In males, which of the following includes the correct target and result of LH stimulation?
  • Interruption of sustenocytes production of ABP(sustenocytes produce ABP to keep testosterone levels high near the spermatogenic cells. Low ABP would directly affect the amount of testosterone around the spermatogenic cells)
  • Interstital endocrine cells: androgen secretions(in males, LH targets interstitial endocrine cells. As a result of LH stimulation of interstitial endocrine cells, the levels of androgens such as testosterone increase)
  • Bulbo-urethral gland(fluids from the bulbo-urethral gland enter the urethra further down than the prostate. These fluids lubricate and neutrilize urine traces in the intermediate and penile urethra)
  • It maintains the corpus luteum(LH maintains corpus luteum. increased levels of estrogen promote the release of LH at ovulation, but the increase levels of progesterone after ovulation inhibit the release of LH, which causes the degradation of corpus luteum)
Normally menstruation occurs when_______
  • Epididymis: produce sperm(epididymis is where sperm is Stored and becomes Mature)
  • The endometrium prepares for implantation(secretions in the endometrium during the secretory phase aide in implantation)
  • FSH and LH directly promote development of the uterine endometrium
  • Blood levels of estrogen and Progesterone Decrease
Select the correct statement about the hormonal events of the ovarian cycle
  • High estrogen levels result in a surge of LH release
  • If fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum is maintained by a hormone secreted by the developing embryo
  • GnRH from the hypothalamus causes FSH and LH to release from the anterior pituitary
  • FSH and LH directly promote development of the uterine endometrium
Which of the following hormones stimulates the release of anterior pituitary gonadotropins?
  • GnRH
  • Labia majora
  • Thalamus
  • Rebuilding the endometrium is under the control of prolactin(fertilization usually occurs in the uterine tubes, monthly discharge of the uterus (menses) is initiated by the decrease in secretion of female hormones, and ovulation usually occurs 14 days after the beginning of menses)
The release of ______ encourages sustenocytes to release________
  • Myometrium( as the prefix myo implies, the myometrium is thick, smooth muscle lining of the uterine wall. it has an enormous ability to stretch, and its contraction lead to delivery)
  • Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH); androgen-binding protein (ABP)(FSH) does stimulate release of androgen binding protien, by stimulating sustenocytes
  • Urethra: clear, viscous mucus that neutralizes urine(the bulbourethral gland produces a clear, viscous mucus that neutralizes urine)
  • At the end of the Proliferative phase(a surge in lh triggers ovulation at the end of the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle around day 14)
Which of the following female structures is homologous to the male scrotum?
  • Interruption of sustenocytes production of ABP(sustenocytes produce ABP to keep testosterone levels high near the spermatogenic cells. Low ABP would directly affect the amount of testosterone around the spermatogenic cells)
  • The endometrium enters it secretory phase
  • Thalamus
  • Labia majora
Which of the following will occur immediately after ovulation?
  • The endometrium prepares for implantation(secretions in the endometrium during the secretory phase aide in implantation)
  • The endometrium enters it secretory phase
  • FSH and LH directly promote development of the uterine endometrium
  • Labia majora
Which hormone is the necessary trigger for ovulation to occur?
  • LH
  • Thalamus
  • GnRH
  • Prepuce (foreskin)
The _____ is shed during each menstruation and is then regenerated by the _____
  • Stratum functionalis; stratum basalis(the stratum functionalis is shed as the spiral arteries retract into the stratum basalis. Stratum basalis then regenerates the functional layer back onto the basal layer)
  • At the beginning of the menstrual phase(the ovarian hormone levels are lowest at the beginning of the menstrual phase. Their low levels are what trigger menstruation)
  • Interruption of sustenocytes production of ABP(sustenocytes produce ABP to keep testosterone levels high near the spermatogenic cells. Low ABP would directly affect the amount of testosterone around the spermatogenic cells)
  • It maintains the corpus luteum(LH maintains corpus luteum. increased levels of estrogen promote the release of LH at ovulation, but the increase levels of progesterone after ovulation inhibit the release of LH, which causes the degradation of corpus luteum)
In females, orgasm is required for fertilization
  • True
  • False
Which male reproductive structure is NOT correctly matched with its function?
  • Urethra(the urethra carries both sperm cells within semen and urine from the prostate to the tip of the penis)
  • GnRH from the hypothalamus causes FSH and LH to release from the anterior pituitary
  • Epididymis: produce sperm(epididymis is where sperm is Stored and becomes Mature)
  • Regression of the corpus luteum and a decrease in ovarian progesterone secretion
The oral contraceptive pill, informally called the "pill" contains an estrogen and progesterone or a synthetic mimic of this hormone. The combination of these two hormones taken in the pill and circulating in the blood work because
  • The hormones cause the woman's body to mimic the activities of a pregnancy and disrupt the ovarian cycle, preventing ovulation
  • The endometrium prepares for implantation(secretions in the endometrium during the secretory phase aide in implantation)
  • At the end of the Proliferative phase(a surge in lh triggers ovulation at the end of the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle around day 14)
  • Inhibin(sustenocytes respond to elevated sperm counts by releasing inhibin, a hormone that suppresses release of FSH)
Which of the following phases or processes in the monthly reproductive cycle of the female occur simultaneously?
  • Interruption of sustenocytes production of ABP(sustenocytes produce ABP to keep testosterone levels high near the spermatogenic cells. Low ABP would directly affect the amount of testosterone around the spermatogenic cells)
  • Regression of the corpus luteum and a decrease in ovarian progesterone secretion
  • Rebuilding the endometrium is under the control of prolactin(fertilization usually occurs in the uterine tubes, monthly discharge of the uterus (menses) is initiated by the decrease in secretion of female hormones, and ovulation usually occurs 14 days after the beginning of menses)
  • Urethra(the urethra carries both sperm cells within semen and urine from the prostate to the tip of the penis)
Which portion of the penis is removed during circumcision?
  • Labia majora
  • Prepuce (foreskin)
  • The endometrium enters it secretory phase
  • Clitoris
Which of these structures directly encloses the vestibule?
  • Urethra(the urethra carries both sperm cells within semen and urine from the prostate to the tip of the penis)
  • Serves as passageway for primary oocyte(vagina serves as a passageway for menstrual flow, serves as birth canal, and receives semen from penis during intercourse)
  • Bulbo-urethral gland(fluids from the bulbo-urethral gland enter the urethra further down than the prostate. These fluids lubricate and neutrilize urine traces in the intermediate and penile urethra)
  • Labia minora(labia minora are thin cutaneous folds that enclose the vestibule, which houses the openings of the urethra and vagina)
Select the correct statement about the uterine cycle
  • GnRH from the hypothalamus causes FSH and LH to release from the anterior pituitary
  • If fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum is maintained by a hormone secreted by the developing embryo
  • Serves as passageway for primary oocyte(vagina serves as a passageway for menstrual flow, serves as birth canal, and receives semen from penis during intercourse)
  • High estrogen levels result in a surge of LH release
At which point in the uterine cycle are the ovarian hormones at their lowest?
  • Bulbo-urethral gland(fluids from the bulbo-urethral gland enter the urethra further down than the prostate. These fluids lubricate and neutrilize urine traces in the intermediate and penile urethra)
  • It maintains the corpus luteum(LH maintains corpus luteum. increased levels of estrogen promote the release of LH at ovulation, but the increase levels of progesterone after ovulation inhibit the release of LH, which causes the degradation of corpus luteum)
  • At the beginning of the menstrual phase(the ovarian hormone levels are lowest at the beginning of the menstrual phase. Their low levels are what trigger menstruation)
  • Interruption of sustenocytes production of ABP(sustenocytes produce ABP to keep testosterone levels high near the spermatogenic cells. Low ABP would directly affect the amount of testosterone around the spermatogenic cells)
A 38 year old male is upset about his low sperm count and visits a practitioner who commonly advertises his miracle cures of sterility. Practitioner is a quack who treats conditions of low sperm count with megadoses of testosterone. The patient experiences a huge surge in libido. Would this treatment result in a higher or lower sperm count, and why?
  • At the beginning of the menstrual phase(the ovarian hormone levels are lowest at the beginning of the menstrual phase. Their low levels are what trigger menstruation)
  • Luteinizing hormone (LH)(when estrogen reaches a certain level in the body, it triggers a positive feedback loop that triggers an LH surge. This triggers ovulation)
  • Lower sperm count.High levels of testosterone inhibit the release of GnRH, inhibiting FSH release, resulting in direct inhibition of spermatogenesis
  • Interstital endocrine cells: androgen secretions(in males, LH targets interstitial endocrine cells. As a result of LH stimulation of interstitial endocrine cells, the levels of androgens such as testosterone increase)
What ovarian structure forms at the beginning of the secretory phase, encouraging its progress and then degenerates just before menses?
  • Corpus luteum(corpus luteum forms at the beginning of the secretory phase and produces hormones that support the uterus. When it degenerates about 12 days later, the uterus enters menses)
  • Inhibin(sustenocytes respond to elevated sperm counts by releasing inhibin, a hormone that suppresses release of FSH)
  • Stratum functionalis; stratum basalis(the stratum functionalis is shed as the spiral arteries retract into the stratum basalis. Stratum basalis then regenerates the functional layer back onto the basal layer)
  • Serves as passageway for primary oocyte(vagina serves as a passageway for menstrual flow, serves as birth canal, and receives semen from penis during intercourse)
What is the role of estrogen on luteinizing hormone (LH) production?
  • Interruption of sustenocytes production of ABP(sustenocytes produce ABP to keep testosterone levels high near the spermatogenic cells. Low ABP would directly affect the amount of testosterone around the spermatogenic cells)
  • Estrogen may have either inhibitory or an excitatory effect on LH production depending on the overall estrogen levels(estrogen exerts neg. feedback on LH production until estrogen levels reach a certain concentration, and then estrogen exerts positive feedback on LH production which promotes ovulation)
  • Serves as passageway for primary oocyte(vagina serves as a passageway for menstrual flow, serves as birth canal, and receives semen from penis during intercourse)
  • It maintains the corpus luteum(LH maintains corpus luteum. increased levels of estrogen promote the release of LH at ovulation, but the increase levels of progesterone after ovulation inhibit the release of LH, which causes the degradation of corpus luteum)
All of the following statements referring to the uterine cycle are true EXCEPT_______
  • GnRH from the hypothalamus causes FSH and LH to release from the anterior pituitary
  • FSH and LH directly promote development of the uterine endometrium
  • High estrogen levels result in a surge of LH release
  • Regression of the corpus luteum and a decrease in ovarian progesterone secretion
During what phase of the female's UTERINE cycle is the Uterine Lining Shed?
  • Bulbo-urethral gland(fluids from the bulbo-urethral gland enter the urethra further down than the prostate. These fluids lubricate and neutrilize urine traces in the intermediate and penile urethra)
  • Serves as passageway for primary oocyte(vagina serves as a passageway for menstrual flow, serves as birth canal, and receives semen from penis during intercourse)
  • The endometrium prepares for implantation(secretions in the endometrium during the secretory phase aide in implantation)
  • Menstrual phase(the functional layer of the endometrium is shed during days 1-5 of the Uterine cycle, a process called menses or Menstruation)
Which structure(s) of the female's external genitatlia has/have erectile tissue?
  • Labia majora
  • GnRH
  • Clitoris
  • Prepuce (foreskin)
What event coincides with the transition from the proliferative phase to the secretory phase?
  • At the beginning of the menstrual phase(the ovarian hormone levels are lowest at the beginning of the menstrual phase. Their low levels are what trigger menstruation)
  • OVULATION(ovulation of the oocyte from the ovary occurs at around day 14 of the cycle, just as the uterine proliferative phase ends and the secretory phase begins)
  • Be sterile
  • Myometrium( as the prefix myo implies, the myometrium is thick, smooth muscle lining of the uterine wall. it has an enormous ability to stretch, and its contraction lead to delivery)
Which of the following is an effect of luteinizing hormone (LH) AFTER Ovulation?
  • It maintains the corpus luteum(LH maintains corpus luteum. increased levels of estrogen promote the release of LH at ovulation, but the increase levels of progesterone after ovulation inhibit the release of LH, which causes the degradation of corpus luteum)
  • Bulbo-urethral gland(fluids from the bulbo-urethral gland enter the urethra further down than the prostate. These fluids lubricate and neutrilize urine traces in the intermediate and penile urethra)
  • Rebuilding the endometrium is under the control of prolactin(fertilization usually occurs in the uterine tubes, monthly discharge of the uterus (menses) is initiated by the decrease in secretion of female hormones, and ovulation usually occurs 14 days after the beginning of menses)
  • Interruption of sustenocytes production of ABP(sustenocytes produce ABP to keep testosterone levels high near the spermatogenic cells. Low ABP would directly affect the amount of testosterone around the spermatogenic cells)
Which of these does NOT empty materials into the area of the prostatic urethra?
  • Interruption of sustenocytes production of ABP(sustenocytes produce ABP to keep testosterone levels high near the spermatogenic cells. Low ABP would directly affect the amount of testosterone around the spermatogenic cells)
  • Bulbo-urethral gland(fluids from the bulbo-urethral gland enter the urethra further down than the prostate. These fluids lubricate and neutrilize urine traces in the intermediate and penile urethra)
  • Urethra(the urethra carries both sperm cells within semen and urine from the prostate to the tip of the penis)
  • Labia minora(labia minora are thin cutaneous folds that enclose the vestibule, which houses the openings of the urethra and vagina)
What part of the female system is the usual site of fertilization of the ovulated oocyte?
  • Uterine (fallopian) tube
  • FSH and LH directly promote development of the uterine endometrium
  • The endometrium enters it secretory phase
  • Prepuce (foreskin)
During the secretory phase of the uterine cycle, _____
  • The endometrium prepares for implantation(secretions in the endometrium during the secretory phase aide in implantation)
  • Menstrual phase(the functional layer of the endometrium is shed during days 1-5 of the Uterine cycle, a process called menses or Menstruation)
  • If fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum is maintained by a hormone secreted by the developing embryo
  • GnRH from the hypothalamus causes FSH and LH to release from the anterior pituitary
Which of the following would most directly interfere with sperm production?
  • Interruption of sustenocytes production of ABP(sustenocytes produce ABP to keep testosterone levels high near the spermatogenic cells. Low ABP would directly affect the amount of testosterone around the spermatogenic cells)
  • Bulbo-urethral gland(fluids from the bulbo-urethral gland enter the urethra further down than the prostate. These fluids lubricate and neutrilize urine traces in the intermediate and penile urethra)
  • Rebuilding the endometrium is under the control of prolactin(fertilization usually occurs in the uterine tubes, monthly discharge of the uterus (menses) is initiated by the decrease in secretion of female hormones, and ovulation usually occurs 14 days after the beginning of menses)
  • It maintains the corpus luteum(LH maintains corpus luteum. increased levels of estrogen promote the release of LH at ovulation, but the increase levels of progesterone after ovulation inhibit the release of LH, which causes the degradation of corpus luteum)
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