Explanation
Jumps of electrons from outer shell to inner shell give emission spectrum.
α–particles pass through because most part of the atom is empty.
No. of electrons are same in all but nuclear charge is maximum in Na+ .
Any orbital can accommodate 2 electrons with opposite spin.
(b) as per aufbau principle.
E = hv is a packet of energy (particle) having frequency v (wave).
Two electrons in an orbital cannot have spin in the same direction.
Emission spectrum is obtained because energy of the electron is quantized.
The sub–shells are 3d, 4d, 4p and 5s. 4d has highest energy.
Atomic weight is the average value of mass numbers of isotopes.
Write electronic configurations of all the ions.
Neutron being chargeless did not affect the neutrality of the atom.
(i) 4p (ii) 4s (iii) 3d (iv) 3p. Order of increasing energy is 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p.
(d) – By rules of filling.
Principal gives size, azimuthal gives shape and magnetic gives orientation.
The quantum numbers + 1⁄2 and – 1⁄2 for the electron spin represent two quantum mechanical spin states which have no classical analogues.
5p < 6s < 4f < 5d.
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