The process of redrawing territorial district boundaries to favor a certain political party
  • gerrymandering
  • gentrification
  • globalization
  • suburbanization
The series of small moves of a migrant to reach a destination
  • urbanization
  • transhumance
  • step migration
  • channelized migration
Factors such as war, high crime, or overcrowding that "push" a migrant to a new region
  • green revolution
  • push factor of migration
  • centrifugal force
  • maquiladora
Economic activities that provide services
  • exclusive economic zone (EEZ)
  • mediterranean agriculture
  • tertiary economic activities
  • rate of natural increase (NIR)
The principle that we must meet our present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs
  • carrying capacity
  • sustainability
  • possibilism
  • environmental determinism
An area that displays a common trait such as culture, government, language, landform, etc.
  • region
  • absolute location
  • place
  • relative location
An old boundary between countries that is no longer used
  • relict boundary
  • specialty farming
  • carrying capacity
  • material culture
The periphery's continued exploitation by, and dependency on, the core in modern times even though they are no longer colonies
  • transhumance
  • neo-colonialism
  • dependency theory
  • uneven development
The process in which culture is spread from one region to another
  • cultural diffusion
  • culture region
  • environmental determinism
  • assimilation
A simplified generalization of something in real life
  • density
  • scale
  • mental map
  • model
Government-constructed and regulated low-income housing in urban areas
  • suburbanization
  • public housing
  • gentrification
  • urban renewal
The array of items on the Earth's surface. All spatial distributions have density, dispersion, and some type of pattern
  • distribution
  • projection
  • scale
  • density
The unique landscape made up of all parts of a culture-both material and nonmaterial
  • relative location
  • absolute location
  • placelessness
  • cultural landscape
The theory that the physical environment merely establishes limits of what is possible on the human population
  • syncretism
  • environmental determinism
  • assimilation
  • possibilism
The idea that every country and region will eventually make economic progress toward a high level of mass consumption if they only compete to the best of their ability within the world economy
  • supranationalism
  • possibilism
  • world-systems theory
  • developmentalism
A system in which a country declares control over a territory or people outside its own boundaries, usually for economic purposes
  • devolution
  • imperialism
  • colonialism
  • sovereignty
A chain of activities from the manufacturing to the distribution of a product
  • commodity chain
  • carrying capacity
  • desertification
  • agribusiness
The economic activities that deal with the highest-level of decision-making in both the government and private sectors of the economy
  • exclusive economic zone (eez)
  • forward capital
  • confederation
  • quinary economic activities
A portion of the Earth's surface occupied by populations sharing recognizable and distinctive cultural characteristics
  • formal region
  • culture trait
  • culture region
  • cultural diffusion
The process of renovating an older, run-down neighborhood near the center city by middle-class and high-income families
  • gentrification
  • gerrymandering
  • urban sprawl
  • ghettoization
The development and transfer from the developed world to the developing world, of higher-yield and fast-growing crops through new and improved technology, pesticides, and fertilizers, for the purpose of alleviating world hunger
  • Biotechnology
  • Green Revolution
  • Industrial Revolution
  • Subsistence Agriculture
A state, such as Thailand or Myanmar (Burma), that is round in shape with a large extension
  • elongated state
  • prorupt state/protruded state
  • primate city
  • gateway city
A strong love of, and loyalty to, one's country
  • sovereignty
  • imperialism
  • globalization
  • nationalism
A model of urban land use developed by Harris and Ullman based on separated and specialized multiple nuclei
  • concentric zone model
  • multiple-nuclei model
  • sector model
  • central business district (cbd)
Nonmaterial parts of a culture such as language, religion, artistic pursuits, folk stories, myths, etc.
  • syncretism
  • artifact
  • cultural landscape
  • mentifact
Small areas of a country with exceptional investment and trading conditions that are created by its government to stimulate and attract foreign investors and business
  • vertical integration
  • export-processing zones (EPZs)
  • exclusive economic zone (eez)
  • gross domestic product (gdp)
The scale of a map represented as a ratio or fraction, such as 1:25,000
  • relative location
  • crude density
  • representative fraction
  • dependency ratio
The migration theory that states that educated workers often migrate from poor countries to wealthy countries seeking better-paying jobs
  • human capital theory of migration
  • gravity model
  • irredentism
  • separatism
The cost savings for individual industries as a result of grouping together in a certain location
  • central business district (cbd)
  • localization economies
  • millenium development goals
  • secondary economic activities
A country, or political unit in which the Earth is divided
  • state
  • nation-state
  • nation
  • unitary state
The ever-changing cultural norms associated with a large, diverse group of people who are very influenced by mass media, mass production, and mass merchandising
  • popular culture
  • material culture
  • taboo
  • folk culture
A strong, divisive force, such as religious differences or a weak communication systems, at work in a country
  • nationalism
  • centrifugal force
  • irredentism
  • ethnic enclave
Monocropping, or planting a single crop for profit, is a specialized form of agriculture and is usually located near the former colonial markets
  • mediterranean agriculture
  • subsistence agriculture
  • truck farming
  • plantation agriculture
The movement of humans from one place to another
  • urbanization
  • population density
  • migration
  • relative location
The condition where a group of humans is able to live in one location and grow crops and raise animals
  • sedentary
  • transhumance
  • migration
  • urban subsistence farming
A person's satisfaction or dissatisfaction with a place
  • place utility
  • transhumance
  • distance decay
  • gravity model
hindrances to cultural diffusion that occur in a society and keep cultural traits from spreading
  • cultural landscape
  • cultural diffusion
  • cultural barrier
  • taboo
The increasing interconnection of all regions in the world through politics, communication, transportation, marketing, manufacturing, and social and cultural processes
  • nationalism
  • gerrymandering
  • scale
  • globalization
The population level necessary to assure the population continues to replace itself
  • migration
  • replacement level
  • dependency ratio
  • population density
A reconstructed ancestral language that forms the basis for a language family
  • creole
  • artifact
  • dialect
  • protolanguage
the crude birth rate minus the crude death
  • crude birth rate (cbr)
  • rate of natural increase (NIR)
  • population momentum
  • zero population growth (zpg)
The model of urban land use developed by Hoyt that shows urban growth in pie-shaped wedges, or sectors, based on transportation improvements
  • multiple-nuclei model
  • concentric zone model
  • central place theory
  • sector model
A foreign-owned assembly company located in the United States-Mexico border region in order to take advantage of cheaper labor, favorable tax breaks, and lax environmental regulations
  • maquiladora
  • deindustrialization
  • urbanization
  • outsourcing
The rapid growth of, and migration to, large cities
  • gentrification
  • urbanization
  • urban sprawl
  • migration
A potent form of cultural barrier that prevents certain habits or new ideas from establishing themselves in a society due to already-established prohibitions, customs, and rules
  • culture trait
  • folk culture
  • popular culture
  • taboo
The number of people an area can support on a sustained basis
  • population density
  • carrying capacity
  • sustainability
  • density
A model that shows the link between population growth and economic development using four or five stages of economic development
  • population pyramid
  • central place theory
  • gravity model
  • demographic transition model
Countries located on the edge of the world core that are seeking improved conditions for their residents through economic growth
  • export-processing zones (epzs)
  • exclusive economic zone (eez)
  • intensive subsistence agriculture
  • less-developed countries (LDCs)
The rejection of all religious beliefs and is spreading rapidly in certain areas of the world such as Europe
  • shamanism
  • syncretism
  • gentrification
  • secularism
An outlier, or piece of a territory, that is completely enclosed within the borders of another country
  • ghetto
  • enclave
  • nation-state
  • exclave
A model of development for countries based on stages of economic growth and modernization. Also called modernization theory.
  • Rostow's model of economic development
  • Concentric zone model
  • Core-periphery model
  • Gross domestic product (gdp)
A group of languages that are related and derived from a single, earlier language
  • lingua franca
  • culture trait
  • dialect
  • language family
A region with a high level of consistency in a certain cultural or physical attribute (also a formal region)
  • uniform region
  • functional region
  • nation
  • formal region
A state in which over 90 percent of the population is comprised of a specific culture or group of people
  • state
  • nation
  • unitary state
  • nation-state
Commercial agriculture in which large corporations own and operate various steps in the production process with an emphasis on profit
  • agribusiness
  • urban sprawl
  • desertification
  • sustainable development
Halford Mackinder's theory that the country that dominated the landmass of Eurasia (heartland) would eventually rule the world (rimland)
  • supranationalism
  • heartland-rimland theory
  • animism
  • import substitution
An association among countries for the purpose of mutual defense or trade
  • sovereignty
  • confederation
  • alliance
  • assimilation
A theory developed by Harold Hotelling that suggests that competitors in their effort to maximize sales, will try and limit each other's territory by locating close to each other in the middle of their combined customer base
  • Rostow's model of economic development
  • possibilism
  • locational interdependence theory
  • nonmaterial culture
Economic activities that involve the processing of raw materials into finished goods by manufacturing
  • secondary economic activities
  • gross domestic product (gdp)
  • agribusiness
  • secondary
Goods and services produced by urban workers for people employed within the urban area
  • import substitution
  • specialty farming
  • secondary economic activities
  • non-basic sector
A separate-use system of residential housing neighborhoods on the outskirts of urban areas that do not contain retail activities. Also called conventional suburban development (CSD)
  • suburbanization
  • gentrification
  • urban sprawl
  • new urbanism
The location of a place based on its relation to other places
  • absolute location
  • place
  • site
  • situation
A type of subsequent boundary that is drawn to accommodate existing linguistic, cultural, or religious boundaries
  • centripetal force
  • antecedent boundary
  • projection
  • consequent boundary
A model of agricultural land use that illustrates the relationship between the cost of land and transportation costs involved in getting a product to market
  • Rostow's Model Of Economic Development
  • Sector Model
  • Concentric Zone Model
  • Von Thünen's Agricultural Land-Use Model
A state that totally surrounds another country, such as South Africa (which surrounds Lesotho) or Italy (which surrounds San Marino)
  • perforated state
  • compact state
  • fragmented state
  • elongated state
Commercial gardening and fruit farming in the United States
  • truck farming
  • organic farming
  • subsistence agriculture
  • plantation agriculture
The ratio of non-basic jobs to basic jobs that shows the effect basic job creation has on the creation of non-basic jobs
  • site
  • multiplier effect
  • gentrification
  • suburbanization
A land survey method used by French and Spanish charter groups in North America in which long lots of land extended outward from river frontage
  • demographic transition model
  • charter group
  • backwash effect
  • long-lots system of land survey
The use of military threat, cultural domination, and economic sanctions to gain control of a country and its resources
  • colonialism
  • irredentism
  • decolonization
  • imperialism
A very large city
  • supercity
  • primate city
  • megacity
  • megalopolis
The process (named after Henry Ford, its founder) of using assembly-line techniques and scientific management in manufacturing
  • Least-cost Theory
  • Outsourcing
  • Fordism
  • Deindustrialization
A homogenous group of people with a strong family structure who follow a simple, traditional lifestyle of self-sufficiency and independence from the society's cultural mainstream
  • material culture
  • folk culture
  • taboo
  • popular culture
Contracts between farmer and producer in the agricultural industry
  • agribusiness
  • vertical integration
  • outsourcing
  • export-processing zones (epzs)
A type of map based on representing a round Earth on a flat piece of paper with the resulting inaccuracies determining the best use of the particular type
  • globalization
  • projection
  • distribution
  • scale
The theory that human behavior is controlled by the physical environment
  • built environment
  • environmental determinism
  • cultural diffusion
  • possibilism
The change that occurs within a culture when it adopts a practice from another culture
  • syncretism
  • assimilation
  • acculturation
  • ethnocentrism
A religion that is part of a particular ethnic or political group (Judaism, for example)
  • secularism
  • folk culture
  • ethnic religion
  • universalizing religion
The physical separation of two groups of a population (in the United States this is usually based on race)
  • nationalism
  • ghettoization
  • segregation
  • distance decay
An agricultural revolution starting in the 17th century that increased efficiency of crop production and distribution through use of new machinery
  • unitary state
  • Second Agricultural Revolution
  • rank-size rule
  • language family
The dominant culture group in an area receiving a minority group
  • transhumance
  • first effective settlement
  • host society
  • ethnocentrism
The internationally recognized exercise of a country's power over its people and territory
  • imperialism
  • unitary state
  • sovereignty
  • colonialism
The material culture of an environment
  • nonmaterial culture
  • folk culture
  • built environment
  • environmental determinism
A capital city that is located away from the core region for economic or political reasons in a symbolic gesture
  • primate city
  • world city
  • forward capital
  • megacity
The destabilizing situation that arises when an ethnic group supports and seeks to unite with its ethnic population in another country
  • imperialism
  • irredentism
  • decolonization
  • devolution
A type of government that gives local political units such as states or provinces within a country a measure of power
  • federal state
  • unitary state
  • compact state
  • nation-state
A land survey system used in North America where natural boundaries such as rivers, trees, and large rocks were used to mark land boundaries
  • land
  • perforated state
  • metes-and-bounds land survey system
  • built environment
The cost advantages (external economies) for an individual company gained by locating near similar industries or companies
  • vertical integration
  • concentric zone model
  • sustainable development
  • agglomeration effects
A new urban complex that consists of a large node of office buildings and commercial operations with more workers than residents
  • megacity
  • edge city
  • gentrification
  • primate city
The production of goods and parts abroad for sale in one's own country
  • offshoring
  • growth pole
  • outsourcing
  • vertical integration
The constant movement of herds in a set seasonal pattern of grazing
  • swidden agriculture
  • step migration
  • desertification
  • transhumance
The model of urban land use developed by Burgess which demonstrates the invasion and succession processes that occur as the city grows and expands outward
  • sector model
  • multiple-nuclei model
  • concentric zone model
  • gravity model
Global corporations that have facilities and processes spread among several companies in a global assembly line
  • export-processing zones (epzs)
  • transnational corporations (TNCs)
  • agglomeration effects
  • primary economic activity
A simplified mixture of two or more languages that is adopted in areas of cultural diversity
  • dialect
  • pidgin
  • creole
  • lingua franca
The birth of a new culture trait from blending two or more cultural traits
  • acculturation
  • syncretism
  • material culture
  • assimilation
Repetitive pattern of migration not linked to family or ethnicity (senior citizens moving to the Sun Belt)
  • perceptual region
  • place utility
  • channelized migration
  • step migration
An equal exchange of traits or influence between two culture groups occurs
  • material culture
  • assimilation
  • syncretism
  • transculturation
A religion that worships one God
  • polytheism
  • secularism
  • monotheism
  • animism
A unified group of people with a common culture
  • unitary state
  • nation
  • nation-state
  • state
Another word for location
  • space
  • site
  • region
  • place
A loose association of states organized for the purpose of retaining cohesion, such as the former republic of the USSR
  • federal state
  • nationalism
  • confederation
  • alliance
Countries such as the United States, Germany, and Australia who have the highest levels of economic development
  • built environment
  • pull factor of migration
  • developed countries (DCs)
  • prorupt state/protruded state
A city that is at least twice as large as the next largest city and more than twice as significant (not just the largest city in a country)
  • gravity model
  • primate city
  • megacity
  • rank-size rule
An organism that is created when scientists take one or more specific genes from one organism and introduce them into another organism thus creating a new version
  • Nonmaterial culture
  • GMO (genetically modified organisms)
  • First agricultural revolution
  • Rectangular-land survey system
The business area found at the center of every older central city and urban area
  • basic sector
  • primate city
  • central business district (CBD)
  • edge city
The huge contrast of wealthy neighborhoods and poor neighborhoods found within urban areas and the continuing uneven allocation of funds to foster this condition
  • distance decay
  • uneven development
  • distribution
  • neo-colonialism
A group of supercities that have merged together into one large urban area
  • edge city
  • megalopolis
  • primate city
  • megacity
The approximate value of all final goods and services produced in a country per year
  • gross domestic product (GDP)
  • globalization
  • gross national product (gnp)
  • gross national income (gni)
The loss of a place's unique flavor and identity due to the standardizing influence of popular culture and globalization
  • globalization
  • placelessness
  • distance decay
  • cultural landscape
The evolution of mass production into a more responsive system geared to the nuances of mass consumption by using flexible production systems that allow production processes to shift quickly between various products
  • developmentalism
  • neo-Fordism
  • syncretism
  • creative destruction
A person who is forced out of the home region due to war, political or social unrest, environmental problems, etc., but who does not cross any international boundary
  • refugee
  • intervening opportunity
  • chain migration
  • internally displaced person
A form of tribal, or traditional, religion that reveres a particular person, the shaman, as one with special healing or magic powers
  • secularism
  • ethnic religion
  • universalizing religion
  • shamanism
An ethnic group's grouping together in a specific part of the city to support each other and minimize conflicts with those in the non-ethnic group
  • ghetto
  • uniform region
  • congregation
  • culture region
A residential community where the residents either voluntarily live, or are forced to live, in a segregated (separated) fashion due to race, religion, or ethnicity
  • language family
  • culture hearth
  • ghetto
  • ethnic enclave
Economic activities that deal with information and knowledge processing
  • quaternary economic activities
  • ghettoization
  • suburbanization
  • nation-state
The form of subsistence agriculture in which crops are grown in different fields on a rotating basis. Also called shifting agriculture or slash-and-burn agriculture
  • plantation agriculture
  • transhumance
  • truck farming
  • swidden agriculture
The concept that the concentric circles in Burgess's concentric zone model are based on the amount people are willing to pay for land in each zone
  • sector model
  • demographic transition model
  • bid-rent curve
  • concentric zone model
Tangible pieces of material culture
  • material culture
  • syncretism
  • mentifact
  • artifact
The practice of contracting with a third-party service provider in another country to take over or supervise part of the business operations
  • globalization
  • offshoring
  • outsourcing
  • agribusiness
A line of identical longitude
  • Latitude
  • Meridian
  • Cultural Landscape
  • Longitude
The domestication of plants and animals and the resulting start of a sedentary society (also called the Neolithic Agricultural Revolution)
  • First Agricultural Revolution
  • quinary economic activities
  • world city
  • metes-and-bounds land survey system
A modern method of farming that balances maximum crop yield with sustainable farming methods and protection of the environment
  • organic farming
  • sustainable development
  • primary economic activity
  • conservation agriculture
The spread of something over time or space
  • globalization
  • spatial diffusion
  • distance decay
  • irredentism
A city that served as the control center for a former colonial power
  • gateway city
  • forward capital
  • primate city
  • edge city
The extent of area that is occupied by something
  • place
  • scale
  • space
  • situation
The degrees north or south from the equator for a location on the surface of the Earth. Measured in parallels.
  • longitude
  • relative location
  • latitude
  • meridian
A model that shows the composition of a population by age and sex. Also called an age-sex pyramid.
  • population pyramid
  • gravity model
  • doubling time
  • dependency ratio
The propensity for a growing population to continue growing even through fertility is declining because of their young age distribution
  • population density
  • population momentum
  • doubling time
  • population pyramid
Goods and services produced for individuals outside the urban work area
  • basic sector
  • urbanization
  • central business district (cbd)
  • place utility
The marriage of mapping software with a database for the purpose of overlaying various data layers on a basic, locational map grid
  • projection
  • globalization
  • remote sensing
  • geographic information system (GIS)
A form of agriculture in which everything that is produced is consumed by that population. Forms of subsistence agriculture including shifting, swidden/slash-and-burn, and intensive subsistence
  • subsistence agriculture
  • truck farming
  • plantation agriculture
  • pastoralism
The physical location of a place
  • situation
  • relative location
  • site
  • absolute location
The cultivation of small city gardens for food in the cities of the developing world
  • sedentary
  • suburbanization
  • urban subsistence farming
  • federal state
Benefits to the peripheral region that accrue because of economic development in the nearby core region
  • perceptual region
  • spread effects
  • uniform region
  • backwash effect
The part of the Earth that is fit for humans to live
  • ecumene
  • demography
  • distance decay
  • cultural landscape
The number of persons per unit of land area
  • carrying capacity
  • agricultural density
  • migration
  • population density
The concept that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape
  • distance decay
  • cultural landscape
  • sequent occupance
  • cultural diffusion
A piece of territory completely surrounded by another territory of which it is not a part
  • exclave
  • nation
  • state
  • enclave
A religion in which anyone can become a member
  • shamanism
  • ethnic religion
  • monotheism
  • universalizing religion
A small ethnic settlement centered in the middle of a larger group of the population
  • ethnic island
  • cultural landscape
  • charter group
  • ethnic enclave
A form of agriculture heavily depends on heavy inputs of fertilized and human labor on a small piece of land for substantial crop yield
  • providing a service
  • intensive subsistence agriculture
  • truck farming
  • plantation agriculture
The special perception we have of a certain place based on our feelings, emotions, and associations with that place
  • functional region
  • situation
  • site
  • sense of place
The production of several crops
  • transhumance
  • polyculture
  • monoculture
  • doubling time
A metropolitan area with a total population of over 10 million people according to the United Nations
  • edge city
  • megalopolis
  • primate city
  • megacity
A map in one's mind
  • relative location
  • mental map
  • sense of place
  • scale
A language that is not part of the culture of the country but is one that is informally agreed upon as the language of business and trade
  • creole
  • pidgin
  • lingua franca
  • language family
The gross domestic product (GDP) plus the value of income from abroad such as earnings from a US company based abroad
  • population density
  • gross domestic product (gdp)
  • gross national product (GNP)
  • rostow's model of economic development
A boundary drawn after a cultural landscape is already in place
  • place utility
  • subsequent boundary
  • urbanization
  • carrying capacity
The production of goods and services internally by the periphery country that were once supplied by the core
  • imperialism
  • outsourcing
  • import substitution
  • subsistence agriculture
A state that is basically round in shape, such as Poland or Bhutan)
  • compact state
  • federal state
  • unitary state
  • fragmented state
The movement from homebased cottage industries to factory industries with several workers under one roof that the use of machines facilitates in England in the late 1700s
  • Least-cost Theory
  • Urbanization
  • Green Revolution
  • Industrial Revolution
A single feature of a culture, such as religion or language
  • taboo
  • language family
  • culture trait
  • folk culture
The use of violence in a controlled and intentional way to force attention attention onto issues
  • irredentism
  • domino theory
  • imperialism
  • terrorism
The form of subsistence agriculture in which crops are grown in different fields on a rotating basis
  • desertification
  • shifting agriculture
  • plantation agriculture
  • pastoralism
A law of spatial interaction that states that larger places attract people, ideas, and goods more strongly that smaller places
  • rank-size rule
  • gravity model
  • central place theory
  • primate city
Farming that grows crops to provide small upscale niche markets with fresh produce
  • organic farming
  • agricultural density
  • specialty farming
  • truck farming
The adoption of an official language by the ruler or administration, a language diffused downward into the society
  • assimilation
  • agglomeration effects
  • hierarchial diffusion
  • syncretism
The length of time it takes for a country's population to double in size if the growth rate stays the same
  • population pyramid
  • dependency ratio
  • density
  • doubling time
A religion that worships more than one God
  • animism
  • secularism
  • polytheism
  • monotheism
The belief that spirits (including ancestral) live within objects such as animals, rivers, rocks, trees, and mountains
  • polytheism
  • universalizing religion
  • monotheism
  • animism
The process by which former colonies gain their independence from the mother country
  • irredentism
  • deindustrialization
  • imperialism
  • decolonization
The first group (charter group) of settlers who establish a new and lasting culture and society in an area
  • ethnic enclave
  • ghetto
  • chain migration
  • first effective settlement
The breakdown of central authority in a country
  • deindustrialization
  • devolution
  • irredentism
  • supranationalism
The theory prevalent during the Cold War Era that once a country became communist, its neighbors were likely to soon become communist also
  • separatism
  • irredentism
  • domino theory
  • gerrymandering
The number of persons per unit of agricultural land
  • agricultural density
  • population density
  • dependency ratio
  • physiologic density
A new invention
  • innovation
  • distance decay
  • segregation
  • acculturation
The location of a place in relation to the location of other places
  • situation
  • site
  • relative location
  • absolute location
An expanse of water up to 200 natural nautical miles off a country's coast that is designated for that country's natural resource exploration and exploitation
  • gerrymandering
  • exclusive economic zone (EEZ)
  • exclave
  • sovereignty
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