The Making Of The National Movement 1870S To 1947 - Class 8 History - Extra Questions

Which areas did the Western Bengal province comprise?

Western Bengal province comprised of wetern districts of the Bengal proper, Bihar and Orissa. Eastern Bengal province comprised of eastern districts of Bengal proper and Assam. 


Name the song composed by Rabindranath Tagore during the anti-partition agitation.

'Amar Sonar Bengla' was the song composed by Rabindranath Tagore during the anti-partition agitation.


Look at the picture and answer the following questions.
What is the name of the person in the picture?

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The person in above picture is Sir William Jones. In 1784, he founded the Asiatic Society at Calcutta.


What was meant by the Quit India Movement?

The Quit India Movement also known as "Bharat Chodo" Movement was an important milestone in the history of India's struggle to independence. It was a civil disobedience movement which was led by Mahatma Gandhi.


What was unfair practice in Gandhi’s eyes?

In pre-independent India, only a small minority was allowed to vote. It is they who determined the fate of the majority. This very practice was seen as unfair practice by Gandhiji.


What is meant by the terms: (i) Swadeshi (ii) Boycott?

Swadeshi is a Sanskrit word meaning 'swa'- 'self' and 'desh' - 'country'. Swadeshi, hence, means things that has been manufactured in one's own country, i.e., India.
Boycott is an act of refusal to buy, use or participate. It is a way of protesting. Here, Indians boycotted British goods in order to protest against the British rule.


Match the Name and Nickname

  • Abdul Gaffar Khan - Called Frontier Gandhi - Red shirt Movement
  • Bal Gangadhar Tilak - Lokmanya - Peoples Leader
  • Jawaharlal Nehru - Chacha - Uncle by Children
  • Vallabhai Patel - Iron  Man of India - Due to integration of Princely states


Match the following-

  • Chauri-Chaura incident on Feb 5, 1922  - Main cause for suspension of Non Cooperation Movement
  • Civil Disobedience Movement - April 6, 1930 Gandhiji broke salt law on Dandi Coast resulted in start of Civil Disobedience Movement
  • Non Cooperation Movement - started on August 1, 1920 under the leadership of Gandhiji
  • Quit India Movement - started on August 8, 1942 under the leadership of Gandhiji


Write any two points of criticism leveled against the Early Nationalists.

The Early Nationalists, also known as the Moderates, were a group of political leaders in India active between 1885 and 1905. 
1. They were criticized for their beggarly methods of petitions. 
2. The Early nationalists thought that British would agree to their terms and conditions one time or the other. They were foolish enough to believe this as British never wanted to agree to their conditions.


Identify the person in the picture and answer the following question:
His views on nationalism education.

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The person in the picture is Bipin Chandra Pal. He was an Indian nationalist. 
Bipin Chandra wanted National education to be the basis of the freedom movement. It would arouse the nationalistic passions and become an effective instrument of social progress.


In what unique way, was the Anti-Partition day observed in Bengal?

The Partition of Bengal was the decision of separating eastern parts of Bengal from rest of Bengal. It was announced on 19 July 1905 by the Viceroy of India, Lord Curzon and on October 16, 1905, the partition formally came into force. It was observed as day of mourning throughout Bengal. People fasted, bathed in the Ganga and walked barefoot in processions singing Bande Mataram. People tied rakhis on each other’s hands as a symbol of unity of the two halves of Bengal.


What were Curzon's two real motives behind the Partition of Bengal?

The Partition of Bengal was the decision of separating eastern parts of Bengal from rest of Bengal. It was announced on 19 July 1905 by the Viceroy of India, Lord Curzon. The reason given for the decision was that Bengal with a population of 78 million had become too big to be administered which was true to some extent, but the real motives behind the partition plan were the British desire to weaken Bengal, the nerve centre of Indian nationalism and  divide the Muslims and Hindus on the basis of religion.


When was Bengal partitioned? Name the viceroy responsible for it.

The Partition of Bengal was the decision of separating eastern parts of Bengal from rest of Bengal. It was announced on 20 July 1905 by the Viceroy of India, Lord Curzon and on October 16, 1905, the partition formally came into force. The reason given for the decision was that Bengal with a population of 78 million had become too big to be administered which was true to some extent, but the real motives behind the partition plan were the British desire to weaken Bengal, the nerve centre of Indian nationalism and  divide the Muslims and Hindus on the basis of religion.


Which areas did the new East Bengal province comprise after the partition of Bengal?

The Partition of Bengal was the decision of separating eastern parts of Bengal from rest of Bengal. It was announced on 20 July 1905 by the Viceroy of India, Lord Curzon. The scheme was prepared to divide Bengal to 2 provinces- Bengal which included the western districts of Bengal proper, Bihar and Orissa was separated from eastern Bengal which included Assam. Eastern part was dominated by Bengali Muslims and the province of West Bengal was dominated by non-Bengali population. 


How did nationalist leaders mobilise the masses in the Swadeshi and Boycott Movements?

The nationalist leaders created a wide political base for different sections to participate. They imparted the required self-confidence, courage and patriotic spirit. The objectives of the struggle were clearly stated to the people. Apart from that, they prepared the social base for the movement to include the lower middle class students youth and women.


The methods of the Early Nationalists were criticised as inadequate and half-hearted. In this context, briefly describe the following:
(a) Nature of their methods.
(b) Reasons for the partial failure of their methods.
(c) The final outcome of their efforts.

a) The Early Nationalists followed the Constitutional Agitational Method to put forward their demands. They held meetings and gave speeches for pressing their demands.They criticised the policies of the government through press. The Early Nationalists have been criticised for using petitions and prayers to the government as a method of agitation. 
b) The early nationalists couldn't understand that the priorities of the British and the Indians came into conflict and British used India's resources to increase their prosperity & wealth. They had hoped that the British will give Indians "Home Rule." 
c) The Early Nationalists fostered the concept of ‘nation’ in the minds of Indians. They exposed the true nature of the British Empire and highlighted the economic exploitation India was going through. They trained people in modern liberal political activity by popularising the ideas of democracy, civil liberties, secularism and nationalism.


What virtues did the Swadeshi Movement instil among the Indians?

The Swadeshi movement was in protest of the Government’s decision to partition Bengal had been made public in July 1905. It called for boycott of all British goods and buy Indian products only. This inculcated a feeling of self-reliance by reducing the dependence on foreign goods.
The movement also increased the demand for national education and numerous national schools and colleges came up in various parts. Different sections of society came out in large numbers to propagate and practice swadeshi which served in inculcating a national spirit among the population. 
Movements in support of Bengal’s unity and the Swadeshi and boycott agitation were organized in many parts of the country which imparted a nationalist movement character to the agitation.


Give the meaning of Boycott as used for the Boycott Movement in 1905 and mention its four fold programme.

Boycott meant refusal to use foreign goods. The Swadeshi movement was in protest of the Government’s decision to partition Bengal had been made public in July 1905. It called for boycott of all British goods and buy Indian products only. 
A four-fold programme of Boycott was advocated.
  1. Boycott of English cloth, salt & sugar.
  2. Rejection of English speech.
  3. Rejection of government posts & seats in the legislative Council.
  4. Social boycott of people who purchased foreign goods. 


One of Lord Curzon's administrative measures that resulted in a strong resentment from the masses was the Partition of Bengal inIn this context, answer the following questions:
(a) What was Lord Curzon's argument in favour of the Partition of Bengal? How did the Nationalists interpret Lord Curzon's motives?
(b) How did the people react to the Partition of Bengal?
(c) What was the impact of the Swadeshi Movement on Indian Industries?

a) The Partition of Bengal was the decision of separating eastern parts of Bengal from rest of Bengal. It was announced on 20 July 1905 by the Viceroy of India, Lord Curzon. The reason given for the decision was that Bengal with a population of 78 million had become too big to be administered. This was interpreted as an attempt to weaken Bengal by dividing it into the lines of religion.
b) The Swadeshi movement was launched in protest of the Government’s decision to partition Bengal. It called for boycott of all British goods and buy Indian products only. 
c) Swadeshi movement laid emphasis on self-reliance or ‘Atma Shakti’ which led to establishment of Swadeshi enterprises like textile mills, tanneries, banks, soap and match factories, etc.


What type of flag was designed during the `Swadeshi Movement' in Bengal? Explain its main features.

During the Swadeshi Movement in Bengal tricolor flag with red, green and yellow colours was designed. It had 8 lotuses which represented 8 provinces, a crescent moon representing HIndus and Muslims.


What is meant by Home Rule? In which country was it first demanded?

Home rule is government of a dependent country, or region by its own citizens. Home rule was first demanded in the late nineteenth century, by the Irish leaders for creation of an Irish parliament within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.


Why did Gandhiji launch satyagraha at Ahmedabad in 1918?

Gandhiji led the mill-workers of Ahmedabad in a strike against the mill-owners who had refused to pay them higher wages. When the workers seemed to weaken, he provided support to them by undertaking a fast (hunger strike). 


What were the objectives of the Home Rule Movement in India?

The objectives of the Home Rule Movement or Home Rule League were as follows:
1. To establish a self government for the country (India) in British empire.
2. To work towards national education, social and political reforms.


State two reasons for the partial failure of the Swadeshi Movement.

Although Swadeshi Movement neither succeeded in destabilizing the government nor could it bring about immediate union of the two Bengals. The movement was not a total success due to several reasons:
1. It failed to achieve the much needed Hindu-Muslim unity.
2. Division of the Congress into the Moderates and the Assertive Nationalists who disagreed strongly on many issues.
3. Crushing of movement by the repressive policy of the British
4. Lack of an effective organization and party structure.
5. Lack of efficient leaders after a large-scale deportation of its prominent leaders like Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai and Ajit Singh and retirement of Bipin Chandra pal and Aurobindo Ghose from politics.


State the reaction of the British rulers towards the Home Rule Movement.

The British government realised the seriousness of the demonstrations and decided that it needed to appease the nationalists so that there is no hindrance in the British war effort. As a result, it promised through it August Declaration of August 1917 that India will be awarded a responsible government after the war. Home Rule Movement lasted for only two year 1916–1918. But, it established the stage for the independence movement under the leadership of Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak.


Study the picture and answer the following questions:
(a) Identify the event and name the movement to which it belonged.
(b) What was the reason for launching this movement?
(c) What was the impact of this movement on the National movement?
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a) The picture belongs to the Swadeshi movement which was in protest of the Government’s decision to partition Bengal had been made public in July 1905. It called for boycott of all British goods and buy Indian products only. 
b) Movement was in support of Bengal’s unity and the Swadeshi and boycott agitation were organized in many parts of the country to exert pressure on British government.
c) Different sections of society came out in large numbers to propagate and practice swadeshi which served in inculcating a national spirit among the population. This inculcated a feeling of self reliance by reducing the dependence on foreign goods.



State two main objectives of the Non-Cooperation Movement launched by Gandhiji.

The Non- Cooperation Movement sought to achieve the following objectives:
(i) To attain self-government within the British Empire if possible & outside if necessary.
(ii) Remedying the 'Khilafat wrong', i.e., the British should adopt a lenient attitude towards Turkey, & restore the old status of the Sultan of Turkey.



When and why was Simon Commission appointed?

Simon Commission, was appointed in November 1927 by the British Conservative government under Stanley Baldwin to report on the working of the Indian constitution established by the Government of India Act of 1919.


Why was the Simon Commission boycotted every where? Give one reason.

(i) In November 1927, the British government appointed the Indian Statutory Commission, popularly known as the Simon Commission, (after the name of its Chairman Sir John Simon) to investigate the need for further constitutional reforms.
(ii) The Commission was composed of seven British members of Parliament. It had no Indian member. 
(iii) This was seen as a violation of the principle of self-determination & a deliberate insult to the self-respect of the Indians.
(iv) Wherever the Commission went, it was greeted with hartals & black flag demonstrations under the slogan 'Simon Go Back'.


Name the three components of the constructive programme adopted by Gandhiji after the suspension of the Non-Cooperation Movement.

The three components of the  constructive programme adopted by Gandhiji were:

i. Removal of untouchability.

ii. Hindu-Muslim unity.

iii. Popularisation of Swadeshi & khadi.



Name any one important National Educational Institution established during the Non-Cooperation Movement.

The Jamia Millia Islamia was established as a national university. Kashi Vidyapith, Bihar Vidyapith were other national universities that were established with teachers like Zakir Hussain & Lala Lajpat Rai during the Non- Cooperation movement.




Name the National leader who succumbed to the lathi charge during the protest movement against the Simon Commission.

Lala Lajpat Rai was beaten up mercilessly on October 30, 1928 at Lahore railway station, while leading a demonstration & lost his life as a result of the lathi blows.



When and by whom was the Civil Disobedience Movement launched?

(i) On 12th March 1930, Gandhi began the historic march from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi, a village on the Gujarat sea coast. A number of people followed him.

(ii) On the morning of 6th April, Gandhiji violated the Salt Laws at Dandi by picking up some salt left by the seawaves. 

(iii) He had selected to attack the Salt Laws because the salt-tax affected all sections of society, especially the poor. 

(iv) Gandhiji's breaking of the Salt Laws marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement.



What was the outcome of Gandhiji's satyagraha at Ahmedabad?

Afraid of the consequences, the mill-owners agreed on the fourth day of Gandhiji's fast to give a 35% increase in wages.


How did Gandhiji describe the Cripps' proposals?

Firstly, Mahatma Gandhi was disappointed with the proposals of the Cripps Mission. Mahatma Gandhi termed it as a 'post-dated cheque' instead of a tangible effort to meet Indian expectations. He stated that the proposals offered 'too little too late'.


Who constituted the Cabinet Mission?

Clement Attlee, the new British Prime Minister declared in the House of Commons on February 19, 1946, that a Cabinet Mission would be sent India to facilitate the process of transfer of power. 


When and why was the Cripps Mission sent to India?

A proposal for dominion status for India with other provisions were sent to India in March 1942 to obtain Indian cooperation for the British war efforts in the 2nd World War. It was headed by Sir Stafford Cripps.


Who composed the national song 'Bande Mataram'?

Vande Mataram literally means an ode to the mother. Vande Mataram was originally a poem. It was written by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay in his book Ananda Math (1881). Later the poem was composed as a song by Rabindranath Tagore. Vande Mataram was declared as a national song of India in the year 1947. 


Write any two important points in the Cripps Offer.

The Cripps Mission was sent by the British government to India in March 1942 to obtain Indian cooperation for the British war efforts in the 2nd World War. 
Significance of Cripps Mission : 
1. For the first time, the British government acknowledged India’s right to be a dominion. 
2. Indians could frame their own Constitution. 



What was the purpose of sending the Cabinet Mission to India in 1946?

Clement Attlee, the new British Prime Minister declared in the House of Commons on February 19, 1946, that a Cabinet Mission would sent India to facilitate the process of transfer of power. The Mission's aim would also be to help the Indians leaders decide the form of government that would suit them after the transfer of power.


The Quit India Movement was short-lived but it results had far reaching consequences. In this context, answer the following questions:
(a) How did the Movement demonstrate the depth of national feelings?
(b) In what way did it highlight the people's struggle and sacrifice?
(c) What impact did it have on the British?

a) The movement showed the depth of the national will and convinced the British that their days in India were numbered. People from all parts of India fought together against the Britishers. Majority of leaders were arrested in the beginning, rest of the movement was carried by the people of India on their own.
b) Thousands were killed and injured in the wake of the 'Quit India' movement. Strikes were called in many places. The British swiftly suppressed many of these demonstrations by mass detentions; more than 100,000 people were imprisoned. Quit India Movement was a watershed movement in the sense, that it prepared the ground for future politics in India. Gandhi ji in his historic speech at Gowalia Tank Maidan had said, 'The power, when it comes, will belong to the people of India, and it will be for them to decide to whom it is placed....'. It is in the Quit India Movement that freedom struggle was owned by 'We the People' who fought for India's freedom. 
c) The most important effect of the Quit India Movement was that it made the British realise that in the context of the harmful effects of the Second World War on Britain's resources and the bitter opposition to its rule India, it would be very difficult to continue ruling the Indians.


List down the different programmes under the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Civil Disobedience Movement involved:
(i) Defiance of Salt Laws,
(ii) Boycott of liquor,
(iii) Boycott of foreign cloth & British goods of all kinds,
(iv) Non-payment of taxes & revenues.




"Moderates insisted on peaceful negotiation with the British". is  the statement true?

The leaders of the first phase of congress politics were called moderates because their demands were modest and mild and they wanted to peacefully bring abut changes in the administration of the country. So the answer is true.


What kind of status was promised to India after the War by Sir Stafford Cripps?

Sir Stafford Cripps came to India during World War II to discuss with the nationalist leaders of the India about the self governance in India through dominion status. It was the promise by the British rule that election will be held after the war.


Why is the Partition of India a sad event in the history of India?

In the riots which preceded the partition in the Punjab Province, it is believed that between 200,000 and 2,000,000 people were killed in the retributive genocide between the religions.

 UNHCR estimates 14 million Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims were displaced during the partition; it was the largest mass migration in human history.



Answer the following in 1-2 sentences.

What led to the Civil Disobedience Movement in 1930?

January 26, 1930 was a red-letter day in the history of the Indian nationalist movement as Civil Disobedience Movement was launched on that day. People took a pledge to attain Purna Swaraj or complete independence.


Answer the following in 1-2 sentences.

What was the importance of the Lahore session of 1929 in the history of India?

At the historic session of Lahore in 1929, under the Presidentship of Jawaharlal Nehru, the Congress declared he attainment of Purna Swaraj or complete independence as its aim.


Write short note on Cabinet Mission.

The Indian National Movement cannot be kept aloof from the most crucial developments after world war came to an end and the era of Labour Party ushered in. Hence the foregoing account is not ignorable. 


In fact, it is the most momentous part of the Indian History. The Cabinet Mission landed at Karachi airport on March 23, 1946 and arrived at Delhi the next day, Lord Pathick Lawrence stated at Karachi…”We are convinced that India is on the threshold of a very great future”. 


Cripps also emphasized “We have not come to adjudicate between rival claims in India but to find out the means for the transfer of power to Indian hands…we have come with an open mind to investigate and inquire.” The commission set to work with immediate effect. In all, 472 leaders were interviewed. 


The representatives of all shades of opinion were heard. The Congress and the Muslim League were, however, given main considerations. After prolonged discussions at New Delhi, a tripartite conference was held at Shimla. 


The Congress, the Muslim League, and the Commission including the Viceroy met at Shimla on May 2, 1946 and a number of formal and informal conferences took place till May, 12. After about two weeks, the Commission came back to Delhi. 


Since the Indian political parties could not come to an agreed settlement, the Cabinet Mission held discussions among themselves and framed their proposals. These proposals embodied in Cabinet Mission Plan were announced by Mr. Attlee in the House of Commons on May 16, 1946. Later, on June 16, 1946 procedure for the formation of Interim Government was also outlined. A failure of Indian political parties to come to an agreement was a writing on the wall.

 



Name any three political associations which were formed prior to the Indian National Congress. What led to the formation of it?

The Indian National Congress was founded on 28 December 1885 by the active help of A. O. Hume a retired British Officer. Prior to it there existed the East India Association established by Dadabhai Naoriji in 1867, the Indian Reform Association under Keshub Chunder Sen and Indian National Association founded by Surendranath Banerjee and Anand Mohan Bose in 1876. All of these political associations were mainly formed for demanding a higher share in the Indian Civil Services, a higher share in the British Governance of India all under the prospects of adhering to the sovereignty of the British crown. The INC was born with the prime motto of demanding an independent government under the British crown and had initially strong faith in the Brtitish Crown.


Fill in the blanks.

After 1923 the Congress devoted itself to the ______________ Programme.

Ans: constructive

Gandhiji asked the Congressmen to pay attention to the constructive programmes, i.e., removal of untouchability, Hindu-Muslim unity and the popularisation of Swadeshi and khadi.


Fill in the blanks.

The Civil Disobedience movement started with the ____________________ of Gandhiji.

Ans: Dandi march.

On 12th March 1930, Gandhi inaugurated The Civil Disobedience Movement by conducting the historic Dandi Salt March, where he broke the Salt Laws imposed by the British Government. Followed by seventy nine ashramites, Gandhi embarked on his march from his Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi that is located on the shores of the Arabian Sea.

On 6th April 1930, Gandhi with the accompaniment of seventy nine satyagrahis,he violated the Salt Law by picking up a fistful of salt lying on the sea shore. They manually made salt on the shores of Dandi. 



Write whether the following statements are True/False.

Gandhiji was born on 2nd October. We celebrate his birthday as Gandhi Jayanti.

Gandhi was born on October 2nd 1869 at Porbandar in Gujarat.

His birthday is celebrated every year as Gandhi Jayanti . 


State three causes that led to the partition of India.

1. Many activities of the Muslim League led to spread of communalism. Muslim League showcased muslims of India as different from other religions and only solution to prosperity of muslims was to have their own separate nation. 

2. The leaders of congress failed to under stand the Muslim character and they continued to commit blunders. In 1916  of the Lucknow Pact, they accepted the principle of separate franchise for the Muslims and the next blunder was committed by them at the time of accepting the communal electorate system in 1932.

3. Hindu communalism also came into being. The staunch Hindus formed an organisation. Hindu Maha Sabha and other organisation. The system of Shuddi which was adopted by the Arya Samaj created doubt in the minds of the Muslims. . 


Name the place, where Indian National Congress Session was held in December $$1920$$.

Indian National Congress Session was held in December 1920 in Nagpur.1920


Two features- A and B are marked in the given political outline map of India. Identify these features with the help of the following information and write their correct names on the lines marked in the map:
A. The place, where the Indian National Congress Session was held in 1927.

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The Indian National Congress (INC) held its annual session of 1927 in Madras (Chennai). The session was a milestone in the history of Independence movement as it passed a resolution for the boycott of the Simon Commission. It also passed a resolution against the use of the Indian troops in China, Mesopotamia and Persia.


"Dalit participation was limited in the Civil Disobedience Movement". Examine the statement.

The abstract concept of Swaraj did not move the nation's 'untouchables,' who from around the 1930's had begun to call themselves Dalit or oppressed. For long the Congress had ignored the Dalits, for fear of offending the sanatanis, the conservative high-caste Hindus. Gandhiji persuaded the upper castes to change their hearts. He himself cleaned toilets to dignify the work of the bhangi (the sweepers). He called the ‘untouchables’ Harijan, organized satyagraha to secure them entry into temples, and access to public wells, tanks, roads and schools. But many Dalit leaders were keen on a different political solution. Political empowerment, they believed, would resolve the problems of their social disabilities. They began organising themselves, demanding reserved seats in educational institutions, and a separate electorate that would choose Dalit members for legislative councils. 


Why was Congress reluctant to allow women to hold any position of authority within the organisation? How did women participate in Civil Disobedience Movement? Explain.

  • Gandhiji was convinced that it was the duty of women to look after the home, be good mothers and good wives. And for a long time, the Congress was reluctant to allow women to hold any position of authority within the organization. It was keen only on their symbolic presence.
  • Women participated in protest marches, manufactured salt, and picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops. Many went to jail.
  • In urban areas, these women were from high-caste families whereas in rural areas, they came from rich peasant households. Moved by Gandhiji’s call, they began to see service to the nation as a sacred duty of women. Yet, this increased public role did not necessarily mean any radical change in the way the position of women was visualized. 


State any two objectives of the Muslim League.

One of the major objectives of the Muslim League was to act as a platform for political expression of Muslims as Indian National Congress was largely seen as a Hindu party by many Muslims.

In addition, it also had the objective of working for the social and civil rights of the Muslim population of India.


The Quit India Resolution in 1942 was one of the final calls given by Gandhi for the British to leave India. Moving towards Independence, Lord Mountbatten's Plan was significant. In this context, answer the following:
State two reasons for the launching of the Quit India Movement.

The main reason behind the Quit India Movement was Gandhiji’s dislike of the return of Cripps pertaining to the British Government's Draft Declaration. Also, after the failure of the Satyagraha that was more individual-oriented, Gandhiji gave a call for ‘Do-or-die’. Also, the Congress leaders were demoralized. These all led to the outbreak of the Quit India movement.


Explain the role of Subhash Chandra Bose in India's freedom struggle.

Subhash Chandra Bose after Quitting the Congress he formed a political party called Forward Bloc. He took the charge of the Indian National Army (INA) formed by Rash Bihari Bose to attain freedom for India. He formed a provisional government for free India in Singapore, with the aim of forcing the British to quit India.


Who were the Moderates? How did they propose to struggle against British rule?

In the first twenty years of its existence, the Congress was “moderate” in its objectives and methods. The Congress leaders of this period were called the Moderates. They proposed to struggle against British rule in non-violent manner which the radicals called “politics of petitions”


Answer the following questions related to the given picture : 
A) Name the person in the given picture:
B) Name the book written by him:
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A) Lokmanya Tilak
B) The Arctic Home in the Vedas, The Orion and Gita Rahasya


Why did Mahatma Gandhi Launch the 'Non-Cooperation Movement'?How did this movement unite the country? Explain.

Gandhiji launched the Non-cooperation movement of $$1921$$ because: 
According to Gandhiji, the British rule was established in India with the cooperation of Indians and had survived only because of this cooperation. So the time has arrived to withdraw cooperation from the British. 
First World War added to the misery of the Indian people. Heavy taxes, high prices, famines, and epidemics made people's life miserable. 
Rowlatt Act invited large scale protests throughout the country. 
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre and the injustice done to Punjab made Indians angry which needed to be avenged.
To restore the status of the ruler of Turkey. 
To bring Swaraj or Self Rule to India. 
In this way, the reasons for launching the non-cooperation movement were all-inclusive, and it because of this that the movement united everyone in the country.


State two methods of political struggle evolved by Mahatma Gandhi as part of the National Movement.

 Swadeshi & Satyagraha were two methods of political struggle evolved by Gandhi. 

Swadeshi: Swadeshi means producing necessary items in one's own country & using them for one's use without being dependent on imported goods. Gandhiji believed that the use of Swadeshi goods would make us self-sufficient & eliminate our dependence on imported goods. Gandhiji emphasised manual labour & the use of Charkha & Khadi.

Satyagraha:To Gandhiji, satyagraha was a moral force born of truth and non-violence.It meant to be fearless, truthful as well as peaceful, suffering willingly while refusing to submit what is wrong. But even while resisting evil, it would not involve hatred towards the evil-doer




Define Satyagraha. How does it differ from Passive Resistance?

The term Satyagraha is made up of two Sanskrit words- Satya (truth) & Agraha (insistence to hold fast).
To Gandhiji, satyagraha was a moral force born of truth & non-violence. It meant to be fearless, truthful as well as peaceful, suffering willingly while refusing to submit what is wrong. But even while resisting evil, it would not involve hatred towards the evil-doer.
Gandhiji made a distinction between Satyagraha & passive resistance. Passive resistance does not exclude the use of physical force for the purpose of gaining one's end, whereas Satyagraha excludes the use of violence.


Where and when Mahatma Gandhi used his method of Satyagraha for the first time in India?

Gandhiji's first great experiment in Satyagraha was accomplished in 1917 in Champaran, Bihar. The indigo cultivators of Champaran were greatly exploited by European planters. They were bound by law to grow indigo on 3/20th (the tinkathia system) of their land & sell it to the British planters at prices fixed by them. They invited Gandhiji to take up their case but the district authorities banned his entry to the district. He offered satyagraha as a result of which an inquiry was conducted into the conditions of the peasants. This helped in giving the indigo cultivators some relief.


What is meant by Swadeshi? Why did Gandhiji lay emphasis on Swadeshi?

Swadeshi means producing necessary items in one's own country & using them for one's use without being dependent on imported goods. Gandhiji believed that the use of Swadeshi goods would make us self-sufficient & eliminate our dependence on imported goods. Gandhiji emphasised manual labour & the use of Charkha & Khadi.


What made Gandhiji withdraw the Civil Disobedience Movement in 1934?

The Congress passed a resolution for the renewal of the Civil Disobedience Movement. On January 4, 1932, Gandhiji was arrested.

Governement resorted to repression, issued Ordinances and assumed special powers. 

The Congress was declared illegal.

Congress leaders were arrested and heir properties were seized.

Communalism was fanned. 

Gradually the Civil Disobedience Movement lost its force. Congress called it off in 1934. 




The Cabinet Mission was commissioned by the British Government in February 1946 to find a solution for constitutional reforms in India. In the light of this, answer the following questions:
(a) Who were the members of the Cabinet Mission?
(b) Why was the Cabinet Mission appointed?
(a) Why the Mission didn't concede to the League's demand for Pakistan?

(a) The Cabinet Mission arrived in India in 1946. it consisted of three members:
  • Pethic Lawrence, the Secretary of State.
  • Sir Stafford Cripps, President of the Board of Trade.
  • A.V. Alexander, the First Lord of Admiralty

(b) Cabinet Mission was sent to India to facilitate the process of transfer of power. The Mission's aim was to help the Indian leaders decide the form of government that would suit them after the transfer of power.

(c) Muslim League's demand for Pakistan was rejected by the Cabinet Mission for the following reasons:
  • The establishment of Pakistan would not solve the problems of communal minorities because the number of Muslims in the remaining part of British India and the number of Muslims in Pakistan would be sizeable.
  • There was no justification for including within Pakistan, the non-Muslim districts of Bengal, Assam and the Punjab.
  • The Princely States would find it difficult to decide which Union to join.



Answer the following in 3-4 sentences.

What factors led to the Civil Disobedience Movement in 1930?

The Indian National Congress in its Lahore session had declared ''Poorna Swaraj'' or Complete Independence as its ultimate goal. Earlier the Indian demand of Dominion Status was rejected by Lord Irwin. The British rulers were in no mood to relent. Against this background, Gandhiji had written a letter to Viceroy Irwin urging him to implement eleven-point programme for fulfilling people's welfare. On receiving a negative response from the Viceroy, the Civil Disobedience Movement was launched by Gandhiji. It aimed at forcing the government to meet the Indian demands.



"Dandi March of Mahatma Gandhi was an effective tool of opposing against British rule." Explain.

Salt March became an effective tool of resistance against colonialism because: Mahatma Gandhi found in salt a powerful symbol that could unite the nation. Gandhiji sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands. The most stirring of all was the demand to abolish the salt tax. Salt was an essential item of food and was consumed by rich and poor alike. Irwin was unwilling to negotiate, so Gandhiji started Salt march with 78 volunteers. (On 6th April ) he reached Dandi, violated the law and made salt. This march developed the feeling of nationalism.


Who did the Indian National Congress wish to speak for?

Indian National Congress wished to speak for all the people of India, irrespective of class, color, caste, creed, language, or gender. It stated that India, its resources and systems were not of any one class or community of India, but of all the different communities of India.


Why was the Congress session held at Lahore in 1929 significant to the National Movement?

The Lahore session was considered historic because, under the guidance of Congress president Jawaharlal Nehru, a resolution for Poorna Swaraj was passed in this session. It was in this session, the Indian National Flag was hoisted and the pledge for independence was taken by the leaders of the Congress.


The Partition of Bengal and the formation of the Muslim League were two important events that had its impact on the National Struggle for independence. In this context, explain the following:
Objectives of the Muslim League.

The objectives of the Muslim League:
  • To promote a feeling of loyalty among Indian Muslims towards the British Government.
  • To protect the political and other rights of the Muslims and present them before the Government in mild language.
  • To promote friendly feelings between Muslims and other communities of India without any harm to the objectives of the League.
  • One of the main objectives of the Muslim League was to keep the Muslim intelligence away from the mainstream of National Movement.


One of Lord Curzon's administrative measures that resulted in a strong resentment from the masses was the Partition of Bengal inIn this context, answer the following question.
What was the impact of the Swadeshi Movement on Indian industries?

The Swadeshi movement gave a great stimulus to the Indian industries, particularly the weaving industries. Textiles mills, match and soap factories came up quickly all over the country. The leather and tanning industry also made a significant advance. Swadeshi movement led to the establishment of first steel company of India "Tata Steel' in Bihar in $$1911$$.


The establishment of the Indian National Congress led to the development of the National Movement in India. In this context answer the following:

When was the Indian National Congress established? Who presided over its first session?

The Indian National Congress was established in 1885 at Mumbai and was presided over by W.C. Bonnerjee.


The Congress working committee passed the famous Quit India resolution at Wardha in JulyWith reference to this answer the following questions:
What was the impact and significance of this movement?

(i) It demonstrated the depth of the national feelings: The movements showed the depth of the national will and convinced the Britishers that the days of their domination in India were numbered. People from all parts of India fought together against the Britishers.
(ii) Set back to the Britishers: Now the British officials had realised that the British would not be able to retain their hold in India.
(iii) Parallel Government: A significant feature of the Quit India Movement was the emergence of parallel governments in Ballia in Uttar Pradesh, Midnarpur in Bengal and Satara in Maharashtra.
(iv) Strengthening of the Congress Socialist Party: The Quit India Movements helped in strengthening the Congress Socialist Party because of its magnificent and heroic role in the movement. Its socialist ideas had an impact on the Indian National Congress.


Reason why the early Congressmen were called Moderates.

The early Congressmen were called Moderates because:
(i) They were staunch believers in open-minded and moderate politics.
(ii) They believed in loyalty to the British crown. They had faith in the British sense of justice and fairplay.
(iii) They were of the opinion that Britain would help Indians govern themselves according to the western standards.
(iv) They relied on constitutional and peaceful methods to achieve their aims. They believed in patience and reconciliation rather than in violence and confrontation.




Explain the impact of the Non-Cooperation movement with respect to India's later struggles for freedom?

Impact of the movement:
(i) The movement provided a base to the Congress. Gandhi mobilised masses in this movement. All section of society-peasants, workers, lawyers, students,  women and oppressed people participated in their struggle for freedom.
(ii) The movement undermined the power and prestige of the British Government. It created an anti-British feeling in the country. 
(iii) Repression failed to crush the spirit of the people. The movement made the people bold and patriotic. 
(iv) Gandhi was determined to emancipate the poor and the oppressed. Removal of untouchability and promotion of Khadi became essential tool in Gandhi's struggle against British rule. Message of Swadeshi was spread. 
(v) Another positive achievement was that the movement set the scene of Hindu Muslim unity. Never before any movement received the willing support of Hindus and Muslims alike.


Answer the following question in 80 to 100 words:
Discuss the Gandhian phase of India Freedom Movement.

Mahatma Gandhi's entry into the Indian freedom movement was indeed the beginning of a new era. Gandhiji had his own style of protest - Satyagraha to fight against the British rulers. Congress advocated Gandhiji's programmes of, Boycott, Removal of Casteism, Hindu Muslim unity and Rural upliftment.  Under Gandhiji's leadership, the Indian freedom movement became a mass movement. Thousands of people- both men and women took part in the Non-Cooperation Movement, the Civil Disobedience Movement and the Quit India Movement. The Indian National Congress gradually turned into a national organization, having full time dedicated workers. The Gandhian' Phase of the Indian Freedom Movement finally led to the Independence of India from the British Rule in 1947.


Any five important events between the year 1930 to 1950.

important events between the year 1930 to 1950
1930 - Salt Satyagraha, First Round Table Conference
1931 - Gandhi - Irwin Pact, Second Round Table Conference
1932 - Communal Award, Poona Pact, Third Round Table Conference
1 935 - Government of India Act
1939 - Beginning of Second World War
1 940 - Demand for Pakistan, August offer
1942 -Arrival of Cripp's Mission, Quit India Movement
1 946 - Arrival of Cabinet Mission
1947 - Mountbatten Plan, Indian
1 948 - Assassination of Gandhi
1950 - Indian Constitution came into force - India became Republic



Answer in 5-6 sentences:
Subhash Chandra Bose played a very important role in the freedom movement. Explain.

Subhash Chandra Bose was one of the foremost among the nationalist leaders of India, brave and youthful and he possessed the excellent organising capacity. Bose represented the young and extremist elements in the Congress. He could not make any compromise with Gandhi and thus resigned his Presidentship and organised the famous Forward Block in 1939. Subhash became the President of the Indian National Army as well as the President of Indian Independence League in 1943. Assuming the command of the I.N.A. he gave his famous battle cry “Delhi Chalo” (on to Delhi). He worked out a master plan of campaign for the INA with the ultimate goal of reaching Delhi. A Provisional Government of Azad Hind (Free India) was set up. In spite of his principle of violence Subhash Chandra Bose’s grand scheme of India’s liberation and the high idealism through INA movement inspired the people of India in an unprecedented manner. The organisation of the Azad Hind forces and their exploits are a milestone in the history of the Indian struggle for freedom; the formation of which was the brainchild of Subhash Chandra Bose.


Match the items in List-A with List-B.

Regulating Act provided for the establishment of a Supreme Court at Calcutta (1774) comprising one chief justice and three other judges. 
Minto-Morley Reforms of 1909 introduced a system of communal representation for Muslims by accepting the concept of ‘separate electorate’. Thus, the Act ‘legalised communalism’ and Lord Minto came to be known as the Father of Communal Electorate. 
Dayanand Anglo-Vedic (D.A.V.) Public Schools were founded by Swami Dayananda Saraswati. 
Stri Purusha Tulna, written by Tarabhai Shinde, was a reaction to a news article published in 1881 in Pune Vaibhav, an extremely orthodox weekly newspaper. 
Annie Besant founded the Central Hindu College in 1898 in Varanasi.


Explain the Role of Subhash Chandra Bose in Indian National Movement. 

  • Subhash Chandra Bose joined the Disobedience Movement under the influence of Gandhiji, Although he was selected in Indian Civil Services. He became an active member of Congress. In 1938 and 1939 he was also elected the President of Congress.
  • But he resigned from Congress Presidentship and formed his Forward Bloc in 1939 due to differences with Gandhiji. British had held him under house arrest in Calcutta due to his activities. But in 1941 he secretly left India. He approached Russia and Germany for help in India’s freedom. He provided leadership to the Indian National Army after he went to Japan in 1943.
  • He organized soldiers and formed provisional government in October 1943. By the Axis powers, this provisional Government was recognised. The INA attacked the North Eastern borders and even captured a portion, but they had to surrender due to Japanese biased policy and adverse weather conditions.
  • He provided an influential leadership and kept the spirit of nationalism burning during the slack period of national movement in India.


What role did Mahatma Gandhi play in our Freedom Movement?

Some of the major movements and freedom struggles led by Mahatma Gandhi are:
  • Non-Co-operation Movement
 One of the first series of nonviolent protests nationwide was the non cooperation movement started by Mahatma Gandhi. This movement officially started the Gandhian era in India. In this freedom struggle, the non cooperation movement was basically aimed at making the Indians aware of the fact that the British government can be opposed and if done actively, it will keep a check on them. Thus, educational institutions were boycotted, foreign goods were boycotted, and people let go off their nominated seats in government institutions. Though the movement failed, Indians awakened to the concept of going against the British.
  • Civil Disobedience Movement
 Gandhi again took off with another non violent movement known as the civil disobedience movement. This movement was more active than the non cooperation movement and brought about a revolution of sorts. This movement aimed at bringing the British administration to a stop by withdrawing support from everything. There was agitation against land revenue, abolition of salt tax, cutting down military expenditure, levying duty on foreign cloth, etc. A very important movement was that of Salt Satyagraha where Gandhi undertook the Dandi march as a protest against the Salt tax.
  • Quit India Movement
 The Quit India Movement was launched under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi in August 1942. The main aim for launching this movement was to bring the British to negotiate with the Indian leaders. It was a call for immediate independence of India and the slogan of "Do or Die" was adopted for the same. However the leaders were arrested soon after Gandhi's speech and were put in jail by British officials. Gandhi went on a fast for 21 days demanding the release of the leaders despite his failing health. The British had to secure the release of the leaders.
  • India Independence
 After the Quit India Movement the freedom struggle got even more intense and passionate. Entire India was united together in the movement for freedom. Everyone contributed what they could in the freedom struggle. The cry of Purna Swaraj or complete independence was raised. After much sacrifices and efforts, India gained its independence on the 15th August, 1947.



The period between $$1920$$ to $$1947$$ was marked with major events and reforms that finally led us to our Independence. In this context, answer the following questions.
Mention any four clauses of the Cabinet Mission Plan.

(i) There was to be a federation of the provinces and the states, with the federal centre controlling only defence, foreign affairs, and communications.
(ii) At the same time, individual provinces could form regional unions to which they could surrender by mutual agreement some of their powers.
(iii) A Constituent Assembly consisting of 389 members-292 from provinces, 4 from territories governed by Chief Commissioners and 93 from the Indian Princely States would draft the Constitution of India. 
(iv) An interim government at the Centre consisting of representatives of all the communities, provinces would be installed on the basis of parity between the representatives of the Hindus and Muslims. 


Evaluate the role of business classes in the 'Civil Disobedience Movement'.

The business class in India initially supported the Civil Disobedience Movement. This was because the industrialists and merchants in India had become rich during the First World War. They were keen on expanding their businesses and wanted protection against foreign industries. Many eminent industrialists such as Purshottamdas Thakurdas and G. D. Birla criticised the colonial government for its control over the Indian economy which prevented their growth. They provided financial assistance during the movement, and refused to buy and sell imported goods. Many industrialists began to see swaraj as a time when colonial restrictions on business will end. However, towards the end, they became apprehensive of the growing influence of socialism among the younger members of the Congress. 


Mention any two causes of the failures of the Quit-India-Movement.

The Mahatma Gandhi led an India movement to abandon an non-violent resistance against British rule in India. The Quit India Movement failed since its leaders did not present a clear plan of action and certain supporters started applying violence against the British government-owned buildings.


Name the two main Associations that were the precursors of the Indian National Congress.

The most important pre-congress nationalist organizations were the Indian Association of Calcutta and the East India Association. In 1866, Dadabhai Naoroji organized the East India Association in London to discuss the Indian question and to influence British public men to promote Indian welfare. Led by Surendranath and Ananda Mohan Bose, the young nationalists of Bengal founded the Indian Association in July 1876.


With reference to the growth of national consciousness in India explain the following :
The immediate objectives of the Indian National Congress.

Indian National Movement got an impetus after the foundation of the Indian National Congress in 1885. Mr. A.O. Hume, a retired member of the Indian Civil Service, took the initiative in this direction. He appealed to the Graduates of the Calcutta University to form an association for the moral, social and political regeneration of the Indians. Lord Dufferin, the then Viceroy of India, supported the idea. Leaders like Dada Bhai Nauroji S.N. Banerjee, Ferozshah Mehta, Badruddin Tyabji and others helped him to found the Indian National Congress.

Aims and Objectives of the Congress Leaders from 1885 to 1905: The early phase of the National Movement was dominated by the moderate leaders like Dada Bhai Nauroji, Surendra Nath Banerjee, Ferozshah Mehta, Gopal Krishna Gokhale etc. They believed in peaceful and constitutional methods.

They tried to achieve the following objectives:

I. Demand for wider powers for the councils and training in self-government.

II. Removal of poverty by the rapid development of agriculture and modern industries.

III. Indianization of the higher administrative services.

IV. Freedom of speech and press for the defense of their civil rights.

The moderate leaders, thus, tried to create the national consciousness and raise the public opinion against the British imperialism. They created a common platform for the national struggle.



Who founded the Home Rule Leagues in India? What was its objective?

In 1916, two Home Rule Movements were launched in the country: one under the leadership of Bal Gangadhar Tilak and the other under Annie Besant. The objectives of the Home Rule League were: Establishment of self-government for India in British empire using constitutional methods.


Mention two reasons for the Moderate's faith in the British sense of justice.

i) It was their hope that the British would grant 'Home Rule' to Indians.
ii) They were of the opinion that the British would help Indians govern themselves according to western standards.


One of Lord Curzon's administrative measures that resulted in a strong resentment from the masses was the Partition of Bengal inIn this context, answer the following question.
How did the people react to the Partition of Bengal?

The people came to know about the British Government's move to divide the Bengal province. So they had started protesting against it. As many as $$70,000$$ petitions were submitted to the government for stopping the partition. A large number of protest meetings were held in different towns of Bengal. The formal proclamation of Swadeshi Movement was made on $$7$$ August $$1905$$. People on the day of partition ($$16$$ Oct $$1905$$) marched through the streets of Calcutta shouting slogans of "Bande Mataram". They tied rakhis on each other's hands to show their bonds of love and unity. People showed their anger by boycotting foreign goods. They observed fasts and pledged support to the Nationalists for forcing the Government to cancel the partition.


Mention any one provision each of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact signed in 1931.

The Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed on 5th March 1931. One of the provisions was to release all political prisoners except those guilty of violence.


Gandhiji introduced new ideas in politics and adopted new methods to give a new direction to the political movement. In this context, answer the following question.
Which mass struggle was launched by him on non-violent lines in $$1920$$? Explain in brief the programmes of such a campaign.

Gandhiji realised the importance and power of the organised masses. He was of the opinion that a few leaders or individuals would not be able to win freedom. It is the power of the masses which will force the Britishers to leave the country. In $$1920$$, he launched Non-Co-operation Movement, in which workers, women, students, farmers all participated. Non-Cooperation Movement included the following programmes.
(i) The boycott of legislative Councils.
(ii) The boycott of the law-courts by the lawyers.
(iii) The boycott of government schools & colleges.
(iv) The boycott of British goods.
(v) Hindu-Muslim unity.
(vi) Removal of untouchability.
(vii) Promotion of Swadeshi products.
(viii) Prohibition of intoxicating drinks.


Gandhiji introduced new ideas in politics and adopted new methods to give a new direction to the political movement. In this context, answer the following question.
Gandhiji's Social Ideals.

Gandhiji's whole philosophy was based on non-violence. According to Gandhiji, it is the weapon of strong, mighty and powerful individuals. He was of the opinion that neither an individual nor a country could gain anything by using violent methods. He launched many movements for gaining freedom but none of them was violent. During the non-cooperation movement, he suspended the movement when it was at its zenith just because of Chauri Chaura incident in which $$22$$ policemen were burnt alive.


Mention two important contributions of Lala Lajpat Rai.

i) He was associated with the Arya Samaj Movement. He opened orphanages, hospitals and schools.
ii) When he was in the USA, he started a monthly magazine 'Young India' to spread the message of the right of India to attain Swaraj.


In 1930 Mahatma Gandhi's demands were rejected by the British, as a result of which he launched the Civil Disobedience Movement. In the contest explain the following :
Significance of the Second Round Table Conference.

  • Gandhiji was chosen as the sole representative of the Congress for the second round table conference. 
  • The conference devoted most of its time to communal question and the representation of minorities in the legislatures both at the center and the provinces.
  • Gandhiji was disappointed to find that most leaders seemed concerned only about their vested interests. 
  • The question of independence or of setting up of a responsible government receded into background. 
  • Mahatma Gandhi returned to India empty handed.



Name the Presidents who presided over the first two Sessions of the Indian National Congress.

i) The first session of the Indian National Congress was presided by W. C. Bonnerjee in Mumbai in 1885.
ii) The second session of Indian National Congress was presided by Dadabhai Naoroji in Kolkata in 1886.


Which period of Indian history is known as the Gandhian era and why?

Gandhiji dominated the Indian freedom struggle from 1919 to 1948. That is why this period is known as the Gandhian era in Indian history.  During this time, Mahatma Gandhi dominated the Indian National Congress, which in turn was at the forefront of the Indian freedom struggle. Gandhi's first major involvement in Indian politics was during the Non-Cooperation Movement. Sensing a chance for Hindu-Muslim unity, Gandhi cleverly allied with the Khilafat leaders and launched the Non-Cooperation movement against the British colonial government. For the first time in Indian history, he succeeded in ensuring active participation of almost all classes of society in the national mainstream. Women, children, workers, peasants, all previously impervious classes participated in the Non-Cooperation movement  because of Gandhi'. Similarly, Gandhi conceptualised the Civil Disobedience Movement and launched  the immensely successful Dandi March. Through the Civil Disobedience programme, he sought to take agitational politics to the maximum portion of the Indian populace. This was necessary in order to ensure that the British Government was seriously impaired from governing India. However, following severe repression by the British government and some tactical mistakes on the part of the Congress, the Civil Disobedience Movement could not succeed and lost steam. The Quit India Movement was the last major mass movement launched by the Indian National Congress under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi. During this movement, Gandhi gave the famous call of 'Quit India' and sustained the movement through his personal sacrifice and exhortations.



The Early Nationalists initially believed that the British wanted to be just to India but were unaware of the real state of affairs. In this context, answer the following questions:
(a) What was the attitude of these leaders towards the British?
(b) Why did they develop such an attitude?
(c) How did they expose the true nature of British rule in India?

a) The early nationalists had faith in British sense of justice and fair play. They believed that the British would grant ‘Home Rule’ to Indians. They believed that the British rule has positively influenced the Indian society by banning sati, female infanticide and by raising the minimum age of girls and boys for marriage. 
b) The Early Nationalists believed in demanding reforms while adopting constitutional and peaceful means to achieve their aims. The Early Nationalists had full faith in the British sense of justice, fair play, honesty, and integrity.
c) Early nationalists like Dada Bhai Naoroji played an important role in exposing the true nature of the British rule. The Early nationalists criticised the British rule in newspapers, journals and magazines.


How was the Civil Disobedience Movement different from the Non-Cooperation Movement?

Non- Cooperation Movement  Civil Disobedience Movement
 It was launched in 1920s.
 It was launched in 1930s.
The Non-Cooperation Movement sought to bring the working of the government to a standstill by not cooperating with the administration.The Civil Disobedience Movement was an attempt at paralysing the administration by breaking some specific rules & regulations.
There were no tax campaigns in this movement.
It involved non- payment of taxes & land-revenue as well as violation of laws.
Many leaders renounced their titles & left their government jobs.
It involved defiance of salt laws, boycott of liquor, foreign cloth & British goods of all kinds.
It was not violent until the Chauri Chaura incident took place.The movement became violent in a matter of time.


What was the main impact of the Non-Cooperation Movement?

(i) It acquired a mass base with the participation of different sections of Indian society such as peasants, workers, students, teachers & women.
(ii) It generated a desire for freedom & inspired people to challenge the colonial rule.
(iii) The Congress became the organiser & leader of the masses in their national struggle.
(iv) It fostered Hindu-Muslim unity which could be seen in the merger of the Khilafat issue with this movement.
(v) Several steps were taken in the direction of prohibition & removal of untouchability. Many national schools & colleges were set up in different parts of the country.
(vi) The movement gave a boost to nationalism in India. The Congress organisation was able to reach down to villages.
(vii) The Congress popularised the cult of Swaraj.


Name three events which disillusioned Gandhiji and turned him into a non-cooperator from a cooperator with the British government.

The following circumstances led to the Non-Cooperation Movement:

(i) Khilafat Movement was started by Ali brothers in August 1920 for the preservation of the office of Khalifa (Caliph), the religious head of the Muslims. Gandhiji combined the Khilafat movement with the Non-Cooperation Movement as he saw in this an opportunity to unite the Hindus & the Muslims. 

(ii) The Rowlatt Act, passed in March 1919 gave extraordinary powers to the British to imprison a person without trial.

(iii) There occurred at Amritsar on April 13, 1919 a terrible massacre at Jallianwala Bagh.




What was the impact of the Civil Disobedience Movement?

The Civil Disobedience did not succeed immediately in winning freedom. But it played a significant role in deepening the social roots of the freedom struggle. 

1. It shattered people's faith in the British government.

2. It revived the will to fight the elections.

3. It deepened the social roots for the freedom struggle.

4. It brought women out of their homes to participate in politics and to make them equal partners in freedom struggle.

5. It popularised new methods of propaganda like the Prabhat Pheris, pamphlets, etc. 



Mention any two terms (provisions) of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact.

Mahatma Gandhi & Lord Irwin concluded an agreement at Delhi on March 5, 1931, known as the Gandhi-Irwin Pact. Under this pact, the British government agreed to release those political prisoners who had remained non-violent and conceded the right to make salt for consumption. The Congress agreed to suspend the Civil Disobedience Movement and to take part in the Second Round Table Conference.



Class 8 History Extra Questions