________ breaks down a problem into a series of high-level tasks and continues to break each task into successively more detailed subtasks.
  • XML
  • Top-down design
  • test condition
  • inheritance
Which refers to a text-based approach to documenting an algorithm?
  • Pseudocode
  • Objective C
  • Flowchart
  • FORTRAN
An integrated development environment (IDE) is a ________.
  • coding
  • collection of tools that helps programmers write and test their programs
  • They use a set of short, English-based commands (such as ADD) that speak directly to the CPU.
  • Pseudocode
Programming is necessary when the software needed to accomplish a task is not available.
  • FORTRAN
  • F
  • T
  • coding
In object-oriented programming, ________ allows a new class to automatically use all the data and methods of an existing class.
  • algorithm
  • Programming
  • inheritance
  • test condition
Corona and App Inventor can be used to develop ________.
  • machine language
  • number of inputs required
  • apps for mobile devices
  • Testing and Documentation
Eventually all programming languages will merge into one universal language.
  • runtime
  • Objective C
  • F
  • T
________ enables users to define their own data-based tags and facilitates the exchange of information between websites.
  • 4GL
  • XML
  • Top-down design
  • beta
SQL is an example of a ________ category programming language.
  • F
  • XML
  • 4GL
  • apps for mobile devices
An example of a first-generation language is ________.
  • HTML/XHTML
  • machine language
  • Testing and Documentation
  • Java applet
During the program debugging stage, the people who will use the program test the software.
  • FORTRAN
  • Flowchart
  • T
  • F
A compiler translates the source code into an intermediate form of code, line by line.
  • Python
  • T
  • F
  • compilation
Prolog is an example of a fourth-generation programming language.
  • 4GL
  • T
  • F
  • coding
Before its final commercial release, a(n) ________ version of software may be offered to certain test sites or to interested users free or at a reduced cost.
  • beta
  • test condition
  • FORTRAN
  • inheritance
Translating an algorithm into a programming language is called ________.
  • coding
  • Python
  • FORTRAN
  • runtime
Object-oriented ________ are defined by the information (data) and the actions (methods) associated with them.
  • classes
  • inheritance
  • Programming
  • Python
Which is NOT a key factor a programmer uses in selecting the language for a project?
  • Flowchart
  • Objective C
  • Problem and Opportunity Identification
  • number of inputs required
Bottom-up design is a systematic approach in which a problem is broken into a series of high-level tasks.
  • FORTRAN
  • Python
  • F
  • T
A popular programming language which is known for having a large number of free libraries is ________.
  • FORTRAN
  • classes
  • test condition
  • Python
When programmers need to create several different examples of a class, each is known as an object.
  • T
  • Python
  • F
  • Flowchart
Which statement does NOT describe fifth-generation languages?
  • They use a set of short, English-based commands (such as ADD) that speak directly to the CPU.
  • Pseudocode
  • collection of tools that helps programmers write and test their programs
  • Problem and Opportunity Identification
Division by zero is a ________ error that is caught when the program executes.
  • Flowchart
  • coding
  • Pseudocode
  • runtime
One IDE can often be configured to support many different languages.
  • runtime
  • F
  • 4GL
  • T
The capability of moving a completed programming solution easily from one type of computer to another is known as ________.
  • control structures
  • algorithm
  • test condition
  • portability
________ is a programming language that can be used to create a wide range of Windows applications.
  • portability
  • Programming
  • Visual Basic
  • Top-down design
Data is the raw input that users have at the start of the job.
  • F
  • 4GL
  • Problem and Opportunity Identification
  • T
Syntax errors are caught only when a program executes.
  • collection of tools that helps programmers write and test their programs
  • F
  • machine language
  • T
A loop decision point for an algorithm consists of three features: an initial value, a set of actions to be performed, and a(n) ________.
  • algorithm
  • control structures
  • portability
  • test condition
Second-generation languages are also known as assembly languages.
  • Source code
  • F
  • T
  • 4GL
The process that converts program code into machine language is called ________.
  • compilation
  • F
  • Objective C
  • portability
Which language is the most popular language for writing Apple macOS applications?
  • Testing and Documentation
  • FORTRAN
  • runtime
  • Objective C
A data-flow diagram provides a visual representation of an algorithm.
  • T
  • Problem and Opportunity Identification
  • F
  • collection of tools that helps programmers write and test their programs
Why are chemotherapeutic agents that work on the peptidoglycan cell wall of bacteria a good choice of drug?
  • Why would an efflux pump for penicillin located on a bacterial cell membrane not be effective at providing resistance to the drug?
  • Resistant bacteria can have more efflux pumps, and can have less specific efflux pumps.
  • Humans and other animal hosts lack peptidoglycan cell walls.
  • mutation in B. anthracis → altered target → resistant bacterium
A researcher creates an antibiotic that binds to a protein present only on B. anthracis (the causative agent of anthrax), lysing the cell from the outside. After a couple of years using this antibiotic, some resistant organisms are found. Which of the following best outlines the mechanism for development of this resistance?
  • membrane pumps
  • mutation in B. anthracis → altered target → resistant bacterium
  • Humans and other animal hosts lack peptidoglycan cell walls.
  • rapid efflux of the antibiotic
Why would an efflux pump for penicillin located on a bacterial cell membrane not be effective at providing resistance to the drug?
  • Humans and other animal hosts lack peptidoglycan cell walls.
  • Viruses depend on the host cell's machinery, so it is hard to find a viral target that would leave the host cell unaffected.
  • Why would an efflux pump for penicillin located on a bacterial cell membrane not be effective at providing resistance to the drug?
  • It can also damage living human cell membranes, but the drug is safely used on the skin, where the outer layers of cells are dead.
The process of acquiring antibiotic resistance by means of bacteriophage activity is called
  • Penicillin
  • Humans and other animal hosts lack peptidoglycan cell walls.
  • Silent mutation
  • transduction
What is meant by selective toxicity?
  • Chemotherapeutic agents should act against the pathogen and not the host.
  • It can also damage living human cell membranes, but the drug is safely used on the skin, where the outer layers of cells are dead.
  • The bacterium is neither killed nor inhibited by the antibiotic.
  • the drug will kill or inhibit the growth of all of the sensitive bacterial cells
Membrane transport proteins are required for which mode(s) of antibiotic resistance?
  • the drug will kill or inhibit the growth of all of the sensitive bacterial cells
  • Viruses depend on the host cell's machinery, so it is hard to find a viral target that would leave the host cell unaffected.
  • Resistant bacteria can have more efflux pumps, and can have less specific efflux pumps.
  • Efflux pumps, beta-lactamases, and modification of porins all utilize membrane transport proteins.
R-plasmids are most likely acquired via
  • bacterial conjugation.
  • transduction
  • Penicillin
  • Silent mutation
Why is polymyxin only used on the skin?
  • the drug will kill or inhibit the growth of all of the sensitive bacterial cells
  • It can also damage living human cell membranes, but the drug is safely used on the skin, where the outer layers of cells are dead.
  • Viruses depend on the host cell's machinery, so it is hard to find a viral target that would leave the host cell unaffected.
  • Why would an efflux pump for penicillin located on a bacterial cell membrane not be effective at providing resistance to the drug?
Quinolones and fluoroquinolones act against what bacterial target?
  • transduction
  • Silent mutation
  • Penicillin
  • DNA gyrase
How might efflux pumps increase antibiotic resistance in bacteria?
  • Humans and other animal hosts lack peptidoglycan cell walls.
  • Viruses depend on the host cell's machinery, so it is hard to find a viral target that would leave the host cell unaffected.
  • Resistant bacteria can have more efflux pumps, and can have less specific efflux pumps.
  • the drug will kill or inhibit the growth of all of the sensitive bacterial cells
in the figure, which two are most closely related?
  • 2,3,5
  • Neisseria
  • 1 and 3
  • b
sort groups of organisms into the correct domain.-Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya-hyperthermophiles, methanogens, extreme halophiles cyanobacteria, gram-positive bacteria, proteobacteria fungi, green algae, ciliates, slime molds
  • -Archaea hyperthermophiles, methanogens, extreme halophiles-Bacteria cyanobacteria, gram-positive bacteria, proteobacteria-Eukarya fungi, green algae, ciliates, slime molds
  • Nucleotide sequences in ribosomal RNA vary between all three domains.
  • Pasteurella multocida
  • a pure culture that is not totally identical to other cultures of the same species
In the table, which features are found in nearly all eukarya?
  • Neisseria
  • b
  • 1 and 3
  • 2,3,5
Into which group would you place a photosynthetic organism that lacks a nucleus and has a thin peptidoglycan wall surrounded by an outer membrane?
  • Members absorb dissolved organic matter.
  • evolved from a common ancestor.
  • the two organisms are unrelated
  • Proteobacteria (gram-negative bacteria)
Which of the following best defines a strain in microbiological terms?
  • They use organic carbon sources.
  • Nucleotide sequences in ribosomal RNA vary between all three domains.
  • a pure culture that is not totally identical to other cultures of the same species
  • They contain nuclei.
Organism A has 70 moles % G+C, and organism B has 40 moles % G+C. Which of the following can be concluded from these data?
  • the two organisms are unrelated
  • evolved from a common ancestor.
  • They undergo photosynthesis.
  • They use organic carbon sources.
A bacterial species differs from a species of eukaryotic organisms in that a bacterial species
  • evolved from a common ancestor.
  • is a population of cells with similar characteristics.
  • Viral species are not classified as part of any of the three domains.
  • a pure culture that is not totally identical to other cultures of the same species
in the figure, the closest ancestor for both species "a." and species "b." would be which of the following?
  • b
  • 1 and 3
  • 2,3,5
  • 5
Which of the following is the best evidence for a three-domain system?
  • a pure culture that is not totally identical to other cultures of the same species
  • They use organic carbon sources.
  • They contain nuclei.
  • Nucleotide sequences in ribosomal RNA vary between all three domains.
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