Which species concept would be most useful to a team of biologists conducting a biodiversity survey?
  • the morphospecies concept
  • The progeny frequencies are determined by the multiplication rule (multiplying the gamete frequencies together). Genotype frequencies are determined by applying the mutiplication rule to the gamete frequencies. For example, if the frequency of one particular male gamete is 1 and the frequency of one particular female gamete is ½, the frequency of those two gametes fusing to form the F2 progeny would be 1 x ½ = ½.
  • physical isolation of two populations
  • biological species concept. The criterion of reproductive isolation cannot be evaluated in fossil species or species that reproduce asexually.
In the experiment testing whether new species can arise by hybridization, why did the researchers perform the crosses shown in steps 2 and 3? Sunflower experiment
  • On apple trees, they are much more likely to encounter other apple flies than hawthorn flies. Because of the fruit preferences of the two populations little or no interbreeding occurs between apple flies and hawthorn flies, which reduces gene flow between them.
  • to simulate matings that might have occurred naturally in the past. The researchers hypothesized that similar matings were involved in creating the naturally occurring species H. anomalus following hybridization between wild H. annuus and H. petiolaris.
  • It should expand into the ranges of both parental populations. Hybrid offspring should outcompete parental populations at least in the areas just outside the original hybrid zone, resulting in its expansion.
  • doubling of chromosome number in the diploid population. In autopolyploidy, reproductively isolated polyploid individuals are produced when chromosome number is doubled and all chromosomes come from the same species.
Which statement correctly explains how to determine the frequencies of the F2 progeny?
  • biological species concept. The criterion of reproductive isolation cannot be evaluated in fossil species or species that reproduce asexually.
  • the morphospecies concept
  • The progeny frequencies are determined by the multiplication rule (multiplying the gamete frequencies together). Genotype frequencies are determined by applying the mutiplication rule to the gamete frequencies. For example, if the frequency of one particular male gamete is 1 and the frequency of one particular female gamete is ½, the frequency of those two gametes fusing to form the F2 progeny would be 1 x ½ = ½.
  • The Grand Canyon forms, separating two populations of squirrels on the North and South rims.
Which theory was disproved when Mendel observed that the F1 generation of a monohybrid cross resembled one of the parents?
  • the morphospecies concept
  • physical isolation of two populations
  • hybrid sterility
  • the theory of blending inheritance
In peas, the allele for yellow seeds (Y) is dominant to the allele for green seeds (y). What would be the genotype and phenotype ratios of offspring from a cross between Yy and yy individuals?
  • when observing the F1 generation of a monohybrid cross
  • alleles segregate into gametes with equal frequency.
  • no gene flow between populations
  • Genotype: ½ Yy : ½ yy; Phenotype: ½ yellow : ½ green
Which event in meiosis accounts for Mendel's principle of independent assortment?
  • Nonhomologous chromosomes line up independently during meiosis I.This event explains why alleles on nonhomologous (different) chromosomes assort independently, and explains why gametes contain random assortments of maternal and paternal chromosomes.
  • biological species concept. The criterion of reproductive isolation cannot be evaluated in fossil species or species that reproduce asexually.
  • The progeny frequencies are determined by the multiplication rule (multiplying the gamete frequencies together). Genotype frequencies are determined by applying the mutiplication rule to the gamete frequencies. For example, if the frequency of one particular male gamete is 1 and the frequency of one particular female gamete is ½, the frequency of those two gametes fusing to form the F2 progeny would be 1 x ½ = ½.
  • separation of homologs at anaphase I. The physical separation of alleles on the two homologs in anaphase of meiosis I explains why each gamete contains one allele of each gene.
To promote genetic divergence, why is it important for the apple flies shown in the figure to mate on their food plants?
  • It should expand into the ranges of both parental populations. Hybrid offspring should outcompete parental populations at least in the areas just outside the original hybrid zone, resulting in its expansion.
  • On apple trees, they are much more likely to encounter other apple flies than hawthorn flies. Because of the fruit preferences of the two populations little or no interbreeding occurs between apple flies and hawthorn flies, which reduces gene flow between them.
  • to simulate matings that might have occurred naturally in the past. The researchers hypothesized that similar matings were involved in creating the naturally occurring species H. anomalus following hybridization between wild H. annuus and H. petiolaris.
  • The progeny frequencies are determined by the multiplication rule (multiplying the gamete frequencies together). Genotype frequencies are determined by applying the mutiplication rule to the gamete frequencies. For example, if the frequency of one particular male gamete is 1 and the frequency of one particular female gamete is ½, the frequency of those two gametes fusing to form the F2 progeny would be 1 x ½ = ½.
Does allele segregation determine gamete frequencies (i.e., proportions)? According to Mendel's law of segregation,
  • alleles segregate into gametes with equal frequency.
  • when observing the F1 generation of a monohybrid cross
  • always receives only one of the parent's alleles for each gene.
  • Genotype: ½ Yy : ½ yy; Phenotype: ½ yellow : ½ green
How did the sunflower species Helianthus anomalus originate?
  • interbreeding
  • The Grand Canyon forms, separating two populations of squirrels on the North and South rims.
  • hybridization
  • physical isolation of two populations
How do autopolyploidy and allopolyploidy differ?
  • when observing the F1 generation of a monohybrid cross
  • Reinforcement is natural selection against interbreeding and production of hybrid offspring.
  • The chromosomes of an autopolyploid individual come from the same species, whereas an allopolyploid individual has sets of chromosomes from different species.
  • The Grand Canyon forms, separating two populations of squirrels on the North and South rims.
Which description of reinforcement is correct?
  • Reinforcement is natural selection against interbreeding and production of hybrid offspring.
  • The Grand Canyon forms, separating two populations of squirrels on the North and South rims.
  • biological species concept. The criterion of reproductive isolation cannot be evaluated in fossil species or species that reproduce asexually.
  • when observing the F1 generation of a monohybrid cross
Biological, morphological, and phylogenetic species concepts allow biologists to identify evolutionarily independent groups because they all rely on criteria indicative of _____.
  • an allele
  • Genotype: ½ Yy : ½ yy; Phenotype: ½ yellow : ½ green
  • no gene flow between populations
  • alleles segregate into gametes with equal frequency.
Parents - YY yyF1 - YyWhen an F1 plant undergoes meiosis, what gamete types will it produce, and in what proportions?
  • the morphospecies concept
  • an allele
  • hybridization
  • 1/2 Y and 1/2 y
If autopolyploidy is responsible for the formation of a tetraploid grape (with extra-large fruit) from a diploid population (with smaller fruit), which of the following events must have occurred?
  • doubling of chromosome number in the diploid population. In autopolyploidy, reproductively isolated polyploid individuals are produced when chromosome number is doubled and all chromosomes come from the same species.
  • to simulate matings that might have occurred naturally in the past. The researchers hypothesized that similar matings were involved in creating the naturally occurring species H. anomalus following hybridization between wild H. annuus and H. petiolaris.
  • It should expand into the ranges of both parental populations. Hybrid offspring should outcompete parental populations at least in the areas just outside the original hybrid zone, resulting in its expansion.
  • On apple trees, they are much more likely to encounter other apple flies than hawthorn flies. Because of the fruit preferences of the two populations little or no interbreeding occurs between apple flies and hawthorn flies, which reduces gene flow between them.
Which event in meiosis accounts for Mendel's principal of segregation?
  • The progeny frequencies are determined by the multiplication rule (multiplying the gamete frequencies together). Genotype frequencies are determined by applying the mutiplication rule to the gamete frequencies. For example, if the frequency of one particular male gamete is 1 and the frequency of one particular female gamete is ½, the frequency of those two gametes fusing to form the F2 progeny would be 1 x ½ = ½.
  • separation of homologs at anaphase I. The physical separation of alleles on the two homologs in anaphase of meiosis I explains why each gamete contains one allele of each gene.
  • biological species concept. The criterion of reproductive isolation cannot be evaluated in fossil species or species that reproduce asexually.
  • Nonhomologous chromosomes line up independently during meiosis I.This event explains why alleles on nonhomologous (different) chromosomes assort independently, and explains why gametes contain random assortments of maternal and paternal chromosomes.
Which concept(s) for identifying species cannot be applied to asexual or fossil species?
  • Reinforcement is natural selection against interbreeding and production of hybrid offspring.
  • The progeny frequencies are determined by the multiplication rule (multiplying the gamete frequencies together). Genotype frequencies are determined by applying the mutiplication rule to the gamete frequencies. For example, if the frequency of one particular male gamete is 1 and the frequency of one particular female gamete is ½, the frequency of those two gametes fusing to form the F2 progeny would be 1 x ½ = ½.
  • biological species concept. The criterion of reproductive isolation cannot be evaluated in fossil species or species that reproduce asexually.
  • the morphospecies concept
Which of the following situations describes vicariance?
  • physical isolation of two populations
  • when observing the F1 generation of a monohybrid cross
  • Reinforcement is natural selection against interbreeding and production of hybrid offspring.
  • The Grand Canyon forms, separating two populations of squirrels on the North and South rims.
How do alleles segregate during gamete formation? According to Mendel's law of segregation, a gamete
  • always receives only one of the parent's alleles for each gene.
  • alleles segregate into gametes with equal frequency.
  • when observing the F1 generation of a monohybrid cross
  • the morphospecies concept
How is a hybrid zone most likely to change over time if hybrid offspring have higher fitness than both parental populations?
  • The chromosomes of an autopolyploid individual come from the same species, whereas an allopolyploid individual has sets of chromosomes from different species.
  • to simulate matings that might have occurred naturally in the past. The researchers hypothesized that similar matings were involved in creating the naturally occurring species H. anomalus following hybridization between wild H. annuus and H. petiolaris.
  • It should expand into the ranges of both parental populations. Hybrid offspring should outcompete parental populations at least in the areas just outside the original hybrid zone, resulting in its expansion.
  • On apple trees, they are much more likely to encounter other apple flies than hawthorn flies. Because of the fruit preferences of the two populations little or no interbreeding occurs between apple flies and hawthorn flies, which reduces gene flow between them.
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