Gene Flow
  • -a result of the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes-can introduce new alleles into a population's gene pool
  • Green aphids had deletion of their carotenoid synthesis-genes
  • Gene Flow
  • 1. Infinite population 2. Nonrandom mating/No selection 3. No gene Flow 4. No genetic drift 5. No Mutation
Genetic Drift causes random changes in _ frequencies.
  • allele
  • equalize
  • Balancing
  • reduce
Nonrandom mating changes only _ frequencies not _ frequencies, so is not an evolutionary process itself
  • Genetic Bottleneck
  • Natural Selection
  • Genetic Drift
  • genotype; allele
Workers from a nearby greenhouse accidentally introduce white flower seeds into this population's habitat
  • Gene Flow
  • Genetic Drift
  • genotype; allele
  • Gene Flow, frequency of white allele increases
Whoever founds a new generation determines the new allele frequencies
  • Founder effect
  • Natural Selection
  • Gene Flow
  • Genetic Drift
Increases genetic diversity in a recipient population if new alleles arrive with immigrating individuals. May decrease if alleles leave with emigrating individuals.
  • genotype; allele
  • Inbreeding
  • Gene Flow
  • Genetic Drift
Change in number or composition of chromosomes
  • chromosomal mutation
  • stabilizing selection
  • point mutation
  • Directional selection
A lot of the population dies randomly and the survivor's allele frequencies determine the proceeding generation's
  • Genetic Bottleneck
  • hybrid panthers had kinked tails
  • Stabilizing selection
  • Genetic drift
Genetic drift is particularly important in small populations, and it tends to _ overall genetic diversity.
  • Disruptive selection
  • allele
  • new
  • reduce
The most common form of _ occurs when females choose to mate with males who exhibit "good alleles" or ability to provide resources to females.
  • Lateral Gene Transfer
  • Intersexual selection
  • Intrasexual selection
  • Natural Selection
Sometimes a loss-of-function mutation can be adaptive
  • adaptive
  • Natural Selection, frequency of purple allele increase
  • Green aphids had deletion of their carotenoid synthesis-genes
  • Inbreeding changes allele frequencies in a population.
Alleles (NOT ORGANISMS) moving between populations
  • Gene Flow
  • equalize
  • Genetic Drift
  • adaptive
Random with respect to fitness, most are neutral or lower fitness slightly
  • adaptive
  • equalize
  • Mutation
  • Genetic Drift
The Hardy-Weinberg principle played an important role in the synthesis of _ genetics and _ evolution
  • Inbreeding changes allele frequencies in a population.
  • Mendelian ; Darwinian
  • Genetic Drift
  • Lateral Gene Transfer
Totally random with respect to fitness
  • Genetic Drift
  • Natural selection
  • Gene Flow
  • Mutation
Declines average fitness because of over-concentration of homozygousity in normally hetero loss-of-function mutations
  • Stabilizing selection
  • Inbreeding
  • Gene Flow
  • Inbreeding changes allele frequencies in a population.
Tends to decrease genetic Diversity over time, as alleles are randomly lost or fixed in a population
  • Genetic Drift
  • Gene Flow
  • Genetic Drift, allele frequencies change but no predictably
  • alone;combined
A random fluctuation in Gene Frequency
  • Gene Flow
  • Genetic Bottleneck
  • Genetic Drift
  • genotype; allele
Favors extreme phenotypes
  • Genetic Drift
  • Directional
  • Directional selection
  • Mutation
Random production of new alleles
  • Directional
  • Mutation
  • Genetic drift
  • point mutation
Black-bellied seedcrackers have either small beaks (better for eating soft seeds) or large beaks (better for hard seeds). There are no seeds of intermediate hardness; therefore, which kind of selection acts on beak size in seedcrackers?
  • Stabilizing selection
  • Disruptive selection
  • Intersexual selection
  • Disruptive selection; formation
Genetic variation reduced (two)
  • ecological selection
  • Disruptive selection
  • Natural selection
  • Stabilizing, Directional
Can maintain, increase, or reduce generic variation
  • Natural Selection (Gene Flow kinda acceptable)
  • Lateral Gene Transfer
  • Natural Selection
  • have no affect on fitness (silent mutation)
favors extreme phenotypes at ends of phenotypical range
  • Natural Selection
  • disruptive selection
  • Disruptive selection eliminates phenotypes near the average and favors the extreme phenotypes, resulting in increased genetic variation in a population.
  • Natural Selection; depression
Mutation occurs too infrequently to be a major cause of change in allele frequency _ , but it is important when _ with natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow.
  • Genetic drift
  • alone;combined
  • genotype; allele
  • Lateral Gene Transfer
Natural Selection
  • The direction of evolutionary change due to genetic drift is random. Genetic drift is not driven by a directional effect but occurs as a magnification of chance effects due to small population size.
  • Disruptive selection eliminates phenotypes near the average and favors the extreme phenotypes, resulting in increased genetic variation in a population.
  • - a result of differential success in reproduction-cannot cause a harmful allele to become more common-consistently causes a population to become better adapted to its environment
  • The value of a particular characteristic; characteristics of an organism can include such traits as size and color.
Sexual dimorphism
  • - a result of differential success in reproduction-cannot cause a harmful allele to become more common-consistently causes a population to become better adapted to its environment
  • have no affect on fitness (silent mutation)
  • Natural Selection; depression
  • trait that differs by gender
Increases genetic variation by producing new alleles
  • adaptive
  • equalize
  • Gene Flow
  • Mutation
A storm kills many plants at random
  • Gene Flow
  • Both or either physical characteristics that signal male genetic quality or behavioral characteristics that indicate their ability to provide parental care
  • Genetic Drift, allele frequencies change but no predictably
  • Genetic Drift
The ultimate source of genetic variation
  • Mutation
  • point mutation
  • Balancing
  • allele
Declines average fitness because loss of heterozygous advantage, which favors genetic diversity
  • Stabilizing selection
  • Gene Flow
  • Inbreeding
  • Genetic Drift
Produces adaption, increasing fitness
  • Natural Selection; depression
  • Disruptive selection
  • Natural selection
  • ecological selection
How might gene flow be important in managing an endangered population? See Section 23.
  • Disruptive selection eliminates phenotypes near the average and favors the extreme phenotypes, resulting in increased genetic variation in a population.
  • It decreases genetic diversity via the loss of alleles due to inbreeding depression. Genetic drift is of large concern with populations of a small size because you are more likely to have mating between close relatives.
  • Gene Flow
  • It increases genetic diversity by introducing alleles from one population into another.
Transfer of genes from one species to another, instead of parent to offspring.
  • Natural Selection
  • Intrasexual selection
  • Natural Selection, frequency of white allele increases
  • Lateral Gene Transfer
Intersexual selection qualities
  • stabilizing selection
  • - a result of differential success in reproduction-cannot cause a harmful allele to become more common-consistently causes a population to become better adapted to its environment
  • Both or either physical characteristics that signal male genetic quality or behavioral characteristics that indicate their ability to provide parental care
  • The direction of evolutionary change due to genetic drift is random. Genetic drift is not driven by a directional effect but occurs as a magnification of chance effects due to small population size.
Natural election that isn't sexual
  • ecological selection
  • chromosomal mutation
  • Disruptive selection
  • Natural Selection
Which type of selection tends to increase genetic variation?
  • It increases genetic diversity by introducing alleles from one population into another.
  • hybrid panthers had kinked tails
  • Disruptive selection eliminates phenotypes near the average and favors the extreme phenotypes, resulting in increased genetic variation in a population.
  • Natural Selection
The article mentions that "Historically, there had been gene flow between Texas cougars and Florida panthers". This means that:
  • The direction of evolutionary change due to genetic drift is random. Genetic drift is not driven by a directional effect but occurs as a magnification of chance effects due to small population size.
  • Mendelian ; Darwinian
  • the Texas cougar and the Florida panther have interbred with each other in the past.
  • It increases genetic diversity by introducing alleles from one population into another.
Slowest evolutionary process (in non-bacteria and non-archaea) but strong when combined with others
  • Mutation
  • Inbreeding
  • equalize
  • Directional
Neutral Alleles
  • Directional
  • have no affect on fitness (silent mutation)
  • Genetic Drift, allele frequencies change but no predictably
  • Natural Selection; depression
Changes average value of trait
  • Balancing
  • Directional
  • Inbreeding
  • Mutation
Gene Flow tends to _ allele frequencies among populations.
  • Gene Flow
  • equalize
  • Mutation
  • reduce
favors an average phenotype
  • Disruptive selection
  • stabilizing selection
  • Directional
  • Stabilizing, Directional
Hardy Wienburg Requirements:
  • Both or either physical characteristics that signal male genetic quality or behavioral characteristics that indicate their ability to provide parental care
  • Directional
  • Balancing
  • 1. Infinite population 2. Nonrandom mating/No selection 3. No gene Flow 4. No genetic drift 5. No Mutation
Gene flow can introduce alleles from one population to _ when individuals move among populations.
  • Mutation
  • allele
  • another
  • genotype; allele
If this did not occur, evolution would stop
  • adaptive
  • Mutation
  • Gene Flow
  • Directional
During an extreme heat wave, plants with white flowers survive better
  • Natural Selection
  • Natural Selection, frequency of white allele increases
  • Lateral Gene Transfer
  • Disruptive selection; formation
Inbreeding can accelerate _ and can cause inbreeding _.
  • Balancing selection; genetic variation
  • Natural Selection
  • Natural Selection (Gene Flow kinda acceptable)
  • Natural Selection; depression
Mutation is the only evolutionary process that creates _ alleles. They may be beneficial, neutral, or deleterious.
  • Natural Selection
  • Gene Flow
  • genotype; allele
  • new
Plants with purple flowers attract more insects, which pollinate the plants
  • Natural Selection, frequency of purple allele increase
  • Balancing selection; genetic variation
  • Mutation
  • Natural Selection
Random with respect to fitness, usually reducing
  • Directional
  • Genetic Bottleneck
  • Mutation
  • Genetic Drift
Small Aristelliger lizards have difficulty defending territories, but large lizards are more likely to be preyed upon by owls. Which kind of selection acts on the adult body size of these lizards?
  • Stabilizing selection
  • Lateral Gene Transfer
  • ecological selection
  • Disruptive selection
_ favors phenotypes at one end of a distribution, causing the average phenotype to change. It tends to decrease the diversity of alleles in populations.
  • Directional
  • Genetic Drift
  • alone;combined
  • Disruptive selection; formation
A person uproots the five closest plants, which all happen to be white flowers.
  • Genetic Drift, frequency of purple allele increases
  • Natural Selection (Gene Flow kinda acceptable)
  • Natural Selection, frequency of white allele increases
  • Genetic drift
Which of the following was NOT a consequence of breeding Texas panthers with the Florida panthers?
  • Disruptive selection; formation
  • hybrid panthers had kinked tails
  • Inbreeding changes allele frequencies in a population.
  • Stabilizing selection
In a bell-shaped curve, the x-axis (horizontal direction) of the graph represents which of the following?In a bell-shaped curve, the x-axis (horizontal direction) of the graph represents which of the following?
  • Stabilizing selection
  • the Texas cougar and the Florida panther have interbred with each other in the past.
  • Both or either physical characteristics that signal male genetic quality or behavioral characteristics that indicate their ability to provide parental care
  • The value of a particular characteristic; characteristics of an organism can include such traits as size and color.
Change in single base-pair in DNA
  • point mutation
  • Directional
  • Mutation
  • Genetic Drift
_ is the only evolutionary process that produces an adaption.
  • Natural Selection, frequency of purple allele increase
  • Sexual Selection; males; females
  • Natural Selection
  • Natural Selection; depression
Increases the frequency of certain alleles-the ones that contribute to reproductive success in a particular enviornment
  • Genetic Bottleneck
  • Mutation
  • Natural Selection
  • Balancing selection; genetic variation
_ occurs when no single phenotype is favored; there is a balance among alleles in terms of fitness and frequency. [It] preserves _.
  • Balancing selection; genetic variation
  • nonrandom; homozygosity; heterozygosity
  • Gene Flow, frequency of white allele increases
  • Natural Selection
Often favors certain alleles and leads to a decrease in overall genetic variation in a population
  • Natural Selection
  • Lateral Gene Transfer
  • Natural Selection, frequency of purple allele increase
  • Natural Selection; depression
_ is a type of natural selection that leads to the evolution of trait that enable individuals to attract mates. Its usually has a stronger effect on _ than on _.
  • Natural Selection
  • Natural Selection, frequency of purple allele increase
  • Natural Selection; depression
  • Sexual Selection; males; females
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