Televised exchange in 1959 between Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev and American Vice President Richard Nixon. Meeting at the American National Exhibition in Moscow, the two leaders sparred over the relative merits of capitalist consumer culture versus Soviet state planning. Nixon won applause for his staunch defense of American capitalism, helping lead him to the Republican nomination for president in(964)
  • kitchen debate (1959)
  • Checkers Speech (1952)
  • Operation Wetback (1954)
  • Sputnik (1957)
System of racial segregation in the American South from the end of Reconstruction until the mid-twentieth century. Based on the concept of "separate but equal" facilities for blacks and whites, the Jim Crow system sought to prevent racial mixing in public, including restaurants, movie theaters, and public transportation. An informal system, it was generally perpetuated by custom, violence, and intimidation. (547)
  • Sputnik (1957)
  • Jim Crow
  • rock 'n' roll
  • kitchen debate (1959)
A government program to roundup and deport as many as one million illegal Mexican migrant workers in the United States. The program was promoted in part by the Mexican government and reflected burgeoning concerns about non-European immigration to America. (957)
  • Checkers Speech (1952)
  • Hungarian uprising (1956)
  • Operation Wetback (1954)
  • rock 'n' roll
Cartel comprising Middle Eastern states and Venezuela first organized inOPEC aimed to control access to and prices of oil, wresting power from Western oil companies and investors. In the process, it gradually strengthened the hand of non-Western powers on the world stage. (961)
  • Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
  • Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954)
  • Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
  • Dien Bien Phu, Battle of (1954)
Military engagement in French colonial Vietnam in which French forces were defeated by Viet Minh nationalists loyal to Ho Chi Minh. With this loss, the French ended their colonial involvement in Indochina, paving the way for America's entry. (960)
  • Dien Bien Phu, Battle of (1954)
  • Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
  • Montgomery bus boycott (1955)
  • Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
Youth organization founded by southern black students in 1960 to promote civil rights. Drawing on its members youthful energies, SNCC in its early years coordinated demonstrations, sit-ins, and voter registration drives. (957)
  • Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
  • Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
  • Dien Bien Phu, Battle of (1954)
  • Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954)
Series of demonstrations in Hungary against the Soviet Union. Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev violently suppressed this pro-Western uprising, highlighting the limitations of America's power in Eastern Europe. (959)
  • Hungarian uprising (1956)
  • Checkers Speech (1952)
  • Operation Wetback (1954)
  • rock 'n' roll
Federal legislation signed by Dwight D. Eisenhower to construct thousands of miles of modern highways in the name of national defense. Officially called the National Interstate and Defense Highways Act, this bill dramatically increased the move to the suburbs, as white middle-class people could more easily commute to urban jobs. (958)
  • policy of boldness (1954)
  • The Feminine Mystique (1963)
  • Army-McCarthy Hearings (1954)
  • Federal Highway Act of 1956
A brand of vitriolic, fear-mongering anti-communism associated with the career of Senator Joseph McCarthy. In the early 1950s, Senator McCarthy used his position in Congress to baselessly accuse high-ranking government officials and other Americans of conspiracy with communism. The term named after him refers to the dangerous forces of unfairness and fear wrought by anticommunist paranoia. (950)
  • kitchen debate (1959)
  • Sputnik (1957)
  • rock 'n' roll
  • McCarthyism
Congressional hearings called by Senator Joseph McCarthy's to accuse members of the army of communist ties. In this widely televised spectacle, McCarthy finally went too far for public approval. The hearings exposed the Senator's extremism and led to his eventual disgrace. (951)
  • Army-McCarthy Hearings (1954)
  • Montgomery bus boycott (1955)
  • The Feminine Mystique (1963)
  • Federal Highway Act of 1956
International crisis launched when Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal, which had been owned mostly by French and British stockholders. The crisis led to a British and French attack on Egypt, which failed without aid from the United States. The Suez Crisis marked an important turning point in the post-colonial Middle East and highlighted the rising importance of oil in world affairs. (960)
  • The Feminine Mystique (1963)
  • Army-McCarthy Hearings (1954)
  • Suez crisis (1956)
  • Montgomery bus boycott (1955)
Nationally televised address by vice-presidential candidate Richard Nixon. Using the new mass medium of television shortly before the 1952 election, the vice presidential candidate saved his place on the ticket by defending himself against accusations of corruption. (948)
  • Checkers Speech (1952)
  • kitchen debate (1959)
  • Operation Wetback (1954)
  • Hungarian uprising (1956)
Best-selling book by feminist thinker Betty Friedan. This work challenged women to move beyond the drudgery of suburban housewifery and helped launch what would become second-wave feminism. (945)
  • Federal Highway Act of 1956
  • The Feminine Mystique (1963)
  • Montgomery bus boycott (1955)
  • Army-McCarthy Hearings (1954)
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