the branch of biology that studies heredity and variation in organisms
  • taxonomy
  • genetics
  • evolution
  • phylogeny
movement of alleles into or out of a population due to the migration of individuals to or from the population
  • gene pool
  • natural selection
  • gene flow
  • mutation
study of multicellular organisms as they develop from fertilized eggs to fully formed organisms
  • embryology
  • genetics
  • homologous structures
  • differentiation
information gathered from observations
  • theory
  • conclusion
  • data
  • experiment
transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome
  • tRNA
  • ribosome
  • dna
  • mrna
change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information
  • natural selection
  • transcription
  • gene flow
  • mutation
the total amount of living matter within a given trophic level
  • trophic level
  • biomass
  • niche
  • biodiversity
package of nucleic acid wrapped in a protein coat that must use a host cell's machinery to reproduce itself
  • virus
  • bacteria
  • archaea
  • prokaryote
second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell
  • prophase
  • anaphase
  • metaphase
  • telophase
first species to populate an area during primary succession
  • keystone species
  • climax community
  • pioneer species
  • secondary succession
differences between organisms
  • adaptation
  • natural selection
  • mutation
  • variation
the process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells
  • mitosis
  • cell division
  • meiosis
  • protein synthesis
substance prepared from killed or weakened pathogens and introduced into a body to produce immunity
  • vaccine
  • pathogen
  • antibody
  • antibiotic
pattern of evolution in which long stable periods are interrupted by brief periods of more rapid change
  • speciation
  • punctuated equilibrium
  • natural selection
  • gradualism
rapid growth of algae in bodies of water, due to high levels of nitrogen and often phosphate
  • transpiration
  • eutrophication
  • adaptation
  • pollution
The movement of materials through a cell membrane without using energy
  • facilitated diffusion
  • diffusion
  • passive transport
  • osmosis
A unicellular organism that LACKS a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
  • organelle
  • bacteria
  • prokaryote
  • virus
a classification of organisms into groups based on similarities of structure or origin etc
  • taxonomy
  • phylogeny
  • evolution
  • genetics
exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis
  • Punnett square
  • chromosome
  • carbohydrate
  • crossing over
compound that blocks the growth and reproduction of bacteria
  • antibiotic
  • vaccine
  • antigen
  • antibody
new combination of genetic information in a gamete as a result of crossing over during prophase I of meiosis
  • binary fission
  • mutation
  • genetic recombination
  • natural selection
messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome
  • chromosome
  • metaphase
  • mRNA
  • genus
diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
  • diffusion
  • active transport
  • osmosis
  • facilitated diffusion
process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen
  • photosynthesis
  • cellular respiration
  • glycolysis
  • mitochondria
ribonucleic acid; a nucleic acid that plays an important role in the production of proteins
  • ATP
  • DNA
  • PROTEIN
  • RNA
the cycle of growth and reproduction of a cell, consisting of interphase (g1, s, g2) and mitosis (division of the nucleus-prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase) and cytokinesis (division of cytoplasm)
  • cytokinesis
  • cell cycle
  • meiosis
  • mitosis
basic unit of life
  • cell
  • organelle
  • tissue
  • organ
a behavior that an organism inherits
  • adaptation
  • instinct
  • stimulus
  • learned behavior
a tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell
  • organelle
  • tissue
  • organ
  • cell
A discrete event that disrupts an ecosystem or community. Examples of natural disturbances include fires, hurricanes, tornadoes, droughts, and floods. Examples of human-caused disturbances include deforestation, overgrazing, and plowing.
  • secondary succession
  • competition
  • predation
  • disturbance
a cross in which only one characteristic is tracked
  • phenotype
  • heterozygous
  • punnett square
  • monohybrid cross
a diagram that shows the feeding relationships between organisms in an ecosystem
  • trophic level
  • food chain
  • ecosystem
  • food web
condensed threads of genetic material formed from chromatin as a cell prepares to divide
  • ribosome
  • gene
  • genome
  • chromosome
a species that influences the survival of many other species in an ecosystem
  • pioneer species
  • herbivore
  • keystone species
  • pathogen
a part of the cell containing DNA responsible for growth and reproduction
  • cytoplasm
  • nucleus
  • mitochondria
  • endoplasmic reticulum
a relatively stable long-lasting community reached in a successional series
  • keystone species
  • primary succession
  • pioneer species
  • climax community
cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell
  • lysosome
  • nucleus
  • mitochondria
  • ribosome
mutation which results in the addition of nucleotide pairs in a gene; have a major effect on the resulting protein
  • base deletion
  • base insertion
  • cell division
  • transcription
Pairs of cells that surround stomata and control their opening and closing.
  • xylem
  • phloem
  • guard cell
  • stomata
mutation which results in the loss of nucleotide pairs in a gene; have a major effect on the resulting protein
  • base deletion
  • base-pair substitution
  • transcription
  • genetic recombination
a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten
  • ecosystem
  • trophic level
  • food web
  • food chain
group of organs that work together to perform a specific function
  • organ system
  • tissue
  • organism
  • organ
Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms
  • meiosis
  • mitosis
  • fertilization
  • binary fission
two strands of nucleotides wound about each other; structure of DNA
  • gene
  • double helix
  • chromosome
  • nucleotide
a consumer that only eats other consumers
  • carnivore
  • omnivore
  • decomposer
  • herbivore
process by which vesicles release their contents outside the cell; active transport
  • osmosis
  • endocytosis
  • facilitated diffusion
  • exocytosis
process in which cells become specialized in structure and function
  • meiosis
  • mitosis
  • fertilization
  • differentiation
a structure in a cell that receives proteins and other newly formed materials from the endoplasmic reticulum, packages them, and transports them out of the cell
  • golgi body
  • nucleus
  • mitochondria
  • endoplasmic reticulum
division of the cytoplasm
  • prophase
  • mitosis
  • cytokinesis
  • anaphase
the transfer of nitrogen from the atmosphere to the soil, to living organisms, and back to the atmosphere
  • eutrophication
  • nitrogen cycle
  • biogeochemical cycle
  • carbon cycle
living and nonliving things in an environment, together with their interactions
  • organism
  • habitat
  • species
  • ecosystem
a model of evolution in which gradual change over a long period of time leads to biological diversity
  • punctuated equilibrium
  • gradualism
  • evolution
  • natural selection
a physical feature of an organism's body having a specific function that contributes to the survival of the organism
  • structural adaptation
  • trait
  • adaptation
  • behavioral adaptation
a type of point mutation where one nucleotide and its partner are replaced by another pair of nucleotides
  • point mutation
  • base deletion
  • base-pair substitution
  • genetic recombination
science dealing with the earth's history as recorded in rocks
  • geology
  • evolution
  • genetics
  • taxonomy
macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; needed by the body for growth and repair and to make up enzymes
  • lipid
  • protein
  • dna
  • carbohydrate
the growth response of a plant toward or away from a stimulus
  • exocytosis
  • tropism
  • photosynthesis
  • transpiration
a rise in the temperature of the body
  • negative feedback
  • antigen
  • antibody
  • fever
a nucleotide that stores and transfers energy within cells
  • RNA
  • ATP
  • CHLOROPHYLL
  • DNA
trait that will show up in an organism's phenotype if gene is present
  • homozygous
  • recessive
  • dominant
  • heterozygous
(genetics) the process whereby DNA makes a copy of itself before cell division
  • translation
  • replication
  • transcription
  • mitosis
substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction; like an enzyme
  • catalyst
  • substrate
  • activation energy
  • enzyme
process where the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA
  • mutation
  • transcription
  • translation
  • replication
Most inclusive taxonomic category; larger than a kingdom
  • kingdom
  • genus
  • species
  • domain
fertilized egg
  • zygote
  • gamete
  • embryo
  • fetus
Small openings on the underside of a leaf through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move.
  • xylem
  • vascular tissue
  • stomata
  • phloem
first and longest phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus
  • anaphase
  • metaphase
  • prophase
  • telophase
the random distribution of the pairs of genes on different chromosomes to the gametes
  • independent assortment
  • fertilization
  • mitosis
  • mutation
the struggle between organisms to survive in a habitat with limited resources
  • predation
  • mutualism
  • parasitism
  • competition
the formation of proteins by using information contained in DNA and carried by mRNA
  • cellular respiration
  • translation
  • protein
  • protein synthesis
a poison that can harm an organism
  • nucleotide
  • toxin
  • chlorophyll
  • mutagen
the vascular tissue through which water and nutrients move in plants
  • xylem
  • stomata
  • phloem
  • photosynthesis
mechanism of homeostasis that tends to stabilize a process by reducing its rate or output
  • equilibrium
  • homeostasis
  • negative feedback
  • adaptation
well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations
  • conclusion
  • theory
  • experiment
  • data
difference in concentration of a substance on two sides of a membrane
  • diffusion
  • osmosis
  • concentration gradient
  • atp
a jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended
  • mitochondria
  • nucleus
  • cytoplasm
  • cell membrane
egg or sperm sex cell that contains a single set of chromosomes (haploid), one from each homologous pair
  • chromosome
  • genotype
  • zygote
  • gamete
the remains (or an impression) of a plant or animal that existed in a past geological age and that has been excavated from the soil
  • species
  • variation
  • fossil
  • taxonomy
an organism that obtains energy by feeding on other organisms
  • decomposer
  • consumer
  • autotroph
  • producer
consumer that eats only producers; also called a primary consumer
  • producer
  • omnivore
  • carnivore
  • herbivore
a diagram that shows the amount of energy that moves from one feeding level to another in a food web
  • biogeochemical cycle
  • food web
  • energy pyramid
  • food chain
the act of conducting a controlled test or investigation
  • theory
  • conclusion
  • data
  • experiment
the removal of trees
  • eutrophication
  • photosynthesis
  • deforestation
  • pollution
organism that obtains energy by eating both plants and animals
  • herbivore
  • carnivore
  • decomposer
  • omnivore
domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls that do not contain peptidoglycan
  • protist
  • bacteria
  • archaea
  • virus
virus that infects bacteria
  • embryo
  • egg
  • bacteriophage
  • cell
consumer that feeds directly on producers
  • decomposer
  • herbivore
  • primary consumer
  • producer
controls what goes in and out of the nucleus
  • cell wall
  • nuclear membrane
  • nucleus
  • mitochondria
the final stage of meiosis when the chromosomes move toward opposite ends of the nuclear spindle
  • metaphase
  • prophase
  • anaphase
  • telophase
separation of species or populations so that they cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring
  • punctuated equilibrium
  • reproductive isolation
  • gene flow
  • speciation
any large complex organic molecule
  • organ
  • macromolecule
  • cell
  • organelle
one step in the line of descent of a family
  • gene
  • genotype
  • genome
  • generation
a bodily process occurring due to the effect of some stimulus or agent
  • stimulus
  • homeostasis
  • evolution
  • response
the process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration; passive
  • active transport
  • facilitated diffusion
  • diffusion
  • osmosis
an inherited behavior that helps an organism survive; like escaping from predators or find a mate
  • behavioral adaptation
  • trait
  • adaptation
  • structural adaptation
Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg cell.
  • somatic cell
  • bacteria
  • gamete
  • zygote
first step in releasing the energy of glucose, in which a molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of pyruvic acid.
  • cellular respiration
  • glycolysis
  • mitochondria
  • photosynthesis
Plant growth in response to light
  • phototropism
  • gradualism
  • eutrophication
  • organism
decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain
  • translation
  • replication
  • mutation
  • transcription
symbiotic relationship in which one organism lives in or on another organism (the host) and consequently harms it
  • commensalism
  • predation
  • mutualism
  • parasitism
one of two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome
  • centromere
  • chromosome
  • centriole
  • chromatid
energy needed to start a chemical reaction; lowered by enzymes
  • activation energy
  • substrate
  • catalyst
  • enzyme
genetic cross using two traits with two alleles each
  • heterozygous
  • dihybrid cross
  • genotype
  • punnett square
organic compound used by cells to store and release energy; composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
  • carbohydrate
  • nucleic acid
  • protein
  • lipid
a collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body
  • organ
  • organ system
  • tissue
  • cell
half the normal number of chromosomes; found in sex cells
  • heterozygous
  • genotype
  • genome
  • haploid number
the complete genetic material contained in an individual
  • chromosome
  • capsid
  • gene
  • genome
The study of evolutionary relationships among organisms
  • phylogeny
  • genetics
  • evolution
  • taxonomy
Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry.
  • analogous structures
  • vestigial structure
  • embryology
  • homologous structures
cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates
  • ribosome
  • nucleus
  • lysosome
  • vacuole
the joining of a sperm cell and an egg cell
  • fertilization
  • mitosis
  • pollination
  • meiosis
tiny fibers that are seen in cell division
  • centromere
  • centriole
  • spindle
  • chromosome
in RNA, a three-base "word" that codes for one amino acid
  • amino acid
  • protein
  • codon
  • gene
monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
  • gene
  • nucleotide
  • amino acid
  • protein
taxonomic group containing one or more species
  • domain
  • species
  • genus
  • kingdom
a rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell; made of carbohydrates
  • cell wall
  • mitochondria
  • nucleus
  • cell membrane
an unborn or unhatched vertebrate in the later stages of development showing the main recognizable features of the mature animal
  • fetus
  • gamete
  • zygote
  • embryo
the formation of new species as a result of evolution
  • adaptation
  • mutation
  • speciation
  • natural selection
domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls containing peptidoglycans
  • protist
  • bacteria
  • virus
  • archaea
inherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival
  • homeostasis
  • evolution
  • natural selection
  • adaptation
movement of molecules across a membrane requiring energy to be expended by the cell
  • active transport
  • facilitated diffusion
  • osmosis
  • diffusion
The lipid bilayer that forms the outer boundary of the cell
  • cell wall
  • nucleus
  • cytoplasm
  • cell membrane
the ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in its specific environment
  • evolution
  • natural selection
  • fitness
  • adaptation
organize the spindle fibers to separate chromosomes during animal cell mitosis
  • centromere
  • ribosome
  • centriole
  • chloroplast
physical characteristics of an organism; like green eyes, bushy tail or sleek tail
  • phenotype
  • genome
  • genetics
  • allele
Female sex cell
  • zygote
  • egg
  • cell
  • embryo
The reactant on which an enzyme works.
  • substrate
  • protein
  • enzyme
  • catalyst
structures that do not have a common evolutionary origin but are similar in form or function
  • homologous structures
  • vestigial structure
  • adaptation
  • analogous structures
a mature fertilized plant ovule consisting of an embryo and its food source and having a protective coat
  • embryo
  • seed
  • vascular tissue
  • zygote
a behavior an animal learns from its parents
  • stimulus
  • genetics
  • learned behavior
  • instinct
symbiotic relationship in which one member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed
  • parasitism
  • mutualism
  • predation
  • commensalism
single-celled or simple multicellular eukaryotic organisms that generally do not fit in any other kingdom
  • bacteria
  • archaea
  • virus
  • protist
when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes
  • exocytosis
  • equilibrium
  • hypertonic
  • isotonic
the gradual change in a species over time
  • homeostasis
  • evolution
  • adaptation
  • natural selection
succession following a disturbance that destroys a community without destroying the soil
  • pioneer species
  • ecological succession
  • secondary succession
  • climax community
macromolecule made mainly from carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils, and waxes
  • lipid
  • carbohydrate
  • nucleic acid
  • protein
physical or chemical agent that causes mutations
  • mutation
  • nucleotide
  • mutagen
  • codon
an organism that can make its own food
  • decomposer
  • primary consumer
  • autotroph
  • producer
process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment
  • evolution
  • negative feedback
  • adaptation
  • homeostasis
organism in its early stage of development
  • fetus
  • zygote
  • egg
  • embryo
transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of a plant
  • meiosis
  • pollination
  • fertilization
  • mitosis
a signal to which an organism responds
  • stimulus
  • homeostasis
  • adaptation
  • response
large taxonomic group, consisting of closely related phyla
  • kingdom
  • species
  • genus
  • domain
loss of water from a plant through its leaves
  • pollination
  • photosynthesis
  • osmosis
  • transpiration
organism that breaks down and obtains energy from dead organic matter
  • decomposer
  • pathogen
  • herbivore
  • producer
a plants growth response to water; plant grows towards the water
  • geotropism
  • hydrotropism
  • transcription
  • mutualism
materials found in nature that are used by living things
  • natural resource
  • keystone species
  • biodiversity
  • pioneer species
Classification system in which each species is assigned a two-part scientific name including the genus and species
  • evolution
  • phylogeny
  • taxonomy
  • binomial nomenclature
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