the terrestrial planet cores contain mostly metal because
  • a core layer of molten, convecting material and sufficiently rapid rotation
  • metals sank to the center during a time when the interiors were molten throughout
  • metals sunk to the centers a long time ago when the interiors were molten throughout
  • it is the result of countless tiny impacts by small particles striking the moon
which of the following best describes the geological histories of the Moon and Mercury
  • early in their histories, they suffered many impacts and experienced some volcanism and tectonics, but they now have little geological activity at all
  • when their interiors were molten, denser materials sank toward their centers and lighter materials rose toward their surfaces
  • the excavation of bowl-shaped depressions by asteroids or comets striking a planet's surface
  • Hawaii
The polar caps on Mars are composed of
  • metals sank to the center during a time when the interiors were molten throughout
  • mostly solid carbon dioxide and some water ice
  • seafloor crust is thinner, younger and higher in density
  • the rigid rocky material of the crust and uppermost portion of the mantle
how did the lunar maria form?
  • its the result of gradual erosion by micrometeorites striking the Moon
  • the excavation of bowl-shaped depressions by asteroids or comets striking a planet's surface
  • large impacts fractures the Moon's lithosphere, allowing lava to fill the impact basins
  • hot mantle material rises upward and spreads sideways, pushing the plates apart
the cores of the terrestrial worlds are made mostly of metal because
  • they were probably formed by tectonic stresses when the entire planet shrank as its core cooled
  • its the result of gradual erosion by micrometeorites striking the Moon
  • metals sunk to the centers a long time ago when the interiors were molten throughout
  • accretion, differentiation and radioactivity
the major processes that heat the interiors of the terrestrial worlds are
  • conduction
  • (1) heat deposited as the planets were built from planetesimals; (2) heat deposited as the planets underwent differentiation; (3) heat released by radioactive decay
  • early in their histories, they suffered many impacts and experienced some volcanism and tectonics, but they now have little geological activity at all
  • it is the only one that has both a partially molten metallic core and reasonably rapid rotation
how does seafloor crust differ from continental crust?
  • its the result of gradual erosion by micrometeorites striking the Moon
  • the seafloor crust is younger than the continental crust
  • warm air expanding and rising while cooler air contracts and fall
  • seafloor crust is thinner, younger, and higher in density
some of the oldest continental crust on Earth lies in
  • Northeastern Canada
  • core, mantle, crust
  • existence of volcanoes
  • its magnetic field
volcanism is more likely on a planet that
  • a few centimeters per year
  • a shield volcano on Mars
  • convection cells in the mantle
  • has high internal temperatures
which of the following show evidence of ancient river bed?
  • its magnetic field
  • Mars
  • existence of volcanoes
  • early in their histories, they suffered many impacts and experienced some volcanism and tectonics, but they now have little geological activity at all
which of the following best describes why the smaller terrestrial worlds have cooler interiors than the larger ones?
  • its rotation is too slow
  • warm air expanding and rising while cooler air contracts and fall
  • they have relatively more surface area compared to their volumes
  • the islands of Hawaii
in general, which things below are affected by a magnetic field?
  • it is the result of countless tiny impacts by small particles striking the moon
  • impact cratering, volcanism, tectonics and erosion
  • Moon, Mercury, Mars, Venus, Earth
  • metals sank to the center during a time when the interiors were molten throughout
Which two geological processes appear to have been most important in shaping the present surface of venus?
  • its rotation is too slow
  • volcanoes and tectonics
  • distance from the Sun and atmosphere
  • its slow rotation
which of the following describes volcanism
  • the eruption of molten rock from a planet's interior to its surface
  • the gradual disappearance of a crater rim as a result of wind and rain
  • the disruption of a planet's surface by internal stresses
  • has high internal temperatures
what is the most important factor that determines the thickness, and therefore strength, or the lithosphere?
  • its small size compared to Earth
  • internal temperature
  • its magnetic field
  • the islands of Hawaii
why does the moon have a layer of "powdery soil" on its surface
  • continental crust is made from remelted seafloor crust and therefore only the lower-density material rises to form it
  • the presence of canali, discovered in the late 1800s by Giovanni Schiaparelli and mapped by Precival Lowell
  • metals sunk to the centers a long time ago when the interiors were molten throughout
  • it is the result of countless tiny impacts by small particles striking the moon
which of the following does not have a major effect in shaping planetary surfaces
  • Earth and Venus
  • existence of volcanoes
  • earth
  • magnetism
the core, mantle, and crust of a planet are defined by differences in their
  • composition
  • all of the above
  • 200 million years
  • its slow rotation
The choices below describe four hypothetical planets. Which one would you expect to have the most features of erosion? (Assume the planets orbit a star just like the Sun and that they are all the same age as the planets in our solar system.)
  • Size: same as Venus. Distance from Sun: same as Mars. Rotation rate: once every 25 hours.
  • they have relatively more surface area compared to their volumes
  • the surface in the region is younger than the surface in more heavily cratered regions
  • metals sank to the center during a time when the interiors were molten throughout
Based on its surface features, the most important event on Venus in the past billion years or so was
  • it is the result of countless tiny impacts by small particles striking the moon
  • the surface in the region is younger than the surface in more heavily cratered regions
  • a global "repaving" that erased essentially all the surface features that had existed earlier
  • they have relatively more surface area compared to their volumes
deep trenches in the ocean mark places where
  • hot mantle material rises upward and spreads sideways, pushing the plates apart
  • one plate slides under another, returning older crust to the mantle
  • the process by which gravity separates materials according to density
  • the gradual disappearance of a crater rim as a result of wind and rain
a planet is most likely to have tectonic activity if it has
  • has a medium viscosity
  • high internal temperature
  • its rotation is too slow
  • internal temperature
which of the following is not an example of tectonics?
  • the excavation of bowl-shaped depressions by asteroids or comets striking a planet's surface
  • the lithosphere is broken into a set of large plated that float upon the softer rock below
  • relatively smooth, flat plains on the Moon
  • the gradual disappearance of a crater rim as a result of wind and rain
which of the following most likely explain why Venus does not have a strong magnetic field?
  • volcanoes and tectonics
  • internal temperature
  • existence of volcanoes
  • its rotation is too slow
which of the following has virtually no effect on the structure of a planet?
  • Earth and Venus
  • its slow rotation
  • the islands of Hawaii
  • its magnetic field
What are the basic requirements for a terrestrial world to have a global magnetic field?
  • they have relatively more surface area compared to their volumes
  • when the substance is strongly heated from underneath
  • a core layer of molten, convecting material and sufficiently rapid rotation
  • the lithosphere is broken into a set of large plated that float upon the softer rock below
how does seafloor crust differ from continental crust
  • seafloor crust is thinner, younger and higher in density
  • the seafloor crust is younger than the continental crust
  • Seafloor crust is younger than continental crust, so it has had less time in which to suffer impacts
  • its the result of gradual erosion by micrometeorites striking the Moon
which internal heat source still generates heat within the terrestrial worlds today?
  • internal temperature
  • flows slowly like honey
  • Earth and Venus
  • heat from radioactive decay
which of the following is an example of convection
  • seafloor crust is thinner, younger, and higher in density
  • the presence of canali, discovered in the late 1800s by Giovanni Schiaparelli and mapped by Precival Lowell
  • it is the result of countless tiny impacts by small particles striking the moon
  • warm air expanding and rising while cooler air contracts and fall
which of the following worlds have the thinnest lithospheres?
  • existence of volcanoes
  • the islands of Hawaii
  • warm air expanding and rising while cooler air contracts and fall
  • Earth and Venus
which of the following is not evidence for plate tectonics on Earth?
  • its slow rotation
  • relatively smooth, flat plains on the Moon
  • existence of volcanoes
  • its rotation is too slow
which of the following describes tectonics?
  • the lithosphere is broken into a set of large plated that float upon the softer rock below
  • it is the process in which warm material expands and rises while cool material contracts and falls
  • the excavation of bowl-shaped depressions by asteroids or comets striking a planet's surface
  • the disruption of a planet's surface by internal stresses
the three principal sources of internal heat of terrestrial planets are
  • metals sank to the center during a time when the interiors were molten throughout
  • relatively smooth, flat plains on the Moon
  • accretion, differentiation and radioactivity
  • the planet must have a molten interior
why is continental crust lower in density than seafloor crust?
  • continental crust is made from remelted seafloor crust and therefore only the lower-density material rises to form it
  • when their interiors were molten, denser materials sank toward their centers and lighter materials rose toward their surfaces
  • Seafloor crust is younger than continental crust, so it has had less time in which to suffer impacts
  • metals sank to the center during a time when the interiors were molten throughout
What process has shaped Earth's surface more than any other?
  • existence of volcanoes
  • plate tectonics
  • all of the above
  • plate tectonics and widespread erosion
shallow-sloped shield volcanoes are made from lava that
  • flows slowly like honey
  • existence of volcanoes
  • has a medium viscosity
  • high internal temperature
What is differentiation in planetary geology
  • the process by which gravity separates materials according to density
  • warm air expanding and rising while cooler air contracts and fall
  • a type of rock that makes relatively low-viscosity lava
  • the disruption of a planet's surface by internal stresses
How long, approximately, do geologists estimate it takes for the entire seafloor to be replaced due to plate tectonics?
  • 200 million years
  • 10 times larger
  • its slow rotation
  • the islands of Hawaii
from center to surface, which of the following correctly lists the interior layers of a terrestrial world?
  • internal temperature
  • core, mantle, crust
  • its magnetic field
  • accretion and differentiation
on average, how fast do the plates move on Earth
  • a few centimeters per year
  • plate tectonics
  • plate tectonics and widespread erosion
  • has a medium viscosity
in the context of planetary geology, what do we mean by outgassing?
  • the release by volcanism of gases that had been trapped in a planetary interior
  • magnetism
  • the surface in the region is younger than the surface in more heavily cratered regions
  • the process by which gravity separates materials according to density
Recent evidence suggests that Mars once had a global magnetic field. Assuming this is true, which of the following could explain why Mars today lacks a global magnetic field like that of Earth?
  • metals sank to the center during a time when the interiors were molten throughout
  • Mar's interior has cooled so much its molten core layer no longer undergoes convection
  • size: same as the moon. distance from sun: same as mars. rotation rate: once every 10 days.
  • metals sunk to the centers a long time ago when the interiors were molten throughout
what observational evidence supports the idea that Mercury once shrank by some 20 kilometers in radius?
  • its small size compared to Earth
  • the presence of canali, discovered in the late 1800s by Giovanni Schiaparelli and mapped by Precival Lowell
  • the presence of many long, tall cliffs
  • the seafloor crust is younger than the continental crust
the relatively few craters that we see within the lunar maria
  • warm air expanding and rising while cooler air contracts and fall
  • they were probably formed by tectonic stresses when the entire planet shrank as its core cooled
  • Continental crust is made as the lowest-density seafloor crust melts and erupts to the surface near subduction zones
  • were formed by impacts that occurred after those that formed most of the craters in the lunar highlands
in the context of plate tectonics, what is a subduction zone
  • a place where a seafloor plate is sliding under a continental plate
  • a core layer of molten, convecting material and sufficiently rapid rotation
  • a layer of relatively strong, rigid rock, encompassing the crust and part of the mantle
  • it is the result of countless tiny impacts by small particles striking the moon
which of the following is the underlying reason why Venus has so little wind erosion?
  • Hawaii
  • its small size compared to Earth
  • the islands of Hawaii
  • its slow rotation
how large is an impact crater compared to the size of the impactor
  • composition
  • plate tectonics
  • by using radar from spacecraft that were sent to orbit Venus
  • 10 times larger
what is basalt
  • a shield volcano on Mars
  • a type of rock that makes relatively low-viscosity lava
  • seafloor crust is thinner, younger and higher in density
  • both a molten metallic core and reasonably fast rotation
suppose we had a device that allowed us to see Earth's interior. If we looked at a typical region of the mantle, what would we see happening?
  • not much--on human time scales, the mantle looks like solid rock
  • it is the only one that has both a partially molten metallic core and reasonably rapid rotation
  • they have relatively more surface area compared to their volumes
  • both a molten metallic core and reasonably fast rotation
Why is Earth's continental crust lower in density than seafloor crust?
  • it is the only one that has both a partially molten metallic core and reasonably rapid rotation
  • early in their histories, they suffered many impacts and experienced some volcanism and tectonics, but they now have little geological activity at all
  • Continental crust is made as the lowest-density seafloor crust melts and erupts to the surface near subduction zones
  • they were probably formed by tectonic stresses when the entire planet shrank as its core cooled
which of the following describes impact cratering
  • the excavation of bowl-shaped depressions by asteroids or comets striking a planet's surface
  • the lithosphere is broken into a set of large plated that float upon the softer rock below
  • the disruption of a planet's surface by internal stresses
  • they were probably formed by tectonic stresses when the entire planet shrank as its core cooled
You discover an impact crater that is 10 kilometers across. Which of the following can you conclude?
  • both a molten metallic core and reasonably fast rotation
  • it was created by the impact of an object about 1 km across
  • seafloor crust is thinner, younger and higher in density
  • a large baked potato takes longer to cool than a small baked potato
Spacecraft have landed on all the terrestrial worlds except
  • infrared
  • 10 times larger
  • Mercury
  • Moon, Mercury, Mars, Venus, Earth
what kind of surface features may result from tectonics?
  • has a medium viscosity
  • 10 times larger
  • its magnetic field
  • all of the above
the reason that small planets tend to lose interior heat faster than larger planets is essentially the same as the reason that
  • a core layer of molten, convecting material and sufficiently rapid rotation
  • Size: same as the Moon. Distance from Sun: same as Mars. Rotation rate: once every 10 days.
  • a large baked potato takes longer to cool than a small baked potato
  • warm air expanding and rising while cooler air contracts and fall
When we say that a liquid has a high viscosity, we mean that it
  • plate tectonics
  • its magnetic field
  • its rotation is too slow
  • flows slowly like honey
Why are there fewer large craters on the seafloor than on the continents?
  • both a molten metallic core and reasonably fast rotation
  • Seafloor crust is younger than continental crust, so it has had less time in which to suffer impacts
  • the seafloor crust is younger than the continental crust
  • the disruption of a planet's surface by internal stresses
which of the following best describes convection?
  • it is the result of countless tiny impacts by small particles striking the moon
  • the excavation of bowl-shaped depressions by asteroids or comets striking a planet's surface
  • it is the process in which warm material expands and rises while cool material contracts and falls
  • warm air expanding and rising while cooler air contracts and fall
what type of stresses broke Earth's lithosphere into plates?
  • its the result of gradual erosion by micrometeorites striking the Moon
  • the circulation of convection cells in the mantle, which dragged against the lithosphere
  • the surface in the region is younger than the surface in more heavily cratered regions
  • metals sunk to the centers a long time ago when the interiors were molten throughout
which internal energy source is the most important in continuing to heat the terrestrial planets today?
  • internal temperature
  • the islands of Hawaii
  • composition
  • radioactivity
Most of the Moon's surface is densely covered with craters, but we find relatively few craters with lunar maria. What can we conclude?
  • Venus has relatively few impact craters and these craters are distributed fairly evenly over the entire planet
  • relatively smooth, flat plains on the Moon
  • its small size compared to Earth
  • maria formed after the heavy bombardment ended
the main process by which heat flows upward through the lithosphere is
  • all of the above
  • conduction
  • the circulation of convection cells in the mantle, which dragged against the lithosphere
  • accretion, differentiation and radioactivity
which of the following regions was the result of plumes of hot mantle rising in a hot spot within a plate?
  • Northeastern Canada
  • they have relatively more surface area compared to their volumes
  • the islands of Hawaii
  • the presence of many long, tall cliffs
which of the following is not generally true of all the terrestrial world lithospheres?
  • the presence of canali, discovered in the late 1800s by Giovanni Schiaparelli and mapped by Precival Lowell
  • the surface in the region is younger than the surface in more heavily cratered regions
  • the excavation of bowl-shaped depressions by asteroids or comets striking a planet's surface
  • the lithosphere is broken into a set of large plated that float upon the softer rock below
how have we been able to construct detailed maps of surface features on Venus
  • by using radar from spacecraft that were sent to orbit Venus
  • seafloor crust is thinner, younger, and higher in density
  • seafloor crust is thinner, younger and higher in density
  • when the substance is strongly heated from underneath
Which of the following does not provide evidence that Mars once had flowing?
  • the disruption of a planet's surface by internal stresses
  • the presence of vast canals discovered in the late 1800s by Giovanni Schiaparelli and mapped by Percival Lowell
  • its the result of gradual erosion by micrometeorites striking the Moon
  • the islands of Hawaii
The choices below describe four hypothetical planets. Which one would you expect to have the hottest interior? (Assume the planets orbit a star just like the Sun and that they are all the same age as the planets in our solar system.)
  • size: same as the moon. distance from sun: same as mars. rotation rate: once every 10 days.
  • metals sank to the center during a time when the interiors were molten throughout
  • the surface in the region is younger than the surface in more heavily cratered regions
  • metals sunk to the centers a long time ago when the interiors were molten throughout
Valles Marineris is a
  • core, mantle, crust
  • its rotation is too slow
  • a few centimeters per year
  • large canyon on Mars
the lithosphere of a planet is the layer that consists of
  • the rigid rocky material of the crust and uppermost portion of the mantle
  • the gradual disappearance of a crater rim as a result of wind and rain
  • metals sank to the center during a time when the interiors were molten throughout
  • the seafloor crust is younger than the continental crust
suppose we use a baseball to represent earth. on this scale, the other terrestrial worlds (Mercury, Venus, the Moon and Mars) would range in size approximately from that of
  • its small size compared to Earth
  • its rotation is too slow
  • core, mantle, crust
  • a golf ball to a baseball
Rank the five terrestrial worlds in order of size from smallest to largest
  • plate tectonics and widespread erosion
  • accretion, differentiation and radioactivity
  • Moon, Mercury, Mars, Venus, Earth
  • convection cells in the mantle
The Caloris Basin on Mercury covers a large region of the planet, but few smaller craters have formed on top of it. From this we conclude that
  • the Carolis Basin formed toward the end of the solar system's period of heavy bombardment
  • the surface in the region is younger than the surface in more heavily cratered regions
  • Size: same as Venus. Distance from Sun: same as Mars. Rotation rate: once every 25 hours.
  • Size: same as the Moon. Distance from Sun: same as Mars. Rotation rate: once every 10 days.
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