Explanation
Silicones contain - Si – O – Si – bonds
Si obtained by reduction of SiCl4 with H2 is further purified by zone refining method to get Si of very high purity.
Cu, Sn (Zn and Pb in small amounts) constitute gun metal
In Si (CH3)4. Si and each C undergo sp3-hybridization giving a tetrahedral structure.
Insert pair effect is more pronounced in heavier members like Pb. Thus Pb(IV) compounds act as strong oxidising agents and are reduced to more stable Pb (II) compounds
Quartz is a crystalline variety of SiO2.
PbO2 is an oxidising agent; it is used in lead storage batteries and in safety matches
PbSO4 does not dissolve in water.
The higher the bond energies of element-element bond, more is the catenation tendency.
Due to inert pair effect, Pb2+ is most stable
Volatility decreases as the atomic weight of the hydrides increases down the group.
During charging process, PbSO4 is oxidized to PbO2
Inert pair effect is exhibited by Pb (heavier member of the family)
CCl4 is not acidic, all other compounds give acidic solution on hydrolysis
Melting point of tin is lower than glass.
SnI4 is a coloured compound
Quartz watches contain a crystal of quartz as an essential component.
Extent of hydrolysis increases in the order:
CCl4 < MgCl2 < AlCl3 < SiCl4 < PCl5
Si-F bond dissociation energy is highest.
Bond Si – F Si – Si Ge – Ge Sn – Sn
Bond 540 215 165 152
Energy
kJ mol-1
Mixture of sand (SiO2) and baking soda (NaHCO3) is used as a dry powder five extinguisher
In case of Al, the electron is to be removed from less penetrating p- orbital as compared to Mg where the electron is to be removed from more penetrating and completely filled s- orbital. Hence IE1 of Al is smaller than that of Be.
Due to the poor shielding (screening ) effect of d-electrons in case of Ga, the valence electrons are attracted more strongly and hence the size is not increased.
In the extraction of Al by electrochemical process, the electrolyte used is a molten mixture of Al2O3 and Na3AlF6.
(4) Boron atom is smaller in size and therefore, the sum of IE1 + IE2 + IE3 (3659 kJ mol-1) for B is much higher than that of Al (2744 kJ mol-1) Hence B does not form B3+ ions.
In BeCl2. 2H2O, Be completes its octer by accepting two lone pairs of electrons from two H2O molecules and therefore, BeCl2.2H2O is not an electron deficient and Lewis acid.
Al (OH)3 is amphoteric as it reacts with acids as well as bases to form salts. B(OH)3 is acid whereas in (OH)3 and TIOH are basic in character.
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