunter Richard Parker successfully captures thirsty the tiger in detail.

i) stern

The panther was getting bolder as it had killed seven persons in two months. Very recently, it carried off a little girl and the previous victim had been a man who was attacked in broad daylight in his field.

We sympathize with Gurth, since what he wants most in life is something most of us take for granted: he wants to be a free man. Gurth is a "thrall," which is an Old English word for a person who serves a lord. Being a thrall is like being a slave: one is born into it, and the only person who can free one is the lord himself. 

Gurth is a swineherd (a pig-keeper) for Cedric of Rotherwood, and there's no sign that Cedric might consider freeing Gurth from his slavery – at least not at the beginning of the book. In fact, Gurth wears an iron collar around his neck with Cedric's name on it, like a dog.

If we were in Gurth's position, we would probably hate Cedric deeply, but Gurth doesn't hate his master. In fact, he shares Cedric's love of Saxon culture and shares Cedric's deep hatred for the Normans. When Cedric is captured by De Bracy and Bois-Guilbert, Gurth does his best to save Cedric's life.

Gurth is surprisingly complex for a minor character. He resents Cedric's authority over his life, of course, but he is truly loyal to Cedric's family. What really messes things up between Gurth and Cedric isn't politics or Gurth's thralldom: it's Ivanhoe.

Gurth is actually closer to Ivanhoe than Cedric is. He chooses to help Ivanhoe at the Ashby tournament rather than sticking around looking after Cedric's pigs. 

Gurth's loyalty and attachment to Ivanhoe and Cedric allows us to forget the unfairness of the relationship. When they're fighting together on the same side, with Gurth working to rescue Cedric, it all seems like one big happy Saxon family. And when Cedric frees Gurth in recognition of his help at Torquilstone, it's Gurth's dream come true. Gurth genuinely appears to love Cedric and Ivanhoe, which makes sense since he has grown up in their household.

At the same time, Scott deliberately shows Gurth to be Cedric's slave. We see how rough Cedric can be with Gurth when he throws him in chains for leaving Rotherwood without permission. Even if the Saxons all hate the Normans, they don't always treat each other all that well either. The very fact that Gurth is Cedric's slave proves that Saxon culture isn't as perfect as Cedric believes it to be.

Even though there is a lot of talk about Saxon freedom from Norman domination in Ivanhoe, the Saxons are also a really hierarchical people. Some Saxons have lots of power, and some (like Gurth) have none at all. In the book's Saxon-vs.-Norman battle, it's important to remember that both sides are equally medieval. Gurth may genuinely like the people he works for, but he is still a slave. 

i) Finding: The accidental finding of fire by our forefathers was a revolutionary one.

i) Neglected - derelict

Frederick, the owner of Pinchfield and a businessman, resorted to cruel means to gain power. After the windmill was completed, Frederick offered to buy a load of timber from Napoleon however when the time for payment came, he said he would pay in check. Napoleon insisted on being paid in cash but later discovered through Whymper that the notes were fake. This is how Frederick tricked the animals. 

In these lines, a girl, who is subjected to endless humiliation and domestic chores as a girl, asks the readers if they want her to tell them about her first political act. She describes the incidents that led her to make her first political act, i.e., a rebellion to break away from the conventional norms of a patriarchal and biased society. She says that she sees two doors that are usually open, leaning against each other in a way that it seems that they are gossiping, and whispering secrets into each others’ ears. They are inclined in such a way that makes a triangular room, a closet with their edges. Presumably, the two open doors can be viewed as two options for her—one to maintain the status quo and silently endure all the oppression and humiliation; two, to break away from the conventional norms of a biased society, wherein a woman is treated as an inferior human being and subjected to endless humiliations and thankless domestic chores. Then she looks at the household objects which are used for doing different chores. First, there is a laundry machine, that is used for wringing out or ironing damp clothes. It is used for ironing even those clothes, which require no ironing like bedsheets, towels and her father’s undergarments.

(i) jolted - be shaken roughly
(ii) stubborn - obstinate 
(iii) avail - use

Swami wished for an earthquake to reduce the school building to dust. His wish was unlikely to be answered because that good building - Albert Mission School - had withstood similar prayers for over a hundred years now.

Sudha Ramasubramanium's advice to the author was that she should concentrate more on her health rather than her HSC exam as she had developed an injury.

The author dislikes the teachers who taught him the virtues of kindness, tolerance, and patience and behaved precisely the opposite.

(a) Rajen Dutia received an urgent call.
(b) Mumbai had come to a halt and people were trapped everywhere.
(b) Rajen found Rashmi as well as a dozen other people shivering in the rain.
(d) He took them to his one-bedroom flat.

The correct chronological order is:

(i) Brihat Panchvati is the forest where Shakuntla lived and Sita spent her final days.
(ii) Saptaswara forest, pertains to different ragas in music.
(iii) The Eco park would be there for celebrating occasions and planting a sapling of a tree on every celebration.
(iv) The garden of prophet Mohammed has some plants which are mentioned in the Holy Quran.

The following are the matched words-

Since the given passage centers around how dairy farming can become one of the best source of incomes and generate employment opportunities for people, we can conclude that this is the main theme of the extract.

Yesteryears	Present times
(i) Simple family affair	(i) Songs and dance performance accompanied with lavish food and entertainment.
(ii) Creative family members apply mehendi to the bride.	(ii) Beauticians are appointed to apply mehendi to the bride.

Gandhiji's faith in Women: Gandhiji glorifies women
and places women in their right place, that they are
due of. He stands as a ceaseless crusader of women's
equality. He considered women as helpless. He brought
them out of their homes. Gandhi said that the female
sex was not the weaker sex. The female sex is nobler
than the male. Without woman, man could not exist.
Women is the complement of Man. Gandhi praised
women's power of non-violence and Ahimsa. Ahimsa
means infinite love. He wanted women to be free as to
choose her won path. God has endowed woman with
the quality of forgiveness. their heats are overflowing
with love. Gandhi wants them to utilize the gift.

According to Gandhiji, 'Ahimsa' means infinite love, which again means infinite capacity for suffering. Woman shows that as she carries the infant and feeds it during nine months and derives joy in the suffering involved. Let woman transfer that love to the whole of humanity let her forget that she ever was or can be the object of man's lust. And she would occupy her proud position by the side of man as his mother, maker and silent leader. Gandhiji says it is given to her to teach the art of peace to the warring world thirsting for that nectar and God has sent women as messengers of the gospel of non-violence.
To quote Mahatma Gandhiji's words, "Woman I hold, is the personification of self sacrifice. If non violence is the law of our being, the future is with women".

I had searched for Orlando everywhere in the forest and at last I became tired and hungry that I fell asleep under a tree. On his way from Rosalind's cottage, Orlando saw me lying asleep. He also saw a big snake curled around my neck, just about to bite me. But when the snake saw my brother it slipped away into a bush. Then Orlando saw that a hungry lion was waiting under the same bush, ready to kill me as soon as I woke up.

Annie Lousia Walker:
According to Annie Louisa Walker, the world cannot take the rights away from them. Women's hearts portray the bright picture of a "Woman's Mission". They dwell silently under the house roof. They all live alone beyond the busy world. Thus they lead peaceful life. The poetess says that the women remain in their house but they lead a meaningful life. Humble plants on the road side hedgerows preserve water. They also give the world the fragrant flowers. Similarly women make the home bright and decorate it with their love and skill. Though women live lonely life they are very happy. They make their home and surroundings with happiness. They care and share the blessings to their dear and near. When they meet death, they do not want outsiders know where they are buried.

(i) were his mother and his Guru-Principal Bhave.
(ii) was Sir Dorab Tata Trust.
(iii) Dr. Mashelkar.
(iv) how to find the focal length of a convex lens.

The required information is given below

Ahimsa means love, non-violence. Satyagraha means 'soul force', 'truth force'. Gandhi praises women to be embodiments of Ahimsa and Satyagraha. He venerates ancient women such as Sita, Savithri, Damayanthi and Draupadi who are endowed with sacrifice, silent suffering, humility, faith, love and kindness. This is a proof that they dominate men by their mental strength, by their soul force. Such women, says Gandhi, can come together to achieve world peace. They are capable of kicking away the atom bomb like a ball. Hence, he prefers to have women in his army.

The funeral oration of Mark Antony.
Introduction: Mark Antony's funeral oration, one
of Shakespeare's best orations is an extract from
'Julius Caesar'. Caesar's victory and power brings
him popularity. But this rouses jealously and fear in
Brutus whose conspiracy leads to his assassination.
His Humility: Brutus had wiped away every
suspicion of the mob when he said that he had killed
Caesar for their sake, to set them free from Caesar's
dictatorship. Antony knew he could win them over
slowly. He humbles himself with the opening lines "I
have come to bury Caesar, not to praise him".
His Witty Words: Gradually he praises the conspirators
as ' honorable men'. They declared the ambitious
nature of Caesar, who, to Antony had always been a
'friend, faithful and just'. To convince them, he brings
up Caesar's good deeds to the Romans. Yet they had
failed to judge him and mourn for him.
His Emotional Oration: Antony was upset that none
came forward to pay reverence to Caesar. Yet he did
not aim at stirring their 'hearts and mind to mutiny
and rage' against the 'honorable men'. Antony's key
to unlock the hearts of the mob was Caesar's will. He
did not mean to read it for they would become very
emotional and beg his hair or rush to dip their napkins
in his blood to bequeath it as their rich legacy. The
blood soaked opened their eyes and played
upon their emotions.
His speech revealed his hurt, his anger and pain that
injustice should not be done to one who had done no
harm.
An Indirect Instigation: Antony did not rouse the
fury of the mob directly. He humbled himself as 'a
plain blunt man' who lacked the 'wit, words and worth'
of Brutus. But if only he had possessed the oratorical
skill of Brutus, he would have "put a tongue in every
wound of Caesar" to ruffle up their spirits to rise in
mutiny. This was enough to instigate the mob against
the assassins. Justice is truth in action.

Passage writing:
My appeal was dismissed by the Chief Justice and Mr. Justice Scoope, when I was charged with the murder of Mr. W. P. Elder in July and they confirmed the death sentence passed on me by the Session's Judge of Manhattan. I was having an affair with Mr. Elder's wife. When confronted by her outraged husband, I took the revolver and shot the poor man.

Ahtushi Deshpande's travelogue, "To the Land of
Snow" describes her trekking to Milam glacier with
Khem Nam as the guide and Laxmi who served as a
porter.
She started her travel with a 2424-hour journey in a UP
Roadways bus after which she was enthralled to see
the peaks of the Panchuli range. The four day trek to
the village of Milam was dotted with abandoned Bhutia
villages. On the fourth day they crossed Burfu and Bilju
before reaching Milam. On the sixth day, she spent the
day moseying in and out of their cave since howling
winds, clouds, bright sunshine and hail storms chased
each other through the skies. For the next two days
and night, they camped at Ragash Kund. The Summit
of Mandayo could be seen on the opposite to their
camp and to her right the Nanda Pal glacier slopped
down. On their way to Suraj Kund, they hopped over
stones on landslides and treated on the glacier rubble.
As they walked dead centre of the glacier, the 8080m ice
fall starting from the base of the Hardeoli and Trishuli
came to full view. Then she tasted the water from the
twin ponds of Dudh and Suraj Kund.
The Next morning, she returned to Milam. Three
kilometres from Milam she was transfized seeing the
twin peaks of Nandi Devi main and Nanda Devi east.
Then the author along with the other two came back
to Munsiyari.

As per the passage, after the French Revolution, differences in earnings rather than sumptuary laws defined what the rich and the poor could wear.

In William Shakespeare's play 'the Tragedy of Julius
Caesar' two speeches are given to the people of
Rome about Caesar's death. In Act 33, scene 22 of this 
play Brutus and Antony both try to sway the minds
of the Roman's towards their views. Brutus tried to
make the mob believe he killed Caesar for a noble
cause. Antony tried to persuade the crowd that the
conspirators committed an act of brutality towards.
Caesar and were traitors. The effectiveness and
ineffectiveness of both Antony's and Brutus's speech
to the people are conveyed through tone and rhetorical
devices. Both of them eulogize Julius Caesar each
using a different technique and approach. Brutus, in
a somewhat arrogant, to the point, attempts to sway
the people. Antony approaches the conspirators says
he understands and forgives them, and asks to give
Caesar's eulogy. Brutus agrees, against the wishes
of the more realistic Cassius. When left above with
Caesar's body, Antony vows to seek revenge against
the conspirators.
After Brutu's speech, Antony halts the crowd's
support for the conspirators with a masterful speech
that plays on the crowd's emotions. The mob drives
the conspirators away.
The two famous speeches of Brutus and Antony
over Caesar's body are great examples of political
rhetoric. Each man tries to sway the crowds to his
own position with use of both reason and emotion.
Brutus uses the buzz words of honour, ambitious
bondman, vile, etc. Antony speaks of 'noble Brutus'
as an 'honourable man'. Although Antony uses his
words to fan the emotions of the crowd, he says of
Caesar that "He was my friend, faithful and just to
me" and he says that in killing Caesar "men have
lost their reason".
To sum it up, Brutus speaks only the truth and facts
expressing his true patriotic feelings. He appeals to the
heads of the mob, where as Antony moves the hearts of
the people. By doing so, Antony succeeds in winning
over the mob, turning them to his side. In comparison,
Antony's speech is far better than Brutus's in the sense
that the former could serve its purpose, well and the
latter counteracted its designed purpose.

In William Shakespeare's play. 'the Tragedy of Julius Caesar' two speeches are given to the people of Rome about Caesar's death. In Act 33, scene 22 of this play Brutus and Antony both try to sway the minds of the Romans towards their views. Brutus tried to make the mob believe he killed Caesar for a noble cause. Antony tried to persuade the crowd that the conspirators committed an act of brutality towards Caesar and were traitors. The effectiveness and ineffectiveness of both Antony's and Brutus's speech to the people are conveyed through tone and rhetorical devices. Both of them eulogize Julius Caesar each using a different technique and approach. Brutus, in a somewhat arrogant, to the point, attempts to sway the people. Antony approaches the conspirators says he understands and forgives them, and asks to give Caesar's eulogy. Brutus agrees, against the wishes of the more realistic Cassius. When left above with Caesar's body, Antony vows to seek revenge against the conspirators.
After Brutus's speech, Antony halts the crowd's support for the conspirators with a masterful speech that plays on the crowd's emotions. The mob drives the conspirators away.
The two famous speeches of Brutus and Antony over Caesar's body are great examples of political rhetoric. Each man tries to sway the crowds to his own position with use of both reason and emotion. Brutus uses the buzz words of honour, ambitious, bondman, vile, etc. Antony speaks of 'noble Brutus' as an 'honourable man'. Although Antony uses his words to fan the emotions of the crowd, he says of Caesar that "He was my friend, faithful and just to me" and he says that in killing Caesar "men have lost their reason."
To sum it up, Brutus speaks only the truth and facts expressing his true patriotic feelings. He appeals to the heads of the mob, where as Antony moves the hearts of the people. By doing so, Antony succeeds in winning over the mob, turning them to his side. In comparison, Antony's speech is far better than Brutus's in the sense that the former could serve its purpose, well and the latter counteracted its designed purpose.

The poem 'The Perfect Life' represents the picture of life through beautiful and contrasting images.The poet says that a short and meaningful life is far better than a life that is long but uneventful.The poet compares the long life to an oak tree that grows tall and lasts for hundreds of years but is of no use to anyone.On the other hand, a lily is short-lived but it spreads sweetness and beauty all around. It gives joy to the people. Ben Jonson, in short, says life can be made beautiful and perfect even in a small lifespan.

The word 'mused' is mentioned in the line "'There is only one taxi in the whole of Dehra,' he mused".
In the context of this line, it means:
'to say to oneself in a thoughtful manner'.
The person in the story, Uncle Ken, thought to himself that since there is only one taxi in the whole of Dehra, he can try his business for another.

The word 'battered', is mentioned in the line "Uncle Ken was on the veranda steps with his bedding roll and battered suitcase".
In the context of this line, it means:
'damaged by age and repeated use'.
The suitcase is described as 'battered', which means it's an old, worn out bag that has been used repeatedly.

As mentioned in these lines "A poverty-free world might see a whole group of families... regions devastated by some shared disasters, such as floods, fires... other disasters. But such temporary problems could be taken care of by the market mechanism through insurance and other self-paying programs, assisted of course by social-consciousness-driven enterprises."

For attempt at class level. Paragraphs are put together as given below:

To Sir, With Love

From Rameswaram to the Rashtrapati Bhavan, it’s been a long journey. Talking to Nona Walia on the eve of Teacher’s Day, President Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam talks about life’s toughest lessons learnt, and his mission—being a teacher to the Indian Youth. “A proper education would help nurture a sense of dignity and self-respect among our youth”, says President Kalam. There’s still a child in him though, he’s still curious about learning new things. Life’s a mission for President Kalam.

Nonetheless, he remembers his first lesson in life and how it changed his destiny. “I was studying in standard V, and must have been all of 10. My teacher, Sri Sivasubramania Iyer was telling us how birds fly. He drew a diagram of a bird on the blackboard, depicting the wings, tail and the body with the head and then explained how birds soar to the sky. At the end of the class, I said I did not understand. Then he asked the other students if they had understood, but nobody had understood how birds fly”, he recalls. “That evening, the entire class was taken to Rameswaram shore”, the President continues. “My teacher showed us sea birds. We saw marvellous formations of them flying and how their wings flapped. Then my teacher asked us, “Where is the bird’s engine and how is it powered?” I knew then that birds are powered by their own life and motivation. I understood all about birds’ dynamics. This was real teaching—a theoretical lesson coupled with a live practical example. Sri Sivasubramania Iyer was a great teacher. That day, my future was decided. My destiny was changed. I knew my future had to be about flight and flight systems.

Every morning we are weaving a flowery wreath to bind us to the beauties of the earth despite our feelings of sadness and depression. We all possess negative attributes of hatred and disappointment. We suffer from a lack of noble qualities and follow unhealthy, evil ways. In spite of all this a beautiful thing helps us to remove the cover of gloom or darkness from our lives. It makes us love life despite the things that make us sad and dampen our spirits.

$$*$$ The tense of narration (past and present tense)
Opinion: In Column A, sentences are written in the past tense whereas in Column B, they are written in the present tense. 
$$*$$ Short, incomplete sentences Opinion: In Column B short sentences are used. They are framed in the present tense.
$$*$$ Sentence length 
Opinion : The Column B has short sentences. They are simple and easily comprehensible. Besides, they are framed in the present tense. 
Reason : I like the paragraph marked as B. The sentences are framed in the present tense. They give out clear-cut ideas in its simple form. We can easily remember the facts expressed in the present tense.

 

Shakespeare was such a playwright who can be proclaimed as a creator himself. Like God he creates living beings, Shakespeare creates characters. He brings his characters to life by a thousand little strokes of observation. Name any human qualities, like passion, sentiment emotion, courage, dedication and they are there. If we compared the two couples in the play, we would see that both couples share a problem with trust. However, for Benedick and Beatrice, the feelings of hate and distrust come first in their relationship, but then they grow to love each other. While on the other hand, Claudio and Hero experience love at first sight, but then Claudio develops an unwarranted distrust of Hero. The two sets of characters in this play, Benedick-Beatrice and Claudio-Hero are romantically linked. If, judged from different aspects of life, there is humour and sorrow,there is praise and denouncement , there is courage and meekness, extended fully into human characters. 
The love story of Benedick-Beatrice is quite intrigueing. The readers are left to wonder whether Beatrice is truly in love with Benedick. At the beginning, she is greatly inquisitive about Benedick's attainment in the battle. In fact one is made to suspect that she poses a hatred for him. Even Benedick refers to her as Lady Disdain. Their verbal altercation is ignited from the first act and continues to spit venom throughout the course of the play till the church scene in which Beatrice and Benedick turn out to be true lovers in the true sence of the term. Beatrice is marked as arrogantly superior in her insistence that she will never marry, eventually gets struck by Cupid's arrow and ties her knot with Benedick. Beauty and attraction are her forte. She is a colourful personality who dominates the whole play. She is Lady Tongue, who makes immediate use of every opportunity to direct the most pointed darts of her sarcasm and raillery against Benedick. Her wit is commendable as well as her protective nature towards her cousin, Hero. In her exasperation,she even asks Benedick to till Claudio'. No sooner does Benedick accept the challenge than he becomes worthy of love of Beatrice. She realized the need of a man to champion her cause. Their love is tested under severe adversity before entering into matrimony, thus it is assured that they live happily forever. On the other hand, Benedick is a professed tyrant of the opposite sex. But he is an honest man and man of simple judgment. He wishes to remain a bachelor as he does not trust the loyalty of woman. His popular attitude to woman is exhibited in the "skirmishes" of wit exchanged between Benedick and Beatrice. Though he acknowledges Beatrice's beauty and her formidable wit, yet he always brings himself into an outrageous opposition with her. He has no, poetic sense and confesses that "No, I was not born under a rhyming planet, nor I cannot woo in festive terms". But both, Beatrice and Benedick shed off the barrier of wit and pride in the church scene and Benedick romantically asks Beatrice "Come bid me do anything for thee". What others wanted to achieve through gulling of Beatrice and Benedick gradually culminates into success. 
Hero, may have been given the role of the heroine in the play but it is her cousin who outshines her throughout the play. Beatrice is boisterous, talkative and vivacious. In contrast Hero is modest, submissive and quiet. Though she is not dull witted, her voice is seldom heard except in the scene in which she gets involved in gulling. Here, she seems to be very spirited and humorous. The same inclination is noticed in the masked dance while answering her partner. Still she is meek, silent and unobtrusive. She has no individuality regarding marriage, no ardent love for Claudio, and even when her innocence has been established, she tamely surrenders to her accuser. Beatrice, on the other hand has such strong views on marriage.Hero has no firm opinion about men .What her father says, she accepts. Beatrice strongly pronounces her attitude towards men. Claudio, on the other hand, cannot derive any sympathy from the readers although he is a youthful man, endowed with a personal courage far above his years, not only in war, but is courageous enough in accepting Benedick's challenge with a non-chalant attitude. 
But in the affairs of his heart, he is by no means an ardent lover. He is no Romeo, he has self control and that comes out clearly in the church scene while repudiating Hero. Claudio is highly. suspicious and easily gullible who rushes head-long into wrong conclusions. He also lacks self confidence. He needs someone to .lean for support. Unlike Benedick, Claudio has no self-reliance, initiative and experience. He reacts first and rationalizes after. He is a young sentimentalist who needs mature guidance from another. From the above analysis, it is clear that the two set of characters are so very different from each other. Beatrice and Benedick are lively and have a penetrating sense of humour; Hero and Claudio are contemplative and bashful. Both Beatrice and Benedick love Hero and she is sincerely reciprocative.: Beatrice and Benedick both apparently have strong contempt for marriage; Hero listens to her father's words and Claudio's marriage plans are normal. Beatrice and Benedick are independent and will not take orders from anyone, Hero is less independent and Claudio is gullible. Beatrice and Benedick are always in a bantering mood, Hero and Claudio are subject to depression and anger respectively as even on the morning of their wedding day. Benedick's banter hides a deep affection for Beatrice, Claudio's love for Hero lacks depth and he suffers no remorse at the news of her death. Benedick has a practical approach to love and professes his love to Beatrice all by himself but Claudio lacks a sense of initiative. Benedick has a strong sense of humour where as Claudio is highly conceited. All these characters are individuals and thus they all dwell on different platforms. Love binds them. Beatrice and Benedick will lead a happy life assuredly, but in case of Hero and Claudio, we, the readers are less assured.

Much Ado About Nothing eatures the most obviously modern of Shakespeare’s courting couples, Beatrice and Benedick. They are the direct ancestors of the ‘rom-com’ couple – the staple of Hollywood comedies since (at least) the 1930s heyday of Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers, and of television series like the 1990s’ Friends or 1980s’ Moonlighting, where the audience is kept intrigued by the unresolved sexual tension between the sparring, apparently unsuited couple. There is no known source for Beatrice and Benedick and their unconventional courtship, whereas Shakespeare used identifiable literary sources for the more serious Claudio and Hero story. Despite there being some examples of witty banter between young men and women in earlier Shakespeare plays (The Taming of the Shrew, Love’s Labour’s Lost) and in some other 16th-century texts, Beatrice and Benedick are definitively new: they refuse to abide by the conventions of genteel decorum, they know their own minds (or think they do), they are not particularly respectful of authority (unlike the younger couple Claudio and Hero) and they are the couple who talk, and bicker, endlessly – thus displaying to each other their intellectual energy and their compatibility. Perhaps their banter is also a type of self-defence against the appearance of any emotional vulnerability. Here is their extraordinary opening dialogue, full of cheerful insults:

The hunter fired at the tiger with the gun with darts. It snarled and raced away. Immobilising darts knock creatures out without warning. Increased activity on the animal's part makes it act faster. As the assistants came closer, she tried to get away but could not manage. She turned on them meaning to kill but lost her balance and collapsed. The cub was caught from the close-by bush.

In this essay, Dr.S. Radhakrishnan addresses the academic community of the University of Pennsylvannia,USA.He thanks the community for admitting him into the academic community.The author underlines the urgent need for the ‘inward light’ in bringing different ‘peoples’ of the world together. The essayist introduces to us the Quaker doctrine which proposes that there is something of God in everybody and that each human being, is of unique worth.This is why ‘quakers’ value all people equally and oppose anything that may harm or threaten them.Quakers seek religious truth in inner experience and place great reliance on conscience as the basis of morality. This, the essayist says has much in common with the traditional beliefs in India where the ‘Supreme’ or the ‘Ultimate Truth’ is called the ‘Avatar Jyoti’ or the ‘inward light’ in the human body or the ‘devalaya’ which means the temple of the Supreme.To remove the disparities between what is professes and what is practised in India, we should consider every human being to be entitled to the highest ‘divine possibility’, each embodying the spirit of God in him.

The author strikes at a very sensitive issue which we humans have been pondering over for ages. God is present within each of us, it is important that we realize that this energy resides within each one of us. This energy is called as 'Avatar bond' or the light which dwells in the inmost being of a man. The realization of this energy dissolves all the negativity in man, making him united with this supreme energy.
Change is inevitable; man has to change himself to survive. Charles Darwin in his book 'Origin of Species' emphasized at the same. It is always the survival of the fittest i.e., in order to survive as an individual, one needs to change himself according to the surroundings. If an individual does not change he will perish. The 'Change' is possible only when one realizes the light within. The realization of this light has led man forward to reach great heights. It has made man to accomplish the impossible. This light makes a man realize his purpose and value on earth. Man advances step by step and stage by stage. It is the very presence of this inward light that makes man to adjust himself to the changing conditions. Therefore if man is dedicated, devoted, sincere and committed, it is possible for him to bring a new world together, worthy of humanity. 
According to the. Quaker belief the inner light is a true light, which enlightens every man that comes into the world. This puts forward the message that each one of us can experience God directly and hear his voice within as he resides in each one of us. This inner light would guide people to conduct oneself and get rid of sins from their hearts. 
The author affirmed that true humanity is deeply seated in Vedantic teaching. There are many reformers like Rabindranath Tagore, Mohandas Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru who were deeply committed to Hindu spirituality. To realize the role of the "Inner Light" Dr. kadhakrishnan stressed on the role of Yoga, which provides discipline and spiritual perfection. To shape a community of spirit among the people of the world which is essential for a truly essential society and lasting peace, we must forge bonds of international understanding. This can be possible only when we are acquainted with the masterpieces of literature, art and science produced in different countries. When one is in contact with these, one is lifted from the level of an average thinker and goes beyond mean and lame thoughts. Also when one is able to unite with these higher forms of work the disparities that exist between one's profession and practice ends.
The realization of the inner light within each of us reduces the separation that arises due to class, creed, religion and sex. When man realizes that it is the same inner light that lies within each one of us, there is hope for unity and no cause now for separation. There is oneness and a feeling of belongingness reducing issues of war, devastation and destruction. Man is one and unites with the supreme. Finally there is no 'I' or 'You' but only 'Us'. The faith in the supreme leads to a feeling of hope, trust and belief. The realization of this divine energy and the fire 'within will transform one's nature and conform us to the world as it is. Our whole nature would change and the habits that have come down from centuries will change. Man would realize the dire and the disastrous consequences of his old habits and finally he would change for the better.

In One Thousand Dollars by O. Henry we have the theme of selflessness, love, devotion and change. Taken from his Selected Stories collection the story is narrated in the third person by an unnamed narrator and after reading the story the reader realises that Henry may be exploring the theme of selflessness. Though Gillian has the opportunity to spend his Uncle’s inheritance on himself he decides against doing so preferring instead to give the money to Miss Hayden. This action is important as it suggests that Gillian has changed. Rather than spending the money on himself or on gambling he has thought about someone else. Someone that he is very much in love with if not devoted to. Something that the reader is aware of from the note that Gillian writes after giving the money to Miss Hayden. He writes of the eternal happiness that Miss Hayden brings him considering her to be the ‘best and dearest woman on earth’. Which suggests that Gillian is not only devoted to Miss Hayden but he is also very much in love with her. Rather than thinking about himself Gillian has thought about somebody else, somebody who might need the money more than he does. It is also possible that Gillian through his lifestyle choices is also aware that should he keep the money for himself he will only squander it. Gillian may be actually tired of how he lives his life and as such is seeking, through his actions, to change.

Even though Gillian has acted selflessly old habits die hard. Something that is noticeable when Gillian is talking to Old Bryson. He asks Bryson for advice on what he should do with the money and it would appear that Bryson lives a dissolute life similar to Gillian. He in essence suggests that Gillian should waste the money on material things for others in order to advance himself in their eyes. In reality Bryson is thinking about how he would like to spend a thousand dollars which suggests that he is not only self-centred but he may not necessarily be a true friend to Gillian. Some of Bryson’s other suggestions are impractical (hiring Madison Square Garden). Bryson wants to flaunt the thousand dollars rather than do something of benefit with it. It may also be a case that by introducing Bryson into the story Henry is not only highlighting an individual’s selfishness but their ego too. Each idea that Bryson has inflates his own ego which in turn suggests that Bryson is a greedy man. The most important person in Bryson’s life is himself. It may also be important that throughout the story Bryson makes no constructive impact on the story. Rather he is sitting in a men’s club drinking and imagining how he would spend a thousand dollars.

Miss Lauriere and the cab driver are also two interesting characters. Though for separate reasons. Miss Lauriere appears to only think about herself and what she can get from other people which appears to be somewhat of a wake-up call for Gillian. He knows that should he spend the thousand dollars on her he will be discarded as soon as the money or gifts run out. He knows that Miss Lauriere will only take advantage of him and his money. The cab driver on the other hand is a little bit more productive. When he is asked by Gillian what he would do with a thousand dollars he admits that he would open a saloon and restaurant. Which in many ways suggests that the cab driver is thinking ahead. Using the money not only productively but in order to improve his life so that he can give up driving a cab. Though Bryson, Miss Lauriere and the cab driver would spend the money on themselves it is the working class cab driver who would advance himself through hard work. It is also possible that Henry is suggesting that money is wasted on those who do not appreciate it. People like Bryson and Miss Lauriere who appear to be more interested in what they can get out of others without giving anything themselves.

The ending of the story is also interesting as the reader gets to see how beneficial Gillian’s selflessness actually is. By tearing up the note he had previously written, Miss Hayden is guaranteed to receive a greater sum of money ($50,000). She now has the opportunity to live a life she may never have expected to live thanks to Gillian’s generosity. Something that pleases Gillian. Throughout the story Gillian has played with the idea of wasting the money on himself (and others) but by ripping up the note he has thought about someone else. From talking to Bryson and ignoring his advice to realising that Miss Lauriere is only interested in using him Gillian has matured. Even if Miss Hayden’s love is not reciprocated Gillian knows that for the first time in his life he has done the right thing. He has thought about someone else and provided them with an opportunity in life when he could have thought only of himself. Just as Bryson and Miss Lauriere appear to be doing.

To Shaw, drama was preeminently a medium for articulating his own ideas and philosophy. He enunciated the philosophy of life force which he sought to disseminate through his dramas. Thus Shavian plays are the vehicles for the transportation of ideas, however, propagandizing they may be. Shaw wanted to cast his ideas through discussions.

Out of the discussions in the play Arms and the Man, Shaw breaks the idols of love and war. The iconoclast Shaw pulls down all false gods which men live, love admire and adore. By a clever juxtaposition of characters and dialogues, Shaw shatters the romantic illusions about war and war heroes Shaw’s message is that war is no longer a thing of banners and glory, as the nineteenth century dramatist saw it, but a dull and sordid affair of brutal strength and callous planning out. The dialogues of Bluntschli, Riana and Sergius go to preach this message with great success. Here to quote Sergius who says, “War is a hollow sham like love.” One thing however be remembered that in Arms and the Man, Mr. Shaw does not, as some imagine attack war. He is not Tolstoy an in the least. What he does is to denounce the sentimental illusion that gathers around war. “Fight if you will”, says he ‘but for goodness’ sake don’t strike picturesque attitudes in the limelight about it. View it as one of the desperately irrational things of life that may, however, in certain circumstances be a brutal necessity. Bluntschli is the very mouth piece of the play that exposes the dreamful reality of war. There is a lot of learning in the disillusionment of Riana and Sergius.

 Out of the discussions in the play Arms and the Man, Shaw breaks the idols of love and war. The iconoclast Shaw pulls down all false gods which men live, love admire and adore. By a clever juxtaposition of characters and dialogues, Shaw shatters the romantic illusions about war and war heroes Shaw’s message is that war is no longer a thing of banners and glory, as the nineteenth century dramatist saw it, but a dull and sordid affair of brutal strength and callous planning out. The dialogues of Bluntschli, Riana and Sergius go to preach this message with great success. Here to quote Sergius who says, “War is a hollow sham like love.” One thing however be remembered that in Arms and the Man Mr. Shaw does not, as some imagine attack war. He is not Tolstoy an in the least. What he does is to denounce the sentimental illusion that gathers around war. “Fight if you will”, says he ‘but for goodness’ sake don’t strike picturesque attitudes in the limelight about it. View it as one of the desperately irrational things of life that may, however, in certain circumstances be a brutal necessity. Bluntschli is the very mouth piece of the play that exposes the dreamful reality of war. There is a lot of learning in the disillusionment of Riana and Sergius.

 

In Leonato’s garden, Hero prepares to trick Beatrice into believing that Benedick loves her. With the help of her two waiting women, Margaret and Ursula, she plans to hold a conversation and let Beatrice overhear it—just as Don Pedro, Leonato, and Claudio have done to trick Benedick in the previous scene. Margaret lures Beatrice into the garden, and when Hero and Ursula catch sight of where she is hiding, they begin to talk in loud voices.

Hero tells Ursula that Claudio and Don Pedro have informed her that Benedick is in love with Beatrice. Ursula suggests that Hero tell Beatrice about it, but Hero answers that everybody knows that Beatrice is too full of mockery to listen to any man courting her—Beatrice would merely make fun of both Hero and Benedick and break Benedick’s heart with her witticisms. Therefore, she says, it will be better to let poor Benedick waste away silently from love than expose him to Beatrice’s scorn. Ursula replies by disagreeing with Hero: Hero must be mistaken, because surely Beatrice is too intelligent and sensitive a woman to reject Benedick. After all, everybody knows that Benedick is one of the cleverest and handsomest men in Italy. Hero agrees, and goes off with Ursula to try on her wedding dress.

After Hero and Ursula leave the garden, winking at each other because they know they have caught Beatrice, Beatrice emerges from her hiding place among the trees. Just as Benedick is shocked earlier, Beatrice cannot believe what she has heard at first. Also, like Benedick, she swiftly realizes that it would not be so difficult to “take pity” on her poor suitor and return his love. She knows how worthy Benedick really is and vows to cast off her scorn and pride in order to love him back.

Elsewhere, Don Pedro, Claudio, and Leonato begin to tease Benedick about his decision never to marry. Benedick announces that he has changed, and the others agree; they have noticed that he is much quieter. They say that he must be in love and tease him about it. But Benedick is too subdued even to answer their jokes. He takes Leonato aside to speak with him.

As soon as Claudio and Don Pedro are left alone, Don John approaches them. He tells them that he is trying to protect Don Pedro’s reputation and save Claudio from a bad marriage. Hero is a whore, he says, and Claudio should not marry her. The two are shocked, of course, but Don John immediately offers them proof: he tells them to come with him that night to watch outside Hero’s window where they will see her making love to somebody else. Claudio, already suspicious and paranoid, resolves that if what he sees tonight does indeed prove Hero’s unfaithfulness, he will disgrace her publicly during the wedding ceremony the next day, and Don Pedro vows to assist him. Confused, suspicious, and full of dark thoughts, Claudio and Don Pedro leave with Don John.The trick that Hero and Ursula play upon Beatrice works just as well as the one Don Pedro and Claudio play upon Benedick in the preceding scene, as Beatrice, just as Benedick does, decides to stop resisting marriage and return her supposed pursuer’s love. Clearly, the friends of these two characters know them well. The conversations that Benedick and Beatrice are allowed to overhear are psychologically complicated, appealing to both the characters’ compassion and their pride. Beatrice, like Benedick, cannot help but be flattered to hear that her supposed enemy is in fact dying for love of her. But her sensitive side has been targeted: she is disturbed to hear that he is in such distress, and that she herself is the cause. Moreover, it seems likely that her pride is wounded when she hears people say that she has no compassion and that she would mock a man in love instead of pitying him. Just as Benedick is moved to prove the talkers wrong, so Beatrice seems to be stirred to show that she does have compassion and a heart after all. When Hero says, “Therefore let Benedick, like cover’d fire, / Consume away in sighs, waste inwardly. / It were a better death than die with mocks,” Beatrice is motivated to “save” poor Benedick and also to show that she is not heartless enough to be as cruel as Hero seems to think she is (III.i.77–79).

The author HG Wells brings out the art of writing essays in a humorous manner. He says that essay writing is "entirely free from canons of criticism" and so simple that it can be learnt in brief ten minutes. H.G. Wells through his humorous style has illuminated the art of writing essays by the knowledge of his experience. He says that writing an essay is a delightfully easy task and he wonders why all people are not essayists. H. G. Wells promotes essay writing to be an easy task that can be learnt in ten minutes if correctly taught. He suggests the following basic paraphernalia to be procured in order to start writing.
Pen : H.G. Wells emphasizes on the correct choice of the pen in. order to write a good essay because the quality of pen determines the quality of writing. According to him, a pen is of paramount importance..He adds humour by saying that if a writer is wedded to a proper pen, then he can enjoy his relationship with the pen and as a result a great essay is produced. Out of many pens he prefers quills the most, as he feels that a quill activates the literary faculties of a writer, so by writing with a quill one can write worthy quotations. He explains that all the classical essayists used a quill for writing including Addison who wrote with the most expensive quill the government could purchase for him. 
H. G. Wells adds on that the advert of cheap steel pens initiated the writing of inferior essays, that lack dignity which the quills profusely produced. Some people use quill nibs fitted in the ordinary pen holders, which appear fake and less dignified. If not a quill, he can only go in for a stumpy BB pencil but that would be a compromising situation as the pencil produces blunt work. It cannot match up to the dignity of the quill which can instantaneously pop a smile on the readers' face. So a pencil write up is mostly done for serious articles and reviews. 
Although a lot of steel pens are available owing to the evolution, each one is customized for the writer's specific needs but Wells cannot agree to any of them. He gets turned off by the sound of the typewriter if it is suggested as an alternative and he is unable to understand that if the essayist starts typing then it would leave the poor typewriter unemployed. He considers the typewriter to be beneath the honour of a literary man also objecting to the clitter-clatter of its mechanics.
Paper: The paper quality according to H.G. Wells is very important. He prefers a luxurious, expensive, small sized cream laid note as it makes the essay compact and crisp. Some men like writing on a ruled paper as they cannot write in a straight line otherwise. He states that one who writes on cheap paper produce a work which is not liked by people and the writing does not come from within it is always imposed.
Ink: He suggests the essayists to use a glossy black ink if they want to produce a superior output of literary style as violet ink is to write fake sentimental write up. Blue black corresponds to writing vulgarity and red ink written essays are often good but not worth publishing. 
He further adds on that apart from these basic paraphernalia, the mood of the writer governs the quality of the output. The writer should be in a good mood and comfortably dressed, sitting on an easy chair with arm rests and a cosy footwear to put on and then let the thoughts flow on the paper spontaneously and the writer is sure to produce the best work.

The subject of the essay concerns the dynamics of the art of conversation. Which is a sort of game of asking and listening in social intercourse, and not a monologue or soliloquy. The essay begins with an incident involving the son of a landlady named Jack Lizard, a new entrant to college, who is in his teens and has recently visited home to spend his vacations. The author shows him as’ a youth of a great deal fire’ who is restless and very enthusiastic to make a display of his knowledge, therefore ,we see him all the time speaking and teasing others by talking too much. The writer, being a frequent visitor to the lady’s mansion, observed the energies and curiosities of the boy and decided, in sympathy and love for the lad, to give him lesson in the art of conversation. So one day when they were wandering together the author gives the first rule in the art of conversation: “To think with the wise, but talk with the vulgar “(15). This roused the curiosity of the boy, he introspected on his behavior, and desired to mend himself, and therefore, he requested the author to give him other rules in the art of conversation. The author agreed to it and next day supplied to him a list pertaining to successful conversation. 

There are different varieties of gifts: birthdays, wedding and Christmas. Unbirthday presents are the nicest, as unlike other gifts, they require thoughts and affection. hey are unexpected and can happily surprise someone, uplifting his spirits. He asserts that unbirthday presents are the gifts that are given to people on a day which is not their birthday or any other occasion. In an unbirthday present, the sentimental value is of the prime focus. 
     The pleasure of giving and receiving presents buds from the feeling of pleasure and surprise that both the recipient and the giver posses. Through an unbirthday present an article identifies and reaches its best recipient. 
     Lucas asserts that there are two prime reasons for giving unbirthday presents, either as a token of friendship or to rejoice a recent experience. Presents are not compulsory or mandatory to be given as birthday presents. Infect, they are accidental as a person sees something, the process starts to find the most suitable person to receive that gift. Certain presents need a lot of imagination and thoughtfulness. But since times have changed, searching gifts have become little easy. 
     Through a humorous account, E.V. Lucas explains the importance of the presents. According to him, when people buy presents to be given on someone's birthday or anniversary, then they have to go through a series of contemplative spree in the market. Those presents are bought according to the choice of the receiver. 
     Even if there is a great feeling of connecting between the giver and the receiver of the present yet it becomes too mechanical. They are more like a duty that is mandatory to conduct, but the unbirthday presents are absolutely spontaneous, because they are given centric i.e., it depends on what the giver likes to buy.
     Elaborating the golden rule of present giving, E.V. Lucas explains this significant rule, emphasizing that one must not give away a present which he/she does not want to keep for himself. Do not give anything that you do not feel pain at parting with. The pleasure of giving presents originates from a desire to impart surprise and happiness. They generate one's finest feelings. Presents are brought and given to either celebrate friendship or recent experience with that person, producing laughter and thrill, Living and receiving presents involve feelings and emotions. For example, Haroun at Rechid had a passion for distributing anonymous gifts and these gifts were more valued by the receivers. Thus, presents are the best because they are a mark of a person's true emotions and are neither compulsory or obligatory. Therefore, the pleasure of giving and receiving presents are such that it imparts surprise and happiness in everyone's life.

The beautiful young daughter of Leonato and the cousin of Beatrice, Hero is lovely, gentle, and kind. She falls in love with Claudio when he falls for her, but when Don John slanders her and Claudio rashly takes revenge, she suffers terribly. Hero is an entirely passive character, who is acted upon by other characters and events in the play, instead of herself acting and influencing the course of action. In Act I, although she is the lady of the house, she speaks only once to explain her father that 'Signior Montanto' is Beatrice's reference of Benedick. At her next appearance, she quietly accepts the order of her father to accept middle-aged Don Pedro, if he proposes marriage to her, and equally passively accepts Claudio when she is transferred to him by the Prince and her father. 
Hero is the short-statured daughter of Leonato. She is a lady of considerable physical charms, Claudio finds her sweet and fair, and Don Pedro thinks her worthy of Claudio. Claudio considers her to be, the sweetest lady he had ever looked on, and Don Pedro. who is a seasoned man of the world also regards her worthy of his love, and promises to arrange his marriage with her. She speaks very little in the play. For most of the time she is silent, but her silence speaks and fills the entire atmosphere as if with sweet fragrance. She is indeed, one of Shakespeare's minor triumphs - in spite of her silence, she is a living breath reality. 
Her wit and intelligence are seen in the 'garden-scene' where, along with Ursula, she plays the role of the love-god; and practices deception on her cousin. It is with pleasant shock that we realise that we owe to her the oft-quoted line, "Pride and scorn ride sparkling in her eyes". The scene shows that she is certainly not a fool; she knows exactly what will influence and move her cousin. The scene also brings out her delicate sense of humour; she enjoys playing her pan in the game. 
Meek and Submissive Hem is a girl, meek, submissive and resigned to her fate. Hers is to do or die and not to reason why. In the moment of her greatest misfortune - when so shamefully and brutally slandered in the Church - she can speak very little in her defence. "Hath no man's dagger here a point for me ?" she asks and swoons. The same passivity, the same willingness to accept her lot without any complaint or resistance, is seen in the last, reconciliation scene, when she readily accepts Claudio and agrees to marry him. This, "passive acceptance of a cad" has exposed her to adverse criticism, but it is in character with the rest of her life. 
A Young Innocent : This aspect of her character is fully brought out in the scene just before the wedding, when she chooses the dress and ornaments, she would be wearing as a bride. She appears here as the young innocent girl apt to shy away from the physical realities of marriage. Such a "young innocent", lacking in experience and self-confidence, would naturally be dependent on the more experienced, and willing to accept the course of conduct laid out by others. 
Moreover, it should also be remembered that her "rebirth" has a symbolic significance : "The apparently 'Miraculous' re-birth of Hero" is a potent symbol for a new and ideal concord now fruitfully established; a concord within which her death through mistrust could not again occur. It is in this way that the dramatist suggests the continuity of life, despite all accidents and circumstances. We are thus assured that her death through mistrust would never occur again. Mistrust and negation are thus rejected, and their place is taken by trust and acceptance. 
 Further, it should also be remembered, that Hero suffers because of contrast with her more vivacious and sprightly cousin. She overshadows Hero and dazzled by the brilliance of Beatrice, we fail to appreciate her sweetness and charm. Hero and Beatrice are poles apart. Hero is a girl with no will or discrimination of her own. She will leave everything to be dictated to her by her father. In fact, Hero has never learnt to act on her own. Her passivity may be a source of unhappiness to herself as well as to others, but the greater evil is the possibility of its being exploited, it may be, with tragical consequences to herself. Yet there is something attractive in her very meekness and easy surrender of her affection (at the dictation of her father). Hero's individuality remains undeveloped. Beatrice, on the other hand, is endowed with individual will and personality. She is a distinct character. She covers her sensitiveness under a mask of self-assertion. The fundamental difference is that Beatrice is self-assertive and conscious of all that is due to her, whereas Hem is passive, non-resisting and oblivious of any claim of human personality. Her wit and intelligence give her a distinction above other women. She can hold her own in any encounter with a member of the opposite sex; she can cove with any critical situation.

Beginning on a romantic note, Shaw's 'Arms and the Man'  proceeds the romantic notions of love, war and soldiering going for a toss. Raina, who is under romantic illusions of a war hero, gets a glimpse of reality when she meets a prosaic soldier who happens to hide in her room. The conversation between the two brings out conflicting ideas. 
    When Raina is reading, she hears some sound and sees a man in a Serbian coat threatening her with a pistol. He is in a terrible condition. There's blood all over him. When Raina disdainfully says some soldiers are afraid to die, the man replies all soldiers are afraid to die. Moreover, it is the duty of every soldier to live as long as possible and kill as many as possible. This is diametrically opposite to Raina's belief that all soldiers are heroes who prefer to die valiantly in the battlefield. Raina feels revolted when the man tries to blackmail her by not giving her cloak, she replies that it is not a gentleman's weapon. Then he says that it is good enough, if it saves him from sure death. Raina is hardly able to believe that even a Serbian officer can be so cynically and selfishly unchivalrous. 
     When gunshots are heard, Rain offers to help him by making him hide behind the curtains and he yields, again going against our conception of a valiant soldier. He lays he has half a chance if Raina keeps her head, as nine out of ten soldiers are born fools. His observation is proved true as the young Bulgarian Captain fails to notice the pistol on the Ottoman. He believes Raina and goes away from the room. 
       We come to know that the man is not a coward as he promises to fight like a demon, if he is cornered. Actually it makes sense as discretion is the better part of valour. There's no point in getting slaughtered if it is not required. 
      Raina is outraged as everything he says is against her cherished ideals of manhood. 
      The man sheepishly tells her that there is no ammunition in his pistol. He shocks her by saying that it is food not ammunition that is needed in a battle. 'What use are cartridges in battle? I always carry chocolate instead.' 
      The man further shocks the girl when he says that continuously being in the battlefield has made him as nervous as a mouse and she has to only scold him to see him crying like a school boy. When she says Bulgarian soldiers are not so coward, the man says , "Oh, yes, they are." There are only two sorts of soldiers: old ones and young ones. The young ones are so unprofessional like the Bulgarian army that defeated the Serbs; they displayed 'Sheer ignorance of the art of war, nothing else.' It was so unprofessional to throw a regiment of cavalry on a battery of machine guns. 'I couldn't believe my eyes when I saw it.'
     The man describes the leader of the attack as a handsome hem like figure, 'shouting a war- cry and charging like Don Quixote at the windmills.' The Serbians nearly burst with laughter at him; but when they were told that they had the wrong cartridges, they laughed. The Major was thinking he'd done the cleverest thing ever known, but the fugetice strongly believes the Major ought to be court martialled for taking the regiment to the brink of suicide. 
      Thus, all things considered as heroic suffer a setback for Raina. Shaw's intention in the play is to throw light on what soldiering is all about. He emphasizes on the hunger, lack of sleep and physical discomfort faced by a soldier. He also emphasizes that death is not the ultimate glory, but what that matters is surviving to fight again.

First published in England in 1914 (and the United States a year later) as part of Frost's second book of poetry, “Mending Wall” was written in the waning years of European imperialism and the onset of World War I. Read in light of the time's geopolitics, geographers might recognize a desire for clear distinction of emergent national identities and colonial control. Understood ambivalently, one could also read in the final lines of the poem a passing judgment of the political “darkness” in which the era moved. This early setting for Frost's poem pushes us to understand that the issue of negotiating boundaries and borders comes much earlier and in other types of struggles than the contexts in which “Mending Wall” is currently widely cited. The popularity of “Mending Wall” took off with the wide circulation of the Complete Poems of Robert Frost in 1949 (Mieder, 2003) and reflects Frost's rising public profile (Gerber, 1982, p. 25). Not surprisingly, the poem struck a nerve during the Cold War. With its “intense concern about drawing limits,” writes Axelrod (2003), the poem “became one of Frost's most canonical texts … It spoke to a people consumed with the burdensome task of creating a ‘containing wall’ around communism” (p. 865; see also Lippmann, 1947, p. 56). Constructing a more tangible barrier to back up its own restrictions on movements across its border with the West, the German Democratic Republic began construction on a barbed wire fence in 1951 and closed the inner German border a year later. An even more complete sealing, including construction of the Berlin Wall, began in 1961 (Buchholz, 1994, pp. 56e57) and gave Frost's poem a renewed immediacy. Post-Cold War borders and more recent debates concerning border barriers provide only the latest geographic context for interpreting this poem. In many ways “Mending Wall” is a Rorschach test in which proponents see and hear their own positions reflected in the narrative contours of the poem. And while political geography has embraced the idea that impartiality is as much a distracting pretense as a useful position from which to produce scholarship, we believe that such a shift threatens to mask the fact that all political positions emerge from a complex set of determinationsdlike walls they are constructions that over time appear to us as natural, self-evident, and self-explanatory truths. To theorize “Mending Wall's” reception and understand its use of spatial metaphors, we read the poem as a part of a collectively imagined social space (after Lefebvre, 1991) whose boundaries are continuously shifting but whose contours can be productively if only partially delimited. “Mending Wall” and Frost's oeuvre more generally provide an unusually rich opportunity to explore our ambivalence vis-a-vis the external and internal Other ( Bhabha, 2004, p. 214). Equally important, like much of Frost's work this poem evokes a powerful sense of place. As part of the tradition of the loco-descriptive poem, it offers literary scholars and geographers a way to think about “position” in all the senses of that word (see Potkay, 2011). The loco-descriptive poem, or romantic and post-romantic ode, links external nature (phenomenological awareness of the environment, scenes of nature, etc.) to the general structure of subjectivity. Thus, Charles Olson, a late romantic, is able to begin such a poem, “I come back to the geography of it” (the “it” being the memory of a specific place) and end the same poem with the lines, “polis is this” (the “this” being his embodied subjectivity; Mahoney, 2012; Morton, 2002; Olson, 1983, pp. 184e185). The poem then becomes a means of proprioception (Olson, 1997, pp. 181e183). Whether addressed from a postcolonial (Bhabha, 2004), Queer Theory (Butler, 1997, p. 29), Marxian (Althusser, 1990), psychoanalytic, or political geographical perspective, proprioceptionethe ability to occupy and locate oneself provisionally in spacedis an essential aspect of becoming a political subject. 

In On Running After One’s Hat by G.K. Chesterton we have the theme of escape, embarrassment and acceptance. Taken from his On Running After One’s Hat and Other Whimsies collection the reader realises after reading the essay that Chesterton may be exploring the theme of escape. For Chesterton it is easier to imagine himself acting as a child might do when it comes to matters of inconvenience. He believes that a person will be happier should they change their outlook or view life through the lens of a child when encountering inconvenience. Not only will an individual remain calm but they will treat each inconvenience as an adventure. Just as a child might. Chesterton using the young boy at the train station as an example. The boy does not frown upon the fact that train is late. Rather he sees everything at the station as being wonderfully exciting. Though Chesterton may have a point it might be important to remember that many people will encounter difficulty looking at life through the lens of a child. Embarrassment will overtake them and they will feel isolated from the world. As many people who have chased their hats might feel.

It is this embarrassment that an individual feels which will stop an individual chasing their hat as they know that those onlookers who notice what is happening are laughing at the individual rather than with them. Something that Chesterton does not mention in the essay. For Chesterton life is simply better when society drops its guard and allows for the individual to be themselves without being overtly criticized by society. However the reality in life is very much different. Society likes to laugh at the mishaps that occur in an individual’s life. It helps society to deflect away from its own problems or worries. It is easier to laugh at another person than to reflect on one’s own misfortunes. Something that will not change regardless of Chesterton’s assertion that it is good to laugh at a man chasing a hat. One point in whereby Chesterton might be right is on the matter of men chasing after women. Though this in itself may be deemed by some to be ridiculous. It is nonetheless acceptable to society. So as such it does not merit the same attention for others. People will notice a man chasing his hat quicker than they will notice a man chasing a woman down the street.

Chesterton may also be suggesting that society should look closer at itself and realign itself with his train of thought. Which would be a romantic view on life that is not necessarily productive. Taking the flooding in London as an example. For Chesterton there is a degree of excitement. However for those who live in London. The flooding of their homes may be something that could be considered detrimental and costly. That is if an individual has the necessary funds to refurbish and redecorate their home. For some rather than the flooding being romantic it could lead to homelessness and poverty. Chesterton is looking at life through tinted glasses and not really being honest with the reader. Flooding causes tremendous damage and hardship for some and it is difficult to look at the devastation that flooding causes as being an adventure to be enjoyed. It is also interesting that Chesterton is able to split himself into two separate camps. The outlook of a child and the outlook of an adult. Though the reader is left wondering as to what might trigger Chesterton to view life through the eyes of an adult.

If anything Chesterton simplifies situations in order to maintain a romantic view on life. Something which may leave some readers to suggest that Chesterton is simply wrong on his outlook. Life itself is not a simple matter and is in fact complicated by man himself. On the other hand Chesterton’s outlook does have some validity and may be of benefit to people. Life can be much simpler and less annoying should an individual be positive in their outlook regardless of the mishaps they may incur. A positive mind will rectify a negative situation quicker than a negative mind will. In reality a person with a positive mind is difficult to defeat. Although maintaining positivity when facing negativity can be difficult. Something that Chesterton does not admit to nor does he see it as being important. For Chesterton positivity is something that an individual can immediately switch on. The case of Chesterton’s friend and the drawer being an example. Chesterton simply isn’t being practical though his romantic view on life is admirable. However as mentioned Chesterton may be looking at things through tinted glasses or from a distance. He himself has not mentioned as to whether he struggles when it comes to admitting to running after his hat. Chesterton has chosen to look outward rather than inward. Something that society itself does.

The Prongs Reef lighthouse was modelled on Scotland's Skerryvore Rocks Lighthouse. Dhuri lives in the lighthouse for fifteen days at a stretch. Dhuri is one of the last breeds of lighthouse keepers on the Indian coast. The majority of the 182 lighthouses in the country are now unmanned.

The Lumber-Room’ is a classic short story about a child who is too clever for the adults. Specifically, it is about how one clever but mischievous boy, Nicholas, seeks to outwit his aunt so he can gain access to the lumber-room with its hidden treasures and curiosities. But the story might also be viewed as an analysis of the nature of obedience, and the limited adult view of the world, when contrasted with the child’s more expansive and imaginative outlook.

·         Lamb to the Slaughter" by Roald Dahl is a fun story that uses irony and perspective to create a truly enjoyable story. Still, to get the greatest value out of this story, it is worthwhile to understand not only what happens in the story but why it happens. From the way the situations of the characters change them to the decisions they make, everything in this story must work together to create a masterpiece.there are two major conflicts in this story. The first of these conflicts is between Mary and Patrick as Patrick tells his pregnant wife that he is going to leave her. This conflict ends as Mary hits her husband with a frozen leg of lamb and leads into the main conflict of the story. This second conflict is in Mary's attempt to avoid being caught. She knows that if she is caught she will be executed and fears that her unborn child will be killed as well. This becomes the main conflict of the story and leads to the ultimate resolution of the story in which the detectives eat the evidence of her crime.

Lamb to the Slaughter" is an unusual story that never ceases to interest us. The story begins on a note of domestic bliss. The six months pregnant wife is waiting for her husband. It is the day to dine out. The man of the house comes in a serious mood. He makes a stiff whisky for him and asks his wife to sit down as he has a serious matter to tell her. Then things take a dramatic turn. He makes it clear that he is going to leave her but she'll be provided for. She shouldn't make any fuss as it will reflect badly on his reputation in the police department. 
     The young wife feels that the world is slipping under her feet. She feels dizzy at the thought of losing her man around whom her whole life has revolved. She goes to the kitchen to take something to eat. She takes out a leg of lamb. As she fetches it, he brusquely tells her not to bother about dinner as he intends to go out. Like a somnambulist she goes near him and hits on his head with the frozen leg. Death was instantaneous. He falls with a crash and this brings Mary to her senses. Her mind is clear now. She is willing to face the legal consequences but if she is executed what will happen to the child. With mechanical precision she goes about her plan of destroying the evidence. She prepares the leg of lamb the murder weapon, and puts it in the oven. She then goes to her room and gets ready to go out. As she does so, she rehearses the conversation that she will have with the grocer, trying to act with expressions as normal as possible. She goes to the grocery and uses the exact words that she has rehearsed, so that the whole scene at the grocery appears to be the everyday act of a wife picking up food for her husband's dinner and chatting with the grocer. She then returns home, telling herself that she must remain natural and to expect nothing out of the ordinary when she enters the house. Her cry over the dead body was really genuine.
     Mary then calls the police and reports that Patrick Maloney has been killed. Two police officers, one of whom is Jack Noonan, arrives at the house. Both men are familiar to Mary, who knows most of Patrick's friends on the police force. They begin the investigation into Patrick's murder by recording Mrs. Maloney's story about going out to get food for supper and coming back to find Patrick's body. Mary's words are corroborated by the grocer. 
     When a doctor and other specialists arrive to examine the body, the police conclude that Patrick was killed by a blow to the head with a blunt instrument, probably made of steel. Noonan, comforts Mary, asking if she would rather go to her sister's house or stay with his wife. Mary, however, stays throughout the investigation. 
     The police get tired of looking for a heavy weapon. Mary says there is nothing of the sort in the house, but she's not sure whether something in the garage. She tells the policemen to have a drink and also offers the now cooked leg of the lamb. After a little hesitation, the officers have it. They keep on talking about the murder weapon without realizing that they have eaten it. Thinking of the irony of the situation, Mary goes on giggling in her room. 
     The macabre humour in the story fascinates us. We are also amused at the clever way the lady saves herself. The unexpected twists and turns in the story really appeal to us.

One of the pleasantest things in the world is to Go On a Journey, but Hazlitt likes to go all by himself. He loves the company of people, but he prefers nature’s company when he is out of doors.

He is not one of those people who criticise the countryside while he is out of town or one who cannot forget his life in the town and carries his comfort with him wherever he goes. When Hazlitt travels, he forgets about his existence in the town and enjoys the vegetative aspect of rural life, Nor those he requires a companion with whom he can share his solitude. He wishes to enjoy solitude for its own sake.

He wants to be alone, all by himself and does not entertain the company of any friend as he desires to converse with the nature than to do anything else. He would indulge in day dreaming while his friend would talk to him, so instead of being a half hearted friend, breaching the manners and neglecting others it is better to be solitary. He does not want to do both walking and talking at the same time, like French men who do two things at the same time, instead, he prefers to be like English men who do one thing at a time. So, he prefers to just walk and enjoy the pleasure of being in the nature's lap. Also, if he is not alone then his companion might have a different opinion about things. He may not have the same feeling about nature and be does not want to waste his time in explaining his opinion or the beauty of nature to his companion. He rather let his ideas float and fly with them and analyse them later. lie craves for clear blue sky over his head and green grass under his feet and for this divine pleasure he is ready to forsake the city life brimming with convenience. He wants to escape all the worries of his daily city life. 
     He feels if he is with his friend on a journey then a difference of opinion may end up in an argument or produce ill humour. Instead, he is happy with his own opinions and does not express them strongly until he has to defend them against any objections. He prefers to be nostalgic and recall all his beautiful memories, break all barriers and flow with them without any restriction while he is in the soothing togetherness of nature.
     Unlike his friend and poet, Coleridge who could get inspired by the ambience of nature and turn a landscape into an object of learning, a didactic poem, Hazlitt avoids explaining what he feels. He only wants to relish nature's beauty. 
     According to Hazlitt, if at all he has to have a companion then he would prefer a stranger in the place of an old friend as a stranger delivers some sort of freshness. He moves the minimum interference as there are no past memories or events that they have shared together about which they can convene or rip up old grievances and destroy the pleasure of exquisite scenic grandeur. 
     Hazlitt prefers to keep his identity concealed as he meets new people in the inns as he will never meet them again so he is absolutely free to either project himself as a highly respectable person or a negative person. He prefers to be a new, refreshed person all together away from all pretence. He mentions about his stay in several in which are incognito and this turns to be the unique feature as this makes him to be away from all the trammels of the world to shed his importunate and tormenting personal identity and with the elements of the nature, can live in the moment free from all ties. 
     He is an avid reader and loves to spend his time in reading books of his choice at length till midnight. Once he remembers to have celebrated his birthday alone at a delightful spot he had searched. The luxuriously vegetated green valleys with dim sun rays shining on them. The tender boughs in the turbulent stream. The serenity and charm of that site and inspiration withdrawn from his friend, Coleridge? poems he gets enlightened by a divine vision. An awakening which brings forth the value of liberty, genius, love and virtue. All these qualities which were sunken deep within due to the hardship of a common day, now begin to surface and enlighten him. 
     With friends he would not mind going to see the ruins, aqueducts, pictures as they may be budding matters of discussions. When alone he is anticipated to see new places and meet new people, but while travelling out of his country he prefers carrying a friend who can speak his own mother tongue as in a foreign land one always longs to hear voices in his own language. He seconds Dr. Johnson's opinion that travelling to foreign lands helps one to pick up an art of communicating but in this process he detaches with his own individuality and turns into a different person. 
     He eventually declares that although travelling can give a little breather from an overdone monotony of life but eventually one has to discharge his duties and they can be only done in one's motherland. He wishes if had one entire life that rendered him a gift to travel and then had another life which he could spend at home and shoulder his responsibilities.

In Robert Frost's poem “Mending Wall” two rural neighbors make repairs on a common wall dividing their properties (Fig. 1). The narrator appears at first glance to be decisive about the subject of walls and fences. Use of the poem in academic border studies is largely premised on this assumption and treats its first line “something there is that doesn't love a wall” as though it were an essential truth. The neighbor meanwhile is portrayed as resolute and a man of few wordsdonly uttering a single phrase twice: “good fences make good neighbors.” Advocates of contemporary border barriers (Fig. 2) adopt the second refrain with its no-nonsense logic as a kind of rallying cry, a deeply pragmatic position often accompanied by incredulity that anyone could fail to recognize the simple truths it contains. Whether because of the concision and apparent wisdom of the statements, or because political identification seems to require believing one set of propositions at the expense of another, the two parts of the poem tend to be taken in isolation. We argue that what is useful and generative in “Mending Wall” is precisely its ambivalence about borders and boundaries and believe that an integrated, contextual, and holistic reading of the poem can offer political geographers a way to think about the nature of the relationship between the two perspectives presented. Such a reading of “Mending Wall” allows us to reflect on how the constant negotiation of internal and external boundaries might be motivated by something beyond mere political positionea productive and necessary ambivalence. The history we sketch of the poem's two sayings reminds us how easily aphoristic thinking can rob us of the richness of our political and personal experience. We argue that Frost's insistence on narrative complexity and struggle, what we term his “ambivalence,” is not reducible to a compromise or middle path, but instead offers a radical awareness of and responsiveness to the ways our political ideas and commitments are being constantly formed and reformed. Parker et al. (2009) write that a binary opposition has come to dominate Western understandings of borders, obscuring dynamics of “undecidability, indistinction and indeterminacy” (p. 584). This call to look beyond the dualisms that borders represent is a starting point for border studies and the discipline of political geography more broadly. Perhaps not surprisingly, discussions of ambivalence do appear to be emerging in studies that consider borders in detente, as opposed to active forti
fication (Till et al., 2013). Yet there is value to ambivalence in both of these contexts and perhaps especially so in the latter case where it is not easily practiced. Just as geographers have broadened their scope in terms of where borders and bordering processes are found (i.e. Johnson et al., 2011; Lamb, 2014; Mountz, 2013), the discipline should also open itself up to internal conceptualizations of ambivalence Political borders and boundaries play a fundamental role in our lives and society even if, as individuals with distinct positionalities, we have dramatically different feelings concerning the appropriate extent of their barrier function. In our reading of Frost's poem “Mending Wall” we want to shift the focus away from an opposition between conservative (keep them out) and progressive (let them in) positions towards a deeper, dialectical, and more ideological crux, namely that ambivalence itself might be a powerful position, politically and inter-subjectively. The ethos of the poem, inseparable from its structure and shifting rhythms, helps us to see the complexity of both positions vis-a-vis border barriers as well as to recognize the mutually-constituted relationship between these divergent perspectives. Acknowledging and addressing ambivalence as dramatized in Frost's poem allows geographers and border scholars to better understand our inner positionality in a theoretical as well as empirical sense and to better grasp the many facets of the places and people we study. We also present this particular reading hoping to shift the use of “Mending Wall” within border studies from a poem with a clear and concise message to that of an unfinished and conflicting whole. In generic terms, we read the poem as a lyric rather than an allegory. And whereas ambivalence within Frost's poetics has been recognized by some scholars of literature, its value as a political strategy has gone largely un-theorized. To attempt this theorization, we embrace multiple interpretative perspectives: the text and the circumstances of its composition, Frost's role as author, and the poem's popular and academic reception. Our critical method is informed by Jameson's (1981) three interpretive horizons. As such we read the text as a social object (what are its contexts and where are we situated within them?), as a symbolic act (what has it come to mean?), and its “ideology of form” (what does its production tell us about who we were, are, and might become) (p. 76). In what follows we situate Frost's poem in historical context and relate it to the discipline of geography. We then highlight specific ways that scholars interested in borders have made reference to lines from Frost's poem. A closer analysis of the poem in its entirety then suggests new understandings of its structure and reception, specifically its tenacious refusal to take a side even though the poem itself is about the importance and inevitability of taking sides. In the last two sections we consider what we can learn from this ambivalence in a political sense. In so doing we draw on psychoanalytic theory in order to consider the role borders play in our lives and the inherent tensions between bordering and debordering processes, or put another way between closure and openness or isolation and interconnectedness (Bergson, 1988, p. 111). Consideration of these phenomena provides insight to our lived experience vis-a-vis borders and a renewed perspective on our understandings of the political role of borders between contemporary nation-states as well as in our daily lives. In the final section we delve deeper into Frost's own thoughts on “Mending Wall” and bordering processes to better understand this particular poem and outline an ethics of ambivalence. Throughout the paper we treat the poetic and the political as inseparable elements of the geographicereciprocally informing each other and open to the ongoing work of ambivalence.

Yes, there is a need to amend the policy of educational reimbursement. For ex: an employee shall at least serve the company for a minimum of three years after seeking such reimbursement. 

(i) Recycling 

The possible reasons behind employees quitting the company after acquiring higher qualifications could be an unstable future and lack of growth in ABC Insurance Co. Ltd. 

"Electronic Gadgets" - Risky affair for growth

In order to overcome high employee attrition problem, employer should ensure the upgraded level of company. Employees should be provided with utmost growth and ensured satisfaction.