Which connective tissue layer directly surrounds every axon in a nerve?
  • vagus nerveThe vagus nerve has many targets in the thoracic and abdominal cavities and innervates many of the visceral organs.
  • endoneuriumWithin a nerve, each axon is surrounded by endoneurium, a delicate layer of loose connective tissue that also encloses the fiber's associated Schwann cells.
  • interneuronsIn many cases, the interneurons are the integration point for reflexes, but they are not necessary.
  • abducens nerveThe abducens carries efferent (motor) signals to the extrinsic eye muscle that abducts the eye (turns it laterally).
The letter E would represent which of the following muscles during the knee-jerk reflex?
  • rectus femoris The rectus femoris is one of the quadriceps. Stimulation of muscle spindles by tapping of the patellar ligament results in the reflex contraction of these muscles and the extension of the knee.
  • the contraction of muscle E A sudden stretch in a muscle leads to the contraction of the stretched muscle (E) and the relaxation of the antagonistic muscle (G).
  • segmental level, projection level, precommand levelThe hierarchy of motor control from lowest to highest level of control is segmental level, projection level, and precommand level.
  • A.Nociceptors respond to potentially damaging stimuli like noxious chemicals and extremes of temperature or pH. Nociceptors are generally associated with free nerve endings of specialized neurons.
The phrenic nerve is a branch from the __________.
  • sternocleidomastoid muscleThe sternocleidomastoid muscle is innervated by the accessory cranial nerve and branches of cervical spinal nerves C2 and C3.
  • cervical plexusThe phrenic nerve, which arises from the cervical plexus, supplies both motor and sensory fibers to the diaphragm, the main breathing muscle.
  • determination of muscle length The muscle spindle indicated by F functions as a proprioceptor that is responsive to changes in the length of the surrounding muscle.
  • A.Nociceptors respond to potentially damaging stimuli like noxious chemicals and extremes of temperature or pH. Nociceptors are generally associated with free nerve endings of specialized neurons.
Which cranial nerve innervates most of the visceral organs?
  • vagus nerveThe vagus nerve has many targets in the thoracic and abdominal cavities and innervates many of the visceral organs.
  • interneuronsIn many cases, the interneurons are the integration point for reflexes, but they are not necessary.
  • endoneuriumWithin a nerve, each axon is surrounded by endoneurium, a delicate layer of loose connective tissue that also encloses the fiber's associated Schwann cells.
  • abducens nerveThe abducens carries efferent (motor) signals to the extrinsic eye muscle that abducts the eye (turns it laterally).
When removing a hot sheet of cookies from the oven, you feel heat coming through the pot holder. What mechanism momentarily overrides your reflexive action to immediately drop the hot cookie sheet?
  • modulation of descending motor pathways by brainstem and cortex
  • determination of muscle length The muscle spindle indicated by F functions as a proprioceptor that is responsive to changes in the length of the surrounding muscle.
  • sternocleidomastoid muscleThe sternocleidomastoid muscle is innervated by the accessory cranial nerve and branches of cervical spinal nerves C2 and C3.
  • the contraction of muscle E A sudden stretch in a muscle leads to the contraction of the stretched muscle (E) and the relaxation of the antagonistic muscle (G).
Which of the receptor types pictured functions exclusively as a proprioceptor?
  • abducens nerveThe abducens carries efferent (motor) signals to the extrinsic eye muscle that abducts the eye (turns it laterally).
  • A.Nociceptors respond to potentially damaging stimuli like noxious chemicals and extremes of temperature or pH. Nociceptors are generally associated with free nerve endings of specialized neurons.
  • interneuronsIn many cases, the interneurons are the integration point for reflexes, but they are not necessary.
  • B.Proprioceptors are sensitive to stimuli associated with body movements. The muscle spindle shown in B is responsive to muscle stretch.
What is the specific function of the structure labeled F?
  • the contraction of muscle E A sudden stretch in a muscle leads to the contraction of the stretched muscle (E) and the relaxation of the antagonistic muscle (G).
  • A.Nociceptors respond to potentially damaging stimuli like noxious chemicals and extremes of temperature or pH. Nociceptors are generally associated with free nerve endings of specialized neurons.
  • interneuronsIn many cases, the interneurons are the integration point for reflexes, but they are not necessary.
  • determination of muscle length The muscle spindle indicated by F functions as a proprioceptor that is responsive to changes in the length of the surrounding muscle.
In carpal tunnel syndrome, there may be tingling and numbness in the thumb due to compression of the ______.
  • segmental level, projection level, precommand levelThe hierarchy of motor control from lowest to highest level of control is segmental level, projection level, and precommand level.
  • endoneuriumWithin a nerve, each axon is surrounded by endoneurium, a delicate layer of loose connective tissue that also encloses the fiber's associated Schwann cells.
  • the contraction of muscle E A sudden stretch in a muscle leads to the contraction of the stretched muscle (E) and the relaxation of the antagonistic muscle (G).
  • cutaneous branches of the median nerveThe median nerve cutaneous branch carries sensory input from the skin of the lateral 2/3rds of the hand, palm side and dorsum of fingers 2-3.
Which of the following lists the hierarchy of motor control from lowest to highest level of control?
  • abducens nerveThe abducens carries efferent (motor) signals to the extrinsic eye muscle that abducts the eye (turns it laterally).
  • A.Nociceptors respond to potentially damaging stimuli like noxious chemicals and extremes of temperature or pH. Nociceptors are generally associated with free nerve endings of specialized neurons.
  • B.Proprioceptors are sensitive to stimuli associated with body movements. The muscle spindle shown in B is responsive to muscle stretch.
  • segmental level, projection level, precommand levelThe hierarchy of motor control from lowest to highest level of control is segmental level, projection level, and precommand level.
Which reflex is triggered when a stranger suddenly grasps your arm?
  • abducens nerveThe abducens carries efferent (motor) signals to the extrinsic eye muscle that abducts the eye (turns it laterally).
  • crossed-extensor reflexThe grasped arm is withdrawn (via the flexor reflex) as the opposite arm pushes you away from the attacker (via crossed-extensor reflex). As in this scenario, the crossed-extensor reflex often accompanies the flexor reflex.
  • A.Nociceptors respond to potentially damaging stimuli like noxious chemicals and extremes of temperature or pH. Nociceptors are generally associated with free nerve endings of specialized neurons.
  • endoneuriumWithin a nerve, each axon is surrounded by endoneurium, a delicate layer of loose connective tissue that also encloses the fiber's associated Schwann cells.
Classify the neuron at A.
  • determination of muscle length The muscle spindle indicated by F functions as a proprioceptor that is responsive to changes in the length of the surrounding muscle.
  • abducens nerveThe abducens carries efferent (motor) signals to the extrinsic eye muscle that abducts the eye (turns it laterally).
  • afferent sensory neuron A is an afferent sensory neuron carrying information from the muscle to the CNS.
  • interneuronsIn many cases, the interneurons are the integration point for reflexes, but they are not necessary.
Which of the following cranial nerves carries only motor information?
  • B.Proprioceptors are sensitive to stimuli associated with body movements. The muscle spindle shown in B is responsive to muscle stretch.
  • interneuronsIn many cases, the interneurons are the integration point for reflexes, but they are not necessary.
  • abducens nerveThe abducens carries efferent (motor) signals to the extrinsic eye muscle that abducts the eye (turns it laterally).
  • segmental level, projection level, precommand levelThe hierarchy of motor control from lowest to highest level of control is segmental level, projection level, and precommand level.
Which of the receptor types might function as a nociceptor?
  • B.Proprioceptors are sensitive to stimuli associated with body movements. The muscle spindle shown in B is responsive to muscle stretch.
  • segmental level, projection level, precommand levelThe hierarchy of motor control from lowest to highest level of control is segmental level, projection level, and precommand level.
  • abducens nerveThe abducens carries efferent (motor) signals to the extrinsic eye muscle that abducts the eye (turns it laterally).
  • A.Nociceptors respond to potentially damaging stimuli like noxious chemicals and extremes of temperature or pH. Nociceptors are generally associated with free nerve endings of specialized neurons.
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