speech that directly incites damaging conduct. (page 130)
  • Libel
  • Speech plus
  • Slander
  • Fighting words
a private group that raises and distributes funds for use in election campaigns. (page 420)
  • Divided government
  • Political action committee (PAC)
  • Soft money
  • Patronage
a system of rule that permits citizens to vote directly on laws and policies. (page 15)
  • Pluralism
  • Direct democracy
  • Oligarchy
  • Separation of powers
an oral statement made in 'reckless disregard of the truth' that is considered damaging to the victim because it is 'malicious, scandalous, and defamatory.' (page 127)
  • Libel
  • Prior Restraint
  • Fighting Words
  • Slander
the requirement, articulated by the Supreme Court in Miranda v. Arizona, that persons under arrest must be informed prior to police interrogation of their rights to remain silent and to have the benefit of legal counsel. (page 139)
  • Equal protection clause
  • Exclusionary rule
  • Double jeopardy
  • Miranda rule
the right of government to take private property for public use. (page 139)
  • Eminent domain
  • Due process of law
  • Double jeopardy
  • Habeas corpus
a polling technique in which the questions are designed to shape the respondent's opinion. (page 240)
  • Priming
  • Push polling
  • Probability sampling
  • Public opinion
a convention delegate position, in Democratic conventions, reserved for party officials. (page 392)
  • Proportional Representation
  • Soft Money
  • Superdelegate
  • Conservative
the First Amendment clause that says that 'Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion.' This law means that a 'wall of separation' exists between church and state. (page 119)
  • Free exercise clause
  • Necessary and proper clause
  • Commerce clause
  • Establishment clause
a primary election in which voters can participate in the nomination of candidates, but only of the party in which they are enrolled for a period of time prior to primary day. (page 382)
  • General election
  • Open primary
  • Referendum
  • Closed primary
a type of federalism existing since the New Deal era in which grants-in-aid have been used strategically to encourage states and localities. (without commanding them) to pursue nationally defined goals. Also known as 'intergovernmental cooperation.' (page 92)
  • Concurrent powers
  • Home rule
  • Cooperative federalism
  • Dual federalism
economic policies designed to control the economy through taxing and spending, with the goal of benefiting the poor. (page 98)
  • Block grants
  • States' rights
  • General revenue sharing
  • Redistributive programs
the practice of referring a proposed law passed by a legislature to the vote of the electorate for approval or rejection. (page 392)
  • Closed Primary
  • Referendum
  • Recall
  • Gerrymandering
basic principles that shape a person's opinions about political issues and events. (page 205)
  • Values (or beliefs)
  • Agents of socialization
  • Political ideology
  • Attitude (or opinion)
an effort by political candidates and their supporters to win the backing of donors, political activists, and voters in their quest for political office. (page 394)
  • Campaign
  • National Convention
  • Nomination
  • Platform
literally, 'by law'; refers to legally enforced practices, such as school segregation in the South before the 1960s. (page 165)
  • Habeas corpus
  • De facto
  • De jure
  • Discrimination
the Fifth Amendment right providing that a person cannot be tried twice for the same crime. (page 138)
  • Eminent domain
  • Exclusionary rule
  • Habeas corpus
  • Double jeopardy
apportionment of voters in districts in such a way as to give unfair advantage to one racial or ethnic group or political party. (page 385)
  • Referendum
  • Gerrymandering
  • Redlining
  • Redistricting
scientific instruments for measuring public opinion. (page 228)
  • Primaries
  • Sample
  • Public-opinion polls
  • Agents of socialization
news reporting devoted to a targeted portion. (subset) of a journalism market sector or for a portion of readers/viewers based on content or ideological presentation. (page 258)
  • Niche journalism
  • Framing
  • Social media
  • Priming
formal institutions and procedures through which a territory and its people are ruled
  • government
  • federalism
  • politics
  • democracy
the process by which different protections in the Bill of Rights were incorporated into the Fourteenth Amendment, thus guaranteeing citizens protection from state as well as national governments. (page 117)
  • Civil liberties
  • Judicial review
  • Preemption
  • Selective incorporation
having a legislative assembly composed of two chambers or houses; distinguished from unicameral. (page 52)
  • Divided Government
  • Bicameral
  • Federalism
  • Confederation
provision, from Article IV, Section 1, of the Constitution, requiring that the states normally honor the public acts and judicial decisions that take place in another state. (page 79)
  • Majority-minority district
  • Full faith and credit clause
  • Spot (advertisement)
  • Political culture
the percentage of eligible individuals who actually vote. (page 306)
  • Suffrage
  • Protest
  • Turnout
  • Mobilization
Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution. (also known as the necessary and proper clause), which enumerates the powers of Congress and provides Congress with the authority to make all laws 'necessary and proper' to carry them out. (page 51)
  • Supremacy clause
  • Implied powers
  • Full faith and credit clause
  • Elastic clause
areas of personal freedom with which governments are constrained from interfering. (page 116)
  • Federalism
  • Civil liberties
  • Selective incorporation
  • Civil rights
the system of government that prevailed in the United States from 1789 to 1937, in which most fundamental governmental powers were shared between the federal and state governments. (page 82)
  • Devolution
  • Cooperative federalism
  • Dual federalism
  • Supremacy clause
A system of rule in which the government recognizes no formal limits on its power and seeks to absorb or eliminate other social institutions that might challenge it
  • Equality of opportunity
  • constitutional government
  • totalitarian government
  • Ballot initiative
an individual voter's psychological ties to one party or another. (page 360)
  • Party identification
  • Political socialization
  • Political efficacy
  • Straight-ticket voting
Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution, which delegates to Congress the power 'to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States and with the Indian tribes.' This clause was interpreted by the Supreme Court in favor of national power over the economy. (page 85)
  • Necessary and proper clause
  • Commerce clause
  • Elastic clause
  • Full faith and credit clause
grant programs in which state and local governments submit proposals to federal agencies and for which funding is provided on a competitive basis. (page 91)
  • Block grants
  • Project grants
  • Categorical grants
  • Formula grants
a practice in which banks refuse to make loans to people living in certain geographic locations. (page 175)
  • Redistricting
  • Redlining
  • Affirmative Action
  • Gerrymandering
a procedure to allow voters to remove state officials from office before their terms expire by circulating petitions to call a vote. (page 393)
  • Proportional Representation
  • Recall
  • Amendment
  • Referendum
elections held to select a party's candidate for the general election. (page 382)
  • General election
  • Judicial review
  • Primary elections
  • Midterm elections
a widely shared American ideal that all people should have the freedom to use whatever talents and wealth they have to reach their fullest potential. (page 207)
  • Due process of law
  • Democracy
  • Limited government
  • Equality of opportunity
one of three Civil War amendments; it guaranteed equal protection and due process. (page 159)
  • Thirteenth Amendment
  • Fourteenth Amendment
  • Supremacy Clause
  • Due Process Of Law
a type of electoral system in which, to win a seat in the parliament or other representative body, a candidate must receive a majority of all the votes cast in the relevant district. (page 383)
  • Referendum
  • Majority system
  • Closed primary
  • Plurality system
Web-based and mobile-based technologies that are used to turn communication into interactive dialogue between organizations, communities, and individuals; social media technologies take on many different forms including blogs, Wikis, podcasts, pictures, video, Facebook, Twitter, and more. (page 261)
  • Broadcast media
  • Political parties
  • Politics
  • Social media
a national party political institution that nominates the party's presidential and vice presidential candidates, establishes party rules, and writes and ratifies the party's platform. (page 355)
  • Open primary
  • General election
  • National convention
  • Nomination
nonprofit independent groups that receive and disburse funds to influence the nomination, election, or defeat of candidates. Named after Section 527 of the Internal Revenue Code, which defines and provides tax-exempt status for nonprofit advocacy groups. (page 421)
  • 627 committees
  • 527 committees
  • 264 committees
  • 532 committees
the division of governmental power among several institutions that must cooperate in decision making. (page 50)
  • Checks and balances
  • Separation of powers
  • Limited government
  • Federalism
process of preparing the public to take a particular view of an event or political actor. (page 276)
  • Priming
  • Framing
  • Fairness Doctrine
  • Agenda Setting
those who favored strong state governments and a weak national government and who were opponents of the Constitution proposed at the American Constitutional Convention of(page 56)
  • Confederation
  • Antifederalists
  • Bill Of Rights
  • Democracy
the agreement reached at the Constitutional Convention of 1787 that gave each state an equal number of senators regardless of its population, but linked representation in the House of Representatives to population. (page 46)
  • Great Compromise
  • Virginia Plan
  • New Jersey Plan
  • Three-fifths Compromise
a type of electoral system in which, to win a seat in the parliament or other representative body, a candidate need only receive the most votes in the election, not necessarily a majority of votes cast. (page 383)
  • Plurality system
  • Two-party system
  • Majority system
  • Proportional representation
a test used by the Supreme Court in racial discrimination cases and other cases involving civil liberties and civil rights that places the burden of proof on the government rather than on the challengers to show that the law in question is constitutional. (page 165)
  • Prior restraint
  • Strict scrutiny
  • Affirmative action
  • Intermediate scrutiny
a multiple-member district system that allows each political party representation in proportion to its percentage of the total vote. (page 383)
  • Superdelegate
  • Open primary
  • Gerrymandering
  • Proportional representation
the power of the courts to review and, if necessary, declare actions of the legislative and executive branches invalid or unconstitutional; the Supreme Court asserted this power in Marbury v. Madison. (page 53)
  • Separation of powers
  • Judicial review
  • Federalism
  • Checks and balances
a system of government in which the national government shares power with lower levels of government, such as states. (page 77)
  • Direct democracy
  • Confederation
  • Federal system
  • Unitary system
a method used by pollsters to select a representative sample in which every individual in the population has an equal probability of being selected as a respondent. (page 230)
  • Sample
  • Random digit dialing
  • Push polling
  • Probability sampling
the formal structure of a political party, including its leadership, election committees, active members, and paid staff. (page 355)
  • Party activists
  • Two-party system
  • Party identification
  • Party organization
a polling method in which respondents are selected at random from a list of ten-digit telephone numbers, with every effort made to avoid bias in the construction of the sample. (page 230)
  • Selection bias (surveys)
  • Bandwagon effect
  • Push polling
  • Random digit dialing
congressional elections that do not coincide with a presidential election; also called off-year elections. (page 381)
  • Runoff election
  • Primary elections
  • Midterm elections
  • Redistricting
the option in some states to cast a vote at a polling place or by mail before the election. (page 319)
  • Retrospective voting
  • Permanent absentee ballots
  • Open primary
  • Early voting
a system of government in which power is divided, by a constitution, between a central government and regional governments. (page 77)
  • Federalism
  • Checks And Balances
  • Judicial Review
  • Separation Of Powers
cheap, tabloid-style newspaper produced in the nineteenth century, when mass production of inexpensive newspapers first became possible due to the steam-powered printing press; a penny press cost one cent compared to other papers, which cost more than five cents. (page 256)
  • Social media
  • Priming
  • Framing
  • Penny press
strong party organizations in late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century American cities. These machines were led by 'bosses' who controlled party nominations and patronage. (page 358)
  • Third Parties
  • Patronage
  • 527 Committees
  • Machines
a primary election in which the voter can wait until the day of the primary to choose which party to enroll in to select candidates for the general election. (page 382)
  • Referendum
  • General election
  • Closed primary
  • Open primary
a rule articulated in Lemon v. Kurtzman that government action toward religion is permissible if it is secular in purpose, neither promotes nor inhibits the practice of religion, and does not lead to 'excessive entanglement' with religion. (page 120)
  • Exclusionary rule
  • Clear and present danger test
  • Strict scrutiny
  • Lemon test
laws that declare an action to be illegal after it has been committed. (page 115)
  • Civil rights
  • Habeas corpus
  • Ex post facto laws
  • Judicial review
a change added to a bill, law, or constitution. (page 62)
  • Judicial Review
  • Recall
  • Amendment
  • Referendum
an individual who identifies a problem as a political issue and brings a policy proposal into the political agenda. (page 368)
  • Conservative
  • Patronage
  • Policy entrepreneur
  • Party activists
a framework for the Constitution, introduced by William Paterson, that called for equal state representation in the national legislature regardless of population. (page 45)
  • Three-fifths Compromise
  • Virginia Plan
  • Great Compromise
  • New Jersey Plan
Article VI of the Constitution, which states that laws passed by the national government and all treaties are the supreme law of the land and superior to all laws adopted by any state or any subdivision. (page 53)
  • Supremacy clause
  • Commerce clause
  • Elastic clause
  • Full faith and credit clause
a law that declares a person guilty of a crime without a trial. (page 115)
  • Bill of attainder
  • Bill of rights
  • Supremacy clause
  • Habeas corpus
a shift in electoral support to the candidate whom public opinion polls report as the front-runner. (page 241)
  • Bandwagon effect
  • Social desirability effect
  • Framing
  • Coattail effect
citizens' attitudes about political issues, leaders, institutions, and events. (page 205)
  • Political ideology
  • Public opinion
  • Political socialization
  • Political culture
powers derived from the necessary and proper clause of Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution. Such powers are not specifically expressed, but are implied through the expansive interpretation of delegated powers. (page 77)
  • Elastic clause
  • Implied powers
  • Reserved powers
  • Concurrent powers
a political ideology that emphasizes freedom and voluntary association with small government. (page 216)
  • Pluralism
  • Libertarianism
  • Democracy
  • Socialism
the requirement that broadcasters provide candidates for the same political office equal opportunities to communicate their messages to the public. (page 284)
  • Right of rebuttal
  • Equal time rule
  • Prior restraint
  • Fairness doctrine
the theory that all interests are and should be free to compete for influence in the government; the outcome of this competition is compromise and moderation. (page 16)
  • Pluralism
  • Federalism
  • Socialism
  • Direct Democracy
federal grants-in-aid that allow states considerable discretion in how the funds are spent. (page 96)
  • Block grants
  • Project grants
  • Unfunded mandates
  • Categorical grants
a system of rule that permits citizens to play a significant part in the governmental process, usually through the election of key public officials. (page 207)
  • Socialism
  • Autocracy
  • Democracy
  • Oligarchy
government policies or programs that seek to redress past injustices against specified groups by making special efforts to provide members of those groups with access to educational and employment opportunities. (page 190)
  • Affirmative action
  • Devolution
  • Strict scrutiny
  • Dual federalism
mechanisms through which each branch of government is able to participate in and influence the activities of the other branches; major examples include the presidential veto power over congressional legislation, the power of the Senate to approve presidential appointments, and judicial review of congressional enactments. (page 49)
  • Separation of powers
  • Checks and balances
  • Federalism
  • Judicial review
parties that organize to compete against the two major American political parties. (page 352)
  • Political parties
  • Patronage
  • Third parties
  • Divided government
a 15, 30, or 60-second television campaign commercial that permits a candidate's message to be delivered to a target audience. (page 398)
  • clear and present danger test
  • Spot (advertisement)
  • Right of rebuttal
  • Limited government
the ownership and control of the media by a few large corporations. (page 269)
  • Political socialization
  • Media monopoly
  • Digital divide
  • Agenda setting
partisans who contribute time, energy, and effort to support their party and its candidates. (page 361)
  • Party organization
  • Patronage
  • Party activists
  • Policy entrepreneur
a system of rule in which the government recognizes no formal limits but may nevertheless be restrained by the power of other social institutions
  • autocracy
  • authoritarian government
  • pluralism
  • oligarchy
Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution, which provides Congress with the authority to make all laws 'necessary and proper' to carry out its expressed powers. (page 77)
  • Necessary and proper clause
  • Commerce clause
  • Full faith and credit clause
  • Implied powers
polling error that arises when the sample is not representative of the population being studied, which creates errors in over representing or under representing some opinions. (page 239)
  • Selection bias (news)
  • Probability sampling
  • Social desirability effect
  • Selection bias (surveys)
polling error that arises based on the small size of the sample. (page 230)
  • Framing
  • Sampling error (or margin of error)
  • Random digit dialing
  • Public-opinion polls
the option in some states to register on the day of the election, at the polling place, rather than in advance of the election. (page 318)
  • Selective incorporation
  • Election-Day registration
  • Selection bias (surveys)
  • clear and present danger test
the division between the two major parties on most policy issues, with members of each party unified around their party's positions with little crossover. (page 351)
  • Party polarization
  • Party identification
  • Divided government
  • Political socialization
today this term refers to those who generally support the social and economic status quo and are suspicious of efforts to introduce new political formulae and economic arrangements. Conservatives believe that a large and powerful government poses a threat to citizens' freedom. (page 218)
  • Liberal
  • Agents Of Socialization
  • Conservative
  • Socialism
today this term refers to those who generally support social and political reform; extensive governmental intervention in the economy; the expansion of federal social services; more vigorous efforts on behalf of the poor, minorities, and women; and greater concern for consumers and the environment. (page 217)
  • Liberal
  • Socialism
  • Conservative
  • Policy Entrepreneur
a candidate running for reelection to a position that he or she already holds. (page 394)
  • Turnout
  • Gerrymandering
  • Referendum
  • Incumbent
regulations or conditions for receiving grants that impose costs on state and local governments for which they are not reimbursed by the federal government. (page 95)
  • Unfunded mandates
  • Block grants
  • Categorical grants
  • Formula grants
a form of federalism in which Congress imposes legislation on states and localities, requiring them to meet national standards. (page 94)
  • Pluralism
  • Regulated federalism
  • Niche journalism
  • Libertarianism
the ability of courts to exclude evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment. (page 134)
  • Prior restraint
  • Exclusionary rule
  • Establishment clause
  • Double jeopardy
the induction of individuals into the political culture; learning the underlying beliefs and values on which the political system is based. (page 208)
  • Public opinion
  • Political socialization
  • Political ideology
  • Political culture
specific powers granted by the Constitution to Congress. (Article I, Section 8) and to the president. (Article II). (page 77)
  • Fairness doctrine
  • Right to privacy
  • Expressed powers
  • States' rights
a political ideology that emphasizes social ownership or collective government ownership and strong government. (page 216)
  • Socialism
  • Democracy
  • Pluralism
  • Libertarianism
a gerrymandered voting district that improves the chances of minority candidates by making selected minority groups the majority within the district. (page 385)
  • Majority-minority district
  • Affirmative action
  • Jim crow laws
  • Gerrymandering
doctrine that public accommodations could be segregated by race but still be considered equal. (page 161)
  • separate but equal rule
  • federalism
  • ex post facto laws
  • checks and balances
a form of government in which a single individual rules (king, queen, or dictator)
  • oligarchy
  • autocracy
  • Patronage
  • Tyranny
the party that holds the majority of legislative seats in either the House or the Senate. (page 369)
  • Gerrymandering
  • Divided government
  • Implied powers
  • Majority party
provision, from Article IV, Section 2, of the Constitution, that a state cannot discriminate against someone from another state or give its own residents special privileges. (page 79)
  • Privileges and immunities clause
  • Necessary and proper clause
  • Full faith and credit clause
  • Equal protection clause
the process by which one unit of government yields a portion of its tax income to another unit of government, according to an established formula. Revenue sharing typically involves the national government providing money to state governments. (page 97)
  • Categorical grants
  • Block grants
  • Unfunded mandates
  • General revenue sharing
oppressive government that employs cruel and unjust use of power and authority. (page 59)
  • Tyranny
  • Oligarchy
  • Democracy
  • Autocracy
freedom from governmental control. (page 206)
  • Power
  • Politics
  • Democracy
  • Liberty
the process of redrawing election districts and redistributing legislative representatives. This happens every ten years to reflect shifts in population or in response to legal challenges in existing districts. (page 385)
  • Redlining
  • Patronage
  • Redistricting
  • Gerrymandering
participation that involves assembling crowds to confront a government or other official organization. (page 296)
  • Turnout
  • Protest
  • Libel
  • Suffrage
the option in some states to have a ballot sent automatically to your home for each election, rather than having to request an absentee ballot each time. (page 319)
  • Election-day registration
  • Online political participation
  • Early voting
  • Permanent absentee ballots
power delegated by the state to a local unit of government to manage its own affairs. (page 80)
  • Preemption
  • Home rule
  • Dual federalism
  • Devolution
the principle that the states should oppose the increasing authority of the national government. This principle was most popular in the period before the Civil War. (page 87)
  • Implied powers
  • Home rule
  • States' rights
  • New federalism
congressional grants given to states and localities on the condition that expenditures be limited to a problem or group specified by law. (page 91)
  • Categorical grants
  • Project grants
  • Block grants
  • Unfunded mandates
television, radio, or other media that transmit audio and/or video content to the public. (page 253)
  • Social media
  • Agenda setting
  • Broadcast media
  • Political parties
an application or feed that collects Web content such as news headlines, blogs, podcasts, online videos, and more in one location for easy viewing. (page 256)
  • Social media
  • Digital citizen
  • News aggregator
  • Media monopoly
the effect that results when respondents in a survey report what they expect the interviewer wishes to hear rather than what they believe. (page 237)
  • Social desirability effect
  • Political socialization
  • Coattail effect
  • Bandwagon effect
a regularly scheduled election involving most districts in the nation or state, in which voters select officeholders; in the United States, general elections for national office and most state and local offices are held on the first Tuesday following the first Monday in November in even-numbered years. (every four years for presidential elections). (page 383)
  • General election
  • Runoff election
  • Closed primary
  • Open primary
a normally closed political party business meeting of citizens or law makers to select candidates elect officers, plan strategy, or make decisions regarding legislative matters. (page 388)
  • Caucus (political)
  • National convention
  • Closed primary
  • Party organization
nonprofit groups that also engage in issue advocacy. Under Section 501c(4) of the federal tax code such a group may spend up to half its revenue for political purposes. (page 421)
  • 501c(4) committees
  • 601c(4) committees
  • 501c(1) committees
  • 502c(4) committees
a proposed law or policy change that is placed on the ballot by citizens or interest groups for a popular vote. (page 392)
  • Referendum
  • Recall
  • Closed primary
  • Ballot initiative
the point in history when a new party supplants the ruling party, becoming in turn the dominant political force; in the United States, this has tended to occur roughly every 30 years. (page 349)
  • Divided government
  • Electoral realignment
  • Party polarization
  • Proportional representation
a written statement made in 'reckless disregard of the truth' that is considered damaging to a victim because it is 'malicious, scandalous, and defamatory.' (page 127)
  • Libel
  • Slander
  • Prior Restraint
  • Fighting Words
influence over a government's leadership, organization, or policies. (page 15)
  • Liberty
  • Politics
  • Government
  • Power
grants-in-aid in which a formula is used to determine the amount of federal funds a state or local government will receive. (page 91)
  • Formula grants
  • Block grants
  • Project grants
  • Categorical grants
a court order demanding that an individual in custody be brought into court and shown the cause for detention. (page 115)
  • Habeas corpus
  • Double jeopardy
  • Judicial review
  • Separation of powers
organized groups that attempt to influence the government by electing their members to important government offices. (page 341)
  • Democracy
  • Checks and balances
  • Oligarchy
  • Political parties
the 1954 Supreme Court decision that struck down the 'separate but equal' doctrine as fundamentally unequal. This case eliminated state power to use race as a criterion of discrimination in law and provided the national government with the power to intervene by exercising strict regulatory policies against discriminatory actions. (page 164)
  • Jim crow laws
  • Fourteenth amendment
  • Fifteenth amendment
  • Brown v. Board of Education
news reported and distributed by citizens, rather than professional journalists and for-profit news organizations. (page 259)
  • Bicameral
  • Agenda setting
  • Citizen journalism
  • Framing
a political system in which only two parties have a realistic opportunity to compete effectively for control. (page 342)
  • Divided government
  • Electoral college
  • Two-party system
  • Proportional representation
jury that determines whether sufficient evidence is available to justify a trial; grand juries do not rule on the accused's guilt or innocence. (page 136)
  • Grand jury
  • Exclusionary rule
  • Judicial review
  • Double jeopardy
a centralized government system in which lower levels of government have little power independent of the national government. (page 77)
  • Confederation
  • Federalism
  • Federal system
  • Unitary system
a framework for the Constitution, introduced by Edmund Randolph, that called for representation in the national legislature based on the population of each state. (page 45)
  • Three-fifths Compromise
  • Great Compromise
  • Virginia Plan
  • New Jersey Plan
the public forum in which beliefs and ideas are exchanged and compete. (page 224)
  • Marketplace of ideas
  • Agents of socialization
  • Exclusionary rule
  • Right to privacy
the principle that allows the national government to override state or local actions in certain policy areas; in foreign policy, the willingness to strike first in order to prevent an enemy attack. (page 94)
  • Home Rule
  • Devolution
  • Dual Federalism
  • Preemption
speech accompanied by conduct such as sit-ins, picketing, and demonstrations. Protection of this form of speech under the First Amendment is conditional, and restrictions imposed by state or local authorities are acceptable if properly balanced by considerations of public order. (page 126)
  • fighting words
  • slander
  • libel
  • speech plus
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