make use of crops such as corn and soybeans to replace fossil fuels
  • coal
  • biotechnology
  • biofuels
  • cloning
small circular DNA molecule obtained from a bacterium; serves as a cloning vector
  • pcr
  • dna ligase
  • cdna
  • plasmid
proteins that are important tools for gene cloning and manipulation*
  • restriction enzymes
  • pcr
  • dna ligase
  • primers
one method of rapidly analyzing and compairing DNA samples*
  • genetic engineering
  • agarose gel electrophoresis
  • cloning and manipulation
  • PCR and gel electrophoresis
the manipulation of organisms or heir genetic components to make useful products
  • recombinant dna
  • genetic engineering
  • cloning
  • biotechnology
most methods for cloning DNA in the laboratory share general features, like the use of ______
  • bacteria and their plasmids
  • antibiotic resistance genes
  • recombinant plasmid
  • DNA microarray assays
process where a bacterium takes up a plasmid from the surrounding solution
  • restriction enzymes
  • pcr
  • transformation
  • cloning
x-gal is hydrolyzed by the lacZ gene product, B-galactosidase, to yeild a _____ product.
  • bases of sticky ends
  • blue pigmented
  • transformation
  • genetic profile
plasmids used to clone genes
  • dna ligase
  • thermostable dna polymerase
  • cdna
  • cloning vector
detects DNA differences that affect restriction sites*
  • agricultural productivity
  • restriction fragment length polymorphisms
  • cloning and manipulation
  • restriction fragment analysis
within a living organism (opposite of in vitro)
  • in situ hybridization
  • in vivo
  • transformation
  • in vitro
to work directly with specific genes, scientists must prepare large quantities of gene-sized fragments of DNA in identical copies
  • intruding DNA
  • DNA cloning
  • foreign DNA
  • cloning
one way to _____ is to disable the gene and observe the consequences.
  • PCR and gel electrophoresis
  • high spealized cells
  • determine gene function
  • genetic engineering
a cloning vector is a DNA molecule that can carry _____ into a host cell and replicate within the host cell
  • an origin of replication
  • a restriction nuclease cut site
  • recombinant Dna
  • foreign DNA
____ can hybridize (form base pairs) via hydrogen bonding with complementary bases ( A-T & G-C)
  • blue pigmented
  • buffered solution
  • bases of sticky ends
  • short tandem repeats
useful for making many copies of a particular gene and for producing gene products (protein or RNA)
  • cloned genes
  • blue pigmented
  • sticky ends
  • endonucleases
variations in DNA sequence
  • short tandem repeats
  • polymorphisms
  • mutations
  • anode
allow for maintenance of the plasmid in bacterial host, usuallt the bacterium (E. coli-Escherichia coli)
  • tail fiber genes
  • restriction enzymes
  • antibiotic resistance genes
  • water in its cytoplasm
enzyme that forms covalent bonds between restriction fragments
  • Primers
  • Cdna
  • Restriction enzymes
  • DNA ligase
in gene cloning, DNA from an organism of interest is inserted into a plasmid, usually using an _______
  • genetic profile
  • DNA microarray assays
  • electrical current
  • in vitro reaction
restrictio enzymes were discovered in bacteria, where they function to protect bacteria against intruding DNA from other organisms, such as bacteriophages
  • intruding DNA
  • sticky ends
  • denaturation
  • recombinant DNA
The sticky end of the DNA restriction fragment -TGCA will pair with a DNA fragment with the sticky end ____.
  • plasmid
  • -ACGT
  • X-gal
  • lacZ gene
outside a living organism (as in a test tube)
  • pcr
  • live
  • in vivo
  • in vitro
The ___ the DNA molecule, the farther it moves.
  • same length
  • longer
  • shorter
  • the same size
2nd step in a PCR; lower temperature incubation allows single-stranded complementary template DNAs and DNA primers to anneal*
  • extension
  • denaturation
  • annealing
  • transformation
(STRs); varitations in the number of repeats of specific DNA sequences in a genome
  • short tandem repeats
  • restriction fragment length polymorphisms
  • sticky ends
  • cloning
reproduction of the transformed bacterial cells results in _____ of the recombinant plasmid
  • cloning
  • pcr
  • transformation
  • genetic engineering
in PCR; heat-tolerant DNA strands
  • Dna ligase
  • Rna primers
  • Thermostable DNA polymerase
  • Template dna
colonies of bacteria transformed with nonrecombinant plasmids containing intact lacZ genes will be ___ in color.
  • blue
  • white
  • green
  • red
of genes involves the use of recombinant DNA technologies
  • determine gene function
  • restriction fragment analysis
  • cloning and manipulation
  • agarose gel electrophoresis
in order to insert a human gene into a plasmid, both must be cut by the ________; doing so will result in the formation of complementary sticky ends
  • antibiotic resistance genes
  • same restriction enzyme
  • electrical current
  • buffered solution
bond
  • annealing
  • extension
  • anneal
  • cloning
restriction enzymes are ____ that ut (hydrolyze) DNA moelcules at specific sequences, usually palindromic, called restriction sites
  • endonucleases
  • template dna
  • dna ligase
  • probes
compound used to identify colonies produed by bacteria transformed with recombinant, lacZ disrupted plasmids.
  • Lacz
  • Annealing
  • X-gal
  • Cdna
multiple cloning site; has restriction enzyme cut sites
  • TRANSFORMATION
  • PLASMID
  • MCS
  • PCR
DNA microarray assays ____ of gene expression in different tissues, at different times, or under different conditions*
  • transgenic animals
  • buffered solution
  • compare patterns
  • mutants phenotype
automation has allowed scientists to measure expression of thousands of genes at 1 time using _____*
  • DNA microarray assays
  • in vitro reaction
  • antibiotic resistance genes
  • restriction enzymes
can be used to identify where or when a gene is transcribed in an organism
  • probes
  • pcr
  • restriction enzymes
  • primers
using ______, mutations are introduced into a cloned gene, thereby altering or destroying its function
  • in situ hybridization
  • in vitro mutagenesis
  • rna interference
  • genetic engineering
in _____ , nucleotide sequences from 2 different sources (often consisting of sequences from 2+ different species)are combined in vitro into the same DNA molecule.
  • biotechnology
  • genetic Engineering
  • recombinant DNA
  • plasmid
can be used to modify the metabolism of microorganisms
  • genetic engineering
  • cloning
  • recombinant dna
  • biotechnology
in PCR; contains the taret DNA sequence to be amplified*
  • Ribosomal Rna
  • Template DNA
  • Primers
  • Dna
in PCR; provides a suitable, pH stabilized chemical environment required for optimum activity and stability of the DNA polymerase*
  • buffered solution
  • strong acid
  • temperature greater than 100 degrees centigrade
  • buffered
collection of recombinant vector clones produced by cloning DNA fragments from an entire genome*
  • sticky ends
  • pcr
  • genomic library
  • recombinant plasmid
positively charged
  • anode
  • negative pole
  • north pole
  • cathode
complementary DNA; made by cloning DNA made *
  • template dna
  • recombinant dna
  • cDNA
  • plasmid
gene therapy is likely to be most successful with diseases caused by_____
  • chromosomal abnormalities
  • genetic imprinting
  • incomplete dominance
  • single gene defects
colonies of bacteria transformed with recombinant plasmids with disrupted lacZ genes will be ___, since they do not produce functional B-galactosidase
  • red
  • white
  • blue
  • gray
negative charged
  • casting tray
  • cathode
  • voltometer
  • anode
3rd step of a PCR; DNA polymerase catalyzes synthesis of new strands of DNA complementary to the DNA template*
  • extension
  • denaturation
  • annealing
  • cloning
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