________ lost the 1964 presidential election in a landslide because his views were seen as too extreme.
  • political parties
  • Barry Goldwater
  • George Washington
  • the U.S.
What party has made big gains in recent decades among white fundamentalist Christians, based on its positions on topics like abortion and school prayer?
  • service role—helping candidates conduct their personal campaigns.
  • Republican
  • None of these answers is correct.
  • Dwight Eisenhower
________ provides no free television time to political parties and allows candidates to purchase air time.
  • George Washington
  • one-half
  • retrospective voting
  • the U.S.
Explain how party coalitions in the U.S. reflect the nature of party competition. Does coalition formation tend to moderate or radicalize parties? Explain.
  • The overriding goal of a major American political party is to gain control of government by getting its candidates elected to office, which means that political compromise is essential. The major parties must appeal to different groups that may disagree on some issues; a reasonable amount of compromise is therefore necessary. The parties must also appeal to many of the same groups. The result is, in most circumstances though not all, a moderate form of political conflict in which the parties' coalitions overlap substantially in terms of the groups that comprise them.
  • provide only general policy guidance for the state organizations.
  • None of these answers is correct.
  • Greenback Party
Which of the following is an accurate representation of the public's opinion about leaders and their accountability?
  • formation of a new type of grassroots party organization.
  • are still important, but their role in campaigns is secondary to that of candidates.
  • one or both major parties will absorb its issue, and the minor party will lose support.
  • Most citizens have a low opinion of Congress as a whole, but say they have confidence in their local representative in Congress.
Abraham Lincoln was first elected in 1860 with ________ percent of the popular vote.
  • 40
  • state chairperson.
  • formation of a new type of grassroots party organization.
  • campaign strategists who have earned legendary reputations.
Which of the following groups is NOT typically a part of the Democratic coalition?
  • fundamentalist Christians
  • straight ticket voting
  • the direct primary
  • Hamilton and Jefferson
Which of the following statements about the patronage system is true?
  • are still important, but their role in campaigns is secondary to that of candidates.
  • Most citizens have a low opinion of Congress as a whole, but say they have confidence in their local representative in Congress.
  • one or both major parties will absorb its issue, and the minor party will lose support.
  • It was a means of rewarding party workers for their loyalty.
The function that the national party organizations perform in relation to congressional candidates can best be described as a
  • one or both major parties will absorb its issue, and the minor party will lose support.
  • formation of a new type of grassroots party organization.
  • service role—helping candidates conduct their personal campaigns.
  • neither local nor state party organizations.
National party organizations can dictate the day-to-day decisions of
  • service role—helping candidates conduct their personal campaigns.
  • decentralized and fragmented.
  • neither local nor state party organizations.
  • It was a means of rewarding party workers for their loyalty.
Which of the following events/phenomena do some analysts consider to have cost Al Gore the presidential election in 2000?
  • their ability to adapt to changing circumstances
  • African Americans
  • a poor televised debate performance
  • a. pollstersb. media producersc. fundraising specialistsd. campaign consultants
Populist ________ won electoral votes in six states in the presidential election of 1892.
  • James B. Weaver
  • the local level.
  • Ross Perot
  • James Monroe
The issue of slavery gave birth to the ________ party as a major political party.
  • retrospective voting
  • Republican
  • Ross Perot
  • Barry Goldwater
MoveOn and Swift Boat Veterans for Truth are both examples of
  • Republican
  • 527 groups.
  • the U.S.
  • Ross Perot
What is a candidate-centered campaign, and how does it differ from a party-centered one? Identify some advantages and disadvantages of candidate-centered campaigns.
  • A primary election is a method of nominating party candidates in which the party nominee is chosen by voters rather than by party leaders. Primary elections weaken party organization by depriving the party of control over the candidates who will run under its banner.
  • In Europe, where there are no primary elections, parties are stronger and have much tighter control over nominations, campaigns, candidate funding, and elections. American parties, due to federalism and a tradition of individualism, remain loose associations of local, state, and national organizations. European parties tend to divide along class lines, while America's two-party system requires each party to accommodate a wide range of interests in order to gain the voting plurality necessary to win elections. The European proportional representation system also results in the viability of smaller parties than can get representation in legislatures even with a small proportion of the vote.
  • Candidates effectively control the candidate-centered campaign, while a party-centered campaign is dominated by parties. In the former, voters tend to select individuals; in the latter, voters tend to make their choices based on party traditions and party platforms. One advantage of candidate-centered campaigns is that they bring flexibility and new blood to electoral politics. This means the political system can more quickly adapt to new realities. Also, candidate-centered campaigns encourage national officeholders to be more responsive to local interests, because personal support among local constituents is the key to re-election. A disadvantage is that such campaigns are heavily influenced by the contributions of special interests. Another disadvantage is that officeholders' accountability to the public is reduced because an incumbent can always blame other officeholders for policy problems. Party-centered campaigns are characterized by collective accountability.
  • Max Cleland
Proportional representation systems encourage the formation of smaller parties by enabling parties to
  • one-half
  • win legislative seats even though they do not receive a majority of votes in elections.
  • a poor televised debate performance
  • small farmers and states' rights advocates, and those favoring commercial and wealthy interests
Party dealignment is
  • None of these answers is correct.
  • Dwight Eisenhower
  • Republican
  • Greenback Party
How do European parties differ from American parties?
  • Analysts believe that the durability of the Democratic and Republican parties is due to their remarkable ability to adapt during times of crisis. These two major parties have survived many periods of social, economic, and political unrest not by maintaining a consistent ideology, but by adapting to the changing needs of the maintaining and realigning elections (for example, the elections of the Great Depression of the 1930s produced fundamentally new Democratic and Republican parties). Instead of being destroyed by these elections, the parties emerged with new bases of support, new policies, and even new philosophies. Democrats and Republicans remained the dominant parties in America. After the Great Depression, the Democrats became the country's majority party and emphasized a new social and economic role for national government. The party survived—indeed succeeded—only by responding to the crisis and adapting its policies to address the current needs of the people. Such capacity for adaptation has ensured the Democrats' and Republicans' longevity and dominance in America's two-party system.
  • In Europe, where there are no primary elections, parties are stronger and have much tighter control over nominations, campaigns, candidate funding, and elections. American parties, due to federalism and a tradition of individualism, remain loose associations of local, state, and national organizations. European parties tend to divide along class lines, while America's two-party system requires each party to accommodate a wide range of interests in order to gain the voting plurality necessary to win elections. The European proportional representation system also results in the viability of smaller parties than can get representation in legislatures even with a small proportion of the vote.
  • Candidates effectively control the candidate-centered campaign, while a party-centered campaign is dominated by parties. In the former, voters tend to select individuals; in the latter, voters tend to make their choices based on party traditions and party platforms. One advantage of candidate-centered campaigns is that they bring flexibility and new blood to electoral politics. This means the political system can more quickly adapt to new realities. Also, candidate-centered campaigns encourage national officeholders to be more responsive to local interests, because personal support among local constituents is the key to re-election. A disadvantage is that such campaigns are heavily influenced by the contributions of special interests. Another disadvantage is that officeholders' accountability to the public is reduced because an incumbent can always blame other officeholders for policy problems. Party-centered campaigns are characterized by collective accountability.
  • the existence of single-member election districts.
What are primary elections and what impact have they had on party organizations?
  • A primary election is a method of nominating party candidates in which the party nominee is chosen by voters rather than by party leaders. Primary elections weaken party organization by depriving the party of control over the candidates who will run under its banner.
  • a. link the public with its elected leaders.b. enable people with different backgrounds and opinions to act together.c. offer the public a choice between policies and leaders.d. narrow voters' electoral options.
  • Analysts believe that the durability of the Democratic and Republican parties is due to their remarkable ability to adapt during times of crisis. These two major parties have survived many periods of social, economic, and political unrest not by maintaining a consistent ideology, but by adapting to the changing needs of the maintaining and realigning elections (for example, the elections of the Great Depression of the 1930s produced fundamentally new Democratic and Republican parties). Instead of being destroyed by these elections, the parties emerged with new bases of support, new policies, and even new philosophies. Democrats and Republicans remained the dominant parties in America. After the Great Depression, the Democrats became the country's majority party and emphasized a new social and economic role for national government. The party survived—indeed succeeded—only by responding to the crisis and adapting its policies to address the current needs of the people. Such capacity for adaptation has ensured the Democrats' and Republicans' longevity and dominance in America's two-party system.
  • small farmers and states' rights advocates, and those favoring commercial and wealthy interests
The vicious character to which current political ads are prone may be gauged by a 2002 ad that associated disabled war veteran ________ with Saddam Hussein and Osama bin Laden.
  • factional
  • $20,000
  • African Americans
  • Max Cleland
The first American political parties emerged from the conflict between
  • small farmers and states' rights advocates, and those favoring commercial and wealthy interests
  • a. nominations.b. financing.c. platforms.d. the staffing of government jobs.
  • a very close electoral result.
  • a. pollstersb. media producersc. fundraising specialistsd. campaign consultants
Candidate-centered politics encourages all of the following EXCEPT
  • working class voters
  • long-term consistency in policymaking.
  • a very close electoral result.
  • a. nominations.b. financing.c. platforms.d. the staffing of government jobs.
Which of the following are key players in the modern campaign?
  • a. pollstersb. media producersc. fundraising specialistsd. campaign consultants
  • small farmers and states' rights advocates, and those favoring commercial and wealthy interests
  • fundamentalist Christians
  • straight ticket voting
If a minor party gains a large following, it is almost certain that
  • one or both major parties will absorb its issue, and the minor party will lose support.
  • service role—helping candidates conduct their personal campaigns.
  • Most citizens have a low opinion of Congress as a whole, but say they have confidence in their local representative in Congress.
  • It was a means of rewarding party workers for their loyalty.
________ warned Americans of the "baneful effects" of factions (political parties) in his 1797 farewell address.
  • political parties
  • the direct primary
  • Barry Goldwater
  • George Washington
All of the following are characteristic of a party realignment EXCEPT
  • straight ticket voting
  • a very close electoral result.
  • working class voters
  • fundamentalist Christians
Explain why the single-member district system of elections tends to promote a two-party system.
  • Republican
  • the two-party system and the need to gain a plurality
  • A party realignment occurs when many significant social groups alter their voting behavior and switch their allegiance from one political party to another. Party realignments have four basic elements: The existing political order is disrupted; voters shift their support in favor of one party; a major change in public policy occurs as a result of the stronger party; and there is an enduring change in the party coalitions, which works to the lasting advantage of that party.
  • In a single-member district system, each constituency selects only one representative for an office on the basis of which candidate receives a plurality of the vote. This system promotes a two-party system in America. It discourages minor parties because it is, essentially, a winner-take-all contest. For example, if a minor party receives 20 percent of the vote in each congressional district, it would win no seats in Congress. Despite the fact that one in five voters voted for the minor party, the winning candidate in each district would be the major-party candidate with the larger proportion of the remaining 80 percent of the vote. In contrast, a system of proportional representation is not a winner-take-all contest. In European democracies, for example, seats in the legislature are allocated according to a party's share of the popular vote. This system encourages minor parties; if a minor party wins 20 percent of the vote by way of illustration, it receives 20 percent of the legislative seats. America's single-member district system disadvantages minor parties and, therefore, promotes a two-party system.
In the 2008 presidential election, ________ used the Internet most successfully to attract followers and raise donations.
  • Barry Goldwater
  • factional
  • Barack Obama
  • Max Cleland
Democrats and Republicans have endured as the two major U.S. parties primarily due to
  • their ability to adapt to changing circumstances
  • small farmers and states' rights advocates, and those favoring commercial and wealthy interests
  • the existence of single-member election districts.
  • win legislative seats even though they do not receive a majority of votes in elections.
Prospective voting is characterized by
  • small farmers and states' rights advocates, and those favoring commercial and wealthy interests
  • choices based on what candidates promise to do if elected.
  • Hamilton and Jefferson
  • a. pollstersb. media producersc. fundraising specialistsd. campaign consultants
James Carville, Dick Morris, and Roger Ailes are all examples of
  • campaign strategists who have earned legendary reputations.
  • It was a means of rewarding party workers for their loyalty.
  • service role—helping candidates conduct their personal campaigns.
  • Hamilton and Jefferson
Which of the following encourages the two major parties to build broad coalitions?
  • provide only general policy guidance for the state organizations.
  • a. pollstersb. media producersc. fundraising specialistsd. campaign consultants
  • fundamentalist Christians
  • the two-party system and the need to gain a plurality
________ does not have a competitive multiparty system.
  • James Monroe
  • retrospective voting
  • the U.S.
  • closed
On average, how much money must a U.S. senator raise every week of his or her six-year term in order to acquire enough money to launch a competitive bid for reelection?
  • one-half
  • Barack Obama
  • Max Cleland
  • $20,000
Organizationally, U.S. party organizations are
  • are still important, but their role in campaigns is secondary to that of candidates.
  • formation of a new type of grassroots party organization.
  • service role—helping candidates conduct their personal campaigns.
  • decentralized and fragmented.
Which of the following is NOT an example of an ideological party?
  • Republican
  • A party realignment occurs when many significant social groups alter their voting behavior and switch their allegiance from one political party to another. Party realignments have four basic elements: The existing political order is disrupted; voters shift their support in favor of one party; a major change in public policy occurs as a result of the stronger party; and there is an enduring change in the party coalitions, which works to the lasting advantage of that party.
  • Greenback Party
  • Dwight Eisenhower
What is meant by a party realignment?
  • In a single-member district system, each constituency selects only one representative for an office on the basis of which candidate receives a plurality of the vote. This system promotes a two-party system in America. It discourages minor parties because it is, essentially, a winner-take-all contest. For example, if a minor party receives 20 percent of the vote in each congressional district, it would win no seats in Congress. Despite the fact that one in five voters voted for the minor party, the winning candidate in each district would be the major-party candidate with the larger proportion of the remaining 80 percent of the vote. In contrast, a system of proportional representation is not a winner-take-all contest. In European democracies, for example, seats in the legislature are allocated according to a party's share of the popular vote. This system encourages minor parties; if a minor party wins 20 percent of the vote by way of illustration, it receives 20 percent of the legislative seats. America's single-member district system disadvantages minor parties and, therefore, promotes a two-party system.
  • Greenback Party
  • A party realignment occurs when many significant social groups alter their voting behavior and switch their allegiance from one political party to another. Party realignments have four basic elements: The existing political order is disrupted; voters shift their support in favor of one party; a major change in public policy occurs as a result of the stronger party; and there is an enduring change in the party coalitions, which works to the lasting advantage of that party.
  • Republican
About 95 percent of all political activists in the United States work at
  • Hamilton and Jefferson
  • the local level.
  • working class voters
  • political parties
Which of the following groups is most closely aligned with the Democratic Party, voting about 85 percent Democratic in presidential elections?
  • Analysts believe that the durability of the Democratic and Republican parties is due to their remarkable ability to adapt during times of crisis. These two major parties have survived many periods of social, economic, and political unrest not by maintaining a consistent ideology, but by adapting to the changing needs of the maintaining and realigning elections (for example, the elections of the Great Depression of the 1930s produced fundamentally new Democratic and Republican parties). Instead of being destroyed by these elections, the parties emerged with new bases of support, new policies, and even new philosophies. Democrats and Republicans remained the dominant parties in America. After the Great Depression, the Democrats became the country's majority party and emphasized a new social and economic role for national government. The party survived—indeed succeeded—only by responding to the crisis and adapting its policies to address the current needs of the people. Such capacity for adaptation has ensured the Democrats' and Republicans' longevity and dominance in America's two-party system.
  • African Americans
  • a poor televised debate performance
  • George Washington
Ticket splitting was most prominent during which decade?
  • the U.S.
  • 1970s
  • James Monroe
  • the local level.
Political parties serve to
  • small farmers and states' rights advocates, and those favoring commercial and wealthy interests
  • win legislative seats even though they do not receive a majority of votes in elections.
  • closed
  • a. link the public with its elected leaders.b. enable people with different backgrounds and opinions to act together.c. offer the public a choice between policies and leaders.d. narrow voters' electoral options.
In Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010), the Supreme Court
  • decentralized and fragmented.
  • found corporations and unions could not be banned from spending money on campaigns.
  • are still important, but their role in campaigns is secondary to that of candidates.
  • neither local nor state party organizations.
Which of the following represents the greatest blow to the organizational strength of U.S. parties?
  • the direct primary
  • fundamentalist Christians
  • straight ticket voting
  • political parties
________ is based on judgment about the past performance of an elected official or political party
  • Barry Goldwater
  • straight ticket voting
  • retrospective voting
  • working class voters
In twentieth-century American history, the most important minor parties were ________ parties.
  • one-half
  • Barack Obama
  • factional
  • Ross Perot
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