the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them.
  • psychophysics
  • perception
  • top-down processing
  • sensation
an organized whole. Gestalt psychologists emphasize our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes
  • gestalt
  • cognitive
  • psychodynamic
  • behavioral
attachment style in which they are less likely to explore with parent present, protest when they leave, and not comforted when they return
  • avoidant
  • secure
  • control condition
  • anxious ambivalent
the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state
  • alpha waves
  • sleep spindles
  • rem rebound
  • hallucinations
the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements
  • belief perseverance
  • framing
  • confirmation bias
  • overconfidence
a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe
  • Amygdala
  • Wernicke's area
  • Broca's area
  • Cerebellum
retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond
  • rods
  • lens
  • fovea
  • cones
a powerful hallucinogenic drug, aka acid
  • LSD
  • ENDORPHINS
  • THC
  • BARBITURATES
the tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid
  • confirmation bias
  • functional fixedness
  • availability heuristic
  • belief bias
the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream
  • pituitary gland
  • sympathetic nervous system
  • adrenal glands
  • endocrine system
someone who imagines and recalls experiences with lifelike vividness and who spends considerable time fantasizing
  • automatic processing
  • fantasy-prone personality
  • experimental condition
  • retroactive interference
the perspective of psychological science that deals with how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts
  • psychodynamic
  • behavioral
  • cognitive
  • evolutionary
periodic physiological fluctuations
  • biological rhythms
  • operant conditioning
  • narcolepsy
  • rem sleep
two almond-shaped neural clusters that are components of the limbic system and are linked to emotion
  • amygdala
  • cerebellum
  • hypothalamus
  • hippocampus
the effect of filling in gaps to create a complete whole object
  • continuity
  • proximity
  • closure
  • similarity
a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon. The action potential is generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon's membrane.
  • Action potential
  • Myelin sheath
  • Synapse
  • Threshold
according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware
  • ego
  • preconscious
  • superego
  • unconscious
a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience
  • motivation
  • perception
  • cognitive
  • learning
theorist who studied psychosocial development across the lifespan.
  • Gestalt
  • Harlow
  • Erikson
  • Kohlberg
conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies into neural impulses
  • sensation
  • perception
  • transduction
  • sensory adaptation
the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster
  • pupil
  • lens
  • iris
  • fovea
in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness
  • repression
  • depressants
  • habituation
  • Broca's Area
the amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave's amplitude
  • motivation
  • pitch
  • wavelength
  • intensity
learning by observing others
  • latent learning
  • operant conditioning
  • spontaneous recovery
  • observational learning
the science of designing and programming computer systems to do intelligent things and to stimulate human thought processes such as intuitive reasoning, learning, and understanding language. Includes practical applications (chess playing, industrial robots, expert systems) and efforts to model human thinking inspired by our current understanding of how the brain works
  • artificial intelligence (AI)
  • computer neural networks
  • functional fixedness
  • neuroscience
one's feelings of high or low self-worth
  • self-esteem
  • personality
  • self-actualization
  • self-concept
the portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgement
  • iconic memory
  • plateau phase
  • frontal lobes
  • split brain
a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment
  • insight
  • latent learning
  • extrinsic motivation
  • operant conditioning
the tendency for vision to dominate the other senses
  • perceptual adaptation
  • visual capture
  • proximity
  • retinal disparity
self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people's quality of life.
  • subjective well-being
  • relative deprivation
  • catharsis
  • positive psychology
the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus, as in the cocktail party effect
  • selective attention
  • parietal lobes
  • functional fixedness
  • generalization
nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair.
  • experimental condition
  • Sensory neurons
  • sensory interaction
  • secondary sex characteristics
incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event
  • misinformation effect
  • retroactive interference
  • serial position effect
  • operant behavior
a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task
  • Mri (magnetic resonance imaging)
  • PET (positron emission tomography)
  • Reticular formation
  • Eeg (electroencephalogram)
a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier--but also more error-prone--use of heuristics
  • rehearsal
  • recognition
  • algorithm
  • hypnosis
an MC; a gradual change from a coarse, distinct texture to a fine, indistinct texture signals increasing distance. Objects far away appear smaller and more densely packed
  • estrogen
  • critical thinking
  • short-term memory
  • texture gradient
mind-to-mind communication
  • precognition
  • clairvoyance
  • telepathy
  • psychokinesis
any effect on behavior caused by a placebo
  • operational definition
  • illusory correlation
  • placebo effect
  • dependent variable
an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles
  • case study
  • cross-sectional study
  • longitudinal study
  • naturalistic observation
a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable). By random assignment of participants the experimenter controls other relevant factors)
  • experiment
  • excitement phase
  • hippocampus
  • mental set
the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment
  • perception
  • sensory adaptation
  • sensation
  • transduction
the long-standing controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors
  • nature-nurture issue
  • biological psychology
  • naturalistic observation
  • behaviorism
counterpart to the Oedipus complex for females
  • Electra complex
  • Confirmation bias
  • Collective unconscious
  • Fixation
the controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input. Said to include telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition
  • accommodation
  • clairvoyance
  • extrasensory perception (ESP)
  • hypnosis
recurring problems in falling or staying asleep
  • night terrors
  • sleep apnea
  • insomnia
  • narcolepsy
the processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving.
  • parallel processing
  • automatic processing
  • accommodation
  • sensory adaptation
the most widely reserached and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes
  • Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
  • Empirically derived test
  • Polygraph
  • Projective test
analysis that begins with the sense receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information
  • bottom-up processing
  • mood-congruent memory
  • temperament
  • external locus of control
the body's resting rate of energy expenditure
  • motivation
  • homeostasis
  • basal metabolic rate
  • set point
a doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions such as fear and aggression and drives such as those for food and sex. Includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus
  • basic trust
  • Myelin sheath
  • Kohlberg
  • limbic system
in operant conditioning, an event that strengthens the behavior it follows
  • reinforcer
  • operant behavior
  • punishment
  • intensity
the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle
  • manifest content
  • latent content
  • circadian rhythm
  • rem rebound
an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements
  • cerebellum
  • motor cortex
  • sensory cortex
  • hypothalamus
the encoding of picture images
  • iconic memory
  • visual encoding
  • sensory memory
  • memory
the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters
  • pupil
  • lens
  • retina
  • iris
a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience
  • emotion
  • Harlow
  • recall
  • neuroscience
the condition of an experiment that exposes participants to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable
  • psychosexual stages
  • experimental condition
  • perceptual constancy
  • fixed-ratio schedule
a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another
  • perceptual adaptation
  • perceptual set
  • shape constancy
  • sensory adaptation
learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning)
  • availability heuristic
  • critical thinking
  • associative learning
  • respondent behavior
in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.
  • concrete operational stage
  • perceptual adaptation
  • source amnesia
  • repression
the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window
  • middle ear
  • vestibular sense
  • fovea
  • cochlea
the body's speedy, electrochemical communication system, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems.
  • Brainstem
  • Endocrine system
  • Nervous system
  • Zygote
a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports.
  • relearning
  • plasticity
  • trait
  • basic trust
theorist that developed a series of stages in which an individual passes during cognitive development.
  • Piaget
  • opiates
  • Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
  • REM sleep
a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.
  • accommodation
  • prototype
  • concept
  • schema
one of the phases of the sexual response cycle; characterized by the excitement peaking as breathing, pulse, and blood pressure rates continue to increase. The penis becomes fully engorged. Orgasm feels imminent.
  • plateau phase
  • adrenal glands
  • orgasm
  • Broca's Area
an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in succession
  • phi phenomenon
  • retinal disparity
  • perceptual constancy
  • binocular cues
the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions, an impediment to problem solving
  • belief perseverance
  • mental set
  • confirmation bias
  • functional fixedness
a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind. Dreams are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer's delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remember it
  • dream
  • perception
  • rehearsal
  • Synapse
estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vivdness), we presume such events are common
  • belief perseverance
  • representativeness heuristic
  • confirmation bias
  • availability heuristic
the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.
  • acetylcholine
  • glucose
  • hormones
  • hypothalamus
a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
  • working memory
  • iconic memory
  • sensory memory
  • short-term memory
mental pictures, a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding
  • imagery
  • recognition
  • schema
  • chunking
a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned
  • reflex
  • incentive
  • motivation
  • instinct
a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
  • flashbulb memory
  • implicit memory
  • sensory memory
  • iconic memory
a baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to turn toward the touch, open the mouth, and search for the nipple.
  • rooting reflex
  • farsightedness
  • iconic memory
  • sensory cortex
in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated
  • opponent-process theory
  • retinal disparity
  • frequency theory
  • place theory
the endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.
  • pituitary gland
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • hippocampus
the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information
  • recall
  • retroactive interference
  • mood-congruent memory
  • chunking
a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment
  • observational learning
  • latent learning
  • habituation
  • operant conditioning
receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. The cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations.
  • lens
  • fovea
  • rods
  • cones
the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
  • homeostasis
  • drive-reduction theory
  • two-factor theory
  • hierarchy of needs
a readiness to perceive oneself favorably
  • confirmation bias
  • reciprocal determinism
  • self-serving bias
  • projection
our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a "neutral" level defined by our prior experience
  • cannon-bard theory
  • two-factor theory
  • adaptation-level phenomenon
  • james-lange theory
a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning
  • manifest content
  • basic research
  • sexual disorder
  • size constancy
the area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body sensations
  • motor cortex
  • reticular formation
  • sensory cortex
  • hypothalamus
a testable prediction, often implied by a theory
  • operational definition
  • independent variable
  • hypothesis
  • theory
the first menstrual period.
  • adolescence
  • maturation
  • menarche
  • menopause
the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them
  • hippocampus
  • reticular formation
  • corpus callosum
  • cerebellum
the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution
  • median
  • standard deviation
  • mean
  • range
"morphine within" - natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure.
  • Acetylcholine
  • Interneurons
  • Hormones
  • Endorphins
the effect of perceiving spots, lines, or areas as a single unit
  • similarity
  • proximity
  • connectedness
  • closure
chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and affect another
  • nerves
  • hormones
  • neurotransmitters
  • endorphins
the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth in which the first bone cells appear.
  • zygote
  • fetus
  • embryo
  • teratogens
an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory
  • long-term potentiation (LPT)
  • automatic processing
  • proactive interference
  • adaptation-level phenomenon
an MC; if we assume that two objects are similar in size, we perceive the one that casts the smaller retinal image as farther away
  • attachment
  • cognitive map
  • psychophysics
  • relative size
the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors
  • confirmation bias
  • self-serving bias
  • false consensus effect
  • illusory correlation
retention without conscious recollection (of skills and dispositions) (aka procedural memory)
  • sensory memory
  • iconic memory
  • implicit memory
  • working memory
the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible.
  • pituitary gland
  • statistical significance
  • primary sex characteristics
  • nature-nurture issue
the division of the peripheral nervous sytem that controls the body's skeletal muscles.
  • Sympathetic nervous system
  • Somatic nervous system
  • conditioned response (CR)
  • Kohlberg
a sex hormone, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity
  • psychiatry
  • sensation
  • estrogen
  • set point
a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals
  • retinal disparity
  • visual cliff
  • linear perspective
  • blind spot
the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance
  • audition
  • sensory interaction
  • vestibular sense
  • kinesthesis
a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, especially a way that has been successful in the past but may or may not be helpful in solving a new problem.
  • availability heuristic
  • confirmation bias
  • functional fixedness
  • mental set
repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding generalizes to other participants and circumstances
  • sensation
  • acquisition
  • conventional
  • replication
a rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; maybe lead one to ignore other relevant information
  • functional fixedness
  • confirmation bias
  • representativeness heuristic
  • availability heuristic
depth cues, such as retinal disparity and converge, that depend on the use of two eyes
  • depth perception
  • phi phenomenon
  • perceptual constancy
  • binocular cues
the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it
  • hindsight bias (I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon)
  • belief bias
  • confirmation bias
  • functional fixedness
in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty in taking another's point of view.
  • object permanence
  • stranger anxiety
  • egocentrism
  • accommodation
researcher that highlighted the importance of physical contact comfort in the formation of attachments with parents (monkeys)
  • Kohlberg
  • Harlow
  • Erikson
  • Secure
a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders
  • sensory interaction
  • top-down processing
  • clinical psychology
  • stranger anxiety
the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a "blind" spot because no receptor cells are located there
  • blind spot
  • fovea
  • lens
  • pupil
a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer
  • conditioned reinforcer (or secondary reinforcer)
  • independent variable
  • clinical psychology
  • longitudinal study
an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as through cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations
  • dissociation
  • near-death experience
  • hypnosis
  • tolerance
the "little brain" attached to the rear of the brainstem; it helps coordinate voluntary movement and balance
  • hypothalamus
  • cerebellum
  • hippocampus
  • amygdala
one of the phases of the sexual response cycle; characterized by the body slowly returning to its unaroused state
  • sensation
  • Somatic nervous system
  • relative size
  • resolution phase
drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions
  • stimulants
  • depressants
  • opiates
  • hallucinogens
according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved
  • dissociation
  • attachment
  • perception
  • fixation
an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development.
  • social clock
  • preoperational stage
  • theory of mind
  • critical period
the four stages of sexual responding described by Matsters and Johnson-excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.
  • sensory interaction
  • near-death experience
  • social leadership
  • sexual response cycle
in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
  • serial position effect
  • variable-ratio schedule
  • barbiturates
  • automatic processing
all the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study
  • independent variable
  • population
  • control condition
  • case study
positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior.
  • intrinsic motivation
  • latent learning
  • prosocial behavior
  • modeling
the processing of information into the memory system--for example, by extracting meaning
  • encoding
  • chunking
  • storage
  • retrieval
a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening
  • pupil
  • retina
  • lens
  • iris
emotional release. In psychology, the catharsis hypothesis maintains that "releasing" aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges
  • catharsis
  • subjective well-being
  • insight
  • relative deprivation
the innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs
  • cognitive
  • sensation
  • connectedness
  • inner ear
the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste
  • accommodation
  • parallel processing
  • weber's law
  • sensory interaction
a layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next
  • Myelin sheath
  • Axon
  • Synapse
  • Dendrite
transports messages to different muscles/glands in the body
  • Dendrite
  • Myelin Sheath
  • Synapse
  • Axon
our awareness of ourselves and our environments
  • perception
  • sensation
  • personality
  • consciousness
a chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, with attached devices to record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking. Used in operant conditioning research
  • cognitive map
  • operant chamber ("Skinner box")
  • availability heuristic
  • representativeness heuristic
the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations
  • ego
  • preconscious
  • unconscious
  • superego
the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood
  • proactive interference
  • source amnesia
  • mood-congruent memory
  • implicit memory
in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.
  • perceptual adaptation
  • psychoanalysis
  • conditioned response (CR)
  • formal operational stage
the perspective of psychological science that deals with how the body and brain create emotions, memories, and sensory experiences
  • psychodynamic
  • neuroscience
  • cognitive
  • behavioral
the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
  • shaping
  • generalization
  • spontaneous recovery
  • habituation
diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation
  • sensory adaptation
  • transduction
  • absolute threshold
  • accommodation
perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object
  • color constancy
  • size constancy
  • shape constancy
  • closure
in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
  • fixed-ratio schedule
  • anxious ambivalent
  • fantasy-prone personality
  • sexual orientation
a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders, practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy
  • psychiatry
  • developmental psychology
  • behaviorism
  • psychology
the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information
  • lens
  • iris
  • retina
  • pupil
areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking
  • automatic processing
  • Neurotransmitters
  • confirmation bias
  • association areas
attributing to the wrong source an event that we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined (aka source misattribution). Source amnesia, along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories
  • amnesia
  • iconic memory
  • source amnesia
  • implicit memory
morality at this level of Kohlber'gs theory is determined by approval seeking and law and order. Right and wrong is determined by society's rules. There is respect for authority and majority rule.
  • conventional
  • accommodation
  • cognitive
  • avoidant
according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content). Freud believed that a dream's latent content functions as a safety valve.
  • circadian rhythm
  • rem rebound
  • manifest content
  • latent content
scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
  • applied research
  • naturalistic observation
  • basic research
  • psychology
Erikson's name for the crisis of adolescence.
  • unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
  • crystallized intelligence
  • Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
  • identity vs. role confusion
a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level
  • instinct
  • motivation
  • homeostasis
  • incentive
an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp
  • EEG (electroencephalogram)
  • Pet (positron emission tomography)
  • Mri (magnetic resonance imaging)
  • Alpha waves
perceiving remote events, ie that a friend's house is on fire
  • clairvoyance
  • psychokinesis
  • telepathy
  • precognition
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