Explanation
When derived from the element, an anion is larger and cation is smaller in sizes than the corresponding atom.
F has the strongest and I the lowest oxidising power.
Bleaching action of chlorine is due to oxidation in presence of moisture.It is permanent. H2O + Cl2 → 2HCl + |O| Colouring matter + |O| → colourless matter.
500 gm toothpaste sample contains fluoride = 0.2 gm 106 gm (one million) sample contains fluoride 0.2/500 ×106 = 400gm i.e., concentration of fluoride is 400 ppm.
In HCl molecule, the electronegativity difference is 3.0 (for Cl) - 2.1 (for H) = 0.9. If the difference is 1.9, the covalent bond will be 50% ionic.If this difference is less than 1.9, the bond will be more covalent and lesser of ionic in nature.
Polarity of the bond depends upon the electronegativity difference of the two atoms forming the bond. Greater the electronegativity difference, more is the polarity of the bond. N‒Cl O‒F N‒F N‒N 3.0 3.0 3.5 4.0 3.0 4.0 3.0 3.0
Fluorine because of its smaller size and highest electronegativity forms strongest hydrogen bonding in (HF)n.
The halogen which is the strongest oxidising agent i.e., F2 is the one which gets easily reduced to F‒.
Ca(OH)2 +Cl2 → CaOCl2 +H2O.
Bromide in the mother liquor is oxidised to Br2 by Cl2 which is a stronger oxidising agent.
N, O and F are highly electronegative non-metals and will have the strongest tendency to form anions by gaining electrons from metal atoms.
In ICl, Cl being more electronegative than I, carries a small negative charge (δ-) while I carries a small positive charge (δ+).
A stronger oxidising agent (Cl2) displaces a weaker oxidising agent (Br2) from its salt solution. 2KBr + Cl2 → 2KCl + Br2
Commercially, chlorine is obtained as a by product in the manufacture of caustic soda by electrolysis of brine solution.
As H2SO4 is a strong oxidising agent, it will oxidize HI to iodine 2HI + H2SO4 → SO2 + I2 + 2H2O.
Due to greater thermal stability, HClO4 is least oxidising in nature.
Negative electron gain enthalpy of fluorine is less than that of chlorine which has the highest electro gain enthalpy (negative).
Acid strength decreases from HClO to HIO as the electronegativity of the halogen decreases.
Na2S2O3 + Cl2 + H2O → Na2SO4 + 2HCl + S
Reactivity of halogens decreases from F to I.
F-B bond is the strongest due to most effective overlap of the p-orbitals.The bond energies for single bonds in kJ mol-1 are F-B = 613, F-Cl =184, F-Br = 255 and Cl-Br = 217.
ClO2 is angular with bond angle 118°.
Halon-1301 is CF3Br. The first figure 1 represents number of C atoms,the second figure 3 represents number of F atoms, the third figure 0 represents number of Cl atoms and last figure 1 represents number ofBr atoms.
In oxyacids of chlorine HClO, HClO2, HClO3, HClO4, the Cl central atomis sp3-hybridized. The half filled unhybridized d-orbitals of Cl and p-orbitals of oxygen overlap to form π-bonds.
Miliequivalent of Na2S2O3 = miliequivalent of OCl– = miliequivalent of OCl– = 0.25 × 48 = 12 n factor of OCl– = 2[Cl+ → Cl–] gain of 2C– milimol of OCl– = 6m mole (12/2).
Noble gas has 8 electrons in the valence cell (noble gas configuration).
Helium can’t be used to produce and contain powerful magnets.
Match stick tips contain a mixture of K2Cr2O7, S and white phosphorus
This mixture is used as a fertilizer.
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