amino acidsProteins are composed of amino acid monomers.
  • Polypeptides are assembled from _____.
  • Translation occurs in the _____.
  • Where does translation take place?
  • What is the function of the release factor (RF)?
UUC
  • The figure represents tRNA that recognizes and binds a particular amino acid (in this instance, phenylalanine). Which codon on the mRNA strand codes for this amino acid?
  • A particular triplet of bases in the coding sequence of DNA is AAA. The anticodon on the tRNA that binds the mRNA codon is
  • The process of translation, or protein synthesis, is a crucial part of the maintenance of living organisms. Proteins are constantly in use and will break down eventually, so new ones must always be available. If protein synthesis breaks down or stops, then the organism dies.
  • There are 61 mRNA codons that specify an amino acid, but only 45 tRNAs. This is best explained by the fact that
a DNA sequence that is expressed to form a functional product: either RNA or polypeptide
  • What name is given to the process in which pre-mRNA is edited into mRNA?
  • During RNA processing a(n) _____ is added to the 3' end of the RNA.
  • Of the following, which is the most current description of a gene?
  • During RNA processing a(n) _____ is added to the 5' end of the RNA.
FalseThere are no tRNAs complementary to the three stop codons; termination occurs when release factors recognize the stop codon in the A-site and catalyze the release of the polypeptide from the tRNA in the P-site.
  • True or false. A tRNA with an anticodon complementary to the stop codon catalyzes the reaction by which translation is terminated.
  • Generally speaking, which of the following mutations would most severely affect the protein coded for by a gene?
  • A codon consists of _____ bases and specifies which _____ will be inserted into the polypeptide chain.
  • What name is given to the process in which a strand of DNA is used as a template for the manufacture of a strand of pre-mRNA?
exonsExons are expressed regions.
  • RNA polymerase moves in which direction along the DNA?
  • What type of bonding is responsible for maintaining the shape of the tRNA molecule?
  • The RNA segments joined to one another by spliceosomes are _____.
  • What is the effect of a nonsense mutation in a gene?
PhosphorylationEnzymes can phosphorylate proteins to alter their activity.
  • Which of the following processes is an example of a post-translational modification?
  • Which of the following statements best describes the termination of transcription in prokaryotes?
  • Which of the following statements best describes the promoter of a protein-coding gene?
  • Which of the following DNA mutations is the most likely to be damaging to the protein it specifies?
3' to 5' along the template strand
  • The RNA segments joined to one another by spliceosomes are _____.
  • What is the effect of a nonsense mutation in a gene?
  • What type of bonding is responsible for maintaining the shape of the tRNA molecule?
  • RNA polymerase moves in which direction along the DNA?
cytoplasmRibosomes, the sites of translation, are found in the cytoplasm.
  • How is translation initiated?
  • What does a mutagen cause?
  • Translation occurs in the _____.
  • A frameshift mutation could result from
It binds to the stop codon in the A site in place of a tRNA.
  • What is the function of RNA polymerase?
  • What is the process called that converts the genetic information stored in DNA to an RNA copy?
  • Which of the following statements about mutations is false?
  • What is the function of the release factor (RF)?
an assembled ribosome with a polypeptide attached to the tRNA in the P site
  • What name is given to the process in which the information encoded in a strand of mRNA is used to construct a protein?
  • When the ribosome reaches a stop codon on the mRNA, no corresponding tRNA enters the A site. If the translation reaction were to be experimentally stopped at this point, which of the following would you be able to isolate?
  • If the sequence ATGCATGTCAATTGA were mutated such that a base were inserted after the first G and the third T were deleted, how many amino acids would be changed in the mutant protein?
  • There are 61 mRNA codons that specify an amino acid, but only 45 tRNAs. This is best explained by the fact that
UUU.
  • A particular triplet of bases in the template strand of DNA is 5' AGT 3'. The corresponding codon for the mRNA transcribed is
  • A part of an mRNA molecule with the following sequence is being read by a ribosome: 5' CCG-ACG 3' (mRNA). The following charged transfer RNA molecules (with their anticodons shown in the 3' to 5' direction) are available. Two of them can correctly match the mRNA so that a dipeptide can form.tRNA AnticodonGGCCGUUGCCCGACGCGGAmino AcidProlineAlanineThreonineGlycineCysteineAlanineThe dipeptide that will form will be
  • A particular triplet of bases in the coding sequence of DNA is AAA. The anticodon on the tRNA that binds the mRNA codon is
  • The process of translation, or protein synthesis, is a crucial part of the maintenance of living organisms. Proteins are constantly in use and will break down eventually, so new ones must always be available. If protein synthesis breaks down or stops, then the organism dies.
A-siteThis is the site at which new aminoacyl tRNAs that are complementary to the mRNA codon enter the ribosome.
  • Which of the following steps occurs last in the initiation phase of translation?
  • At which site do new aminoacyl tRNAs enter the ribosome during elongation?
  • What happens to RNA polymerase II after it has completed transcription of a gene?
  • Which of the following statements best describes the promoter of a protein-coding gene?
met-ser-ser-leu-ser-leu
  • There are 61 mRNA codons that specify an amino acid, but only 45 tRNAs. This is best explained by the fact that
  • Which mutation(s) would not change the remainder of the reading frame of a gene sequence that follows the mutation(s)?
  • What amino acid sequence will be generated, based on the following mRNA codon sequence?5' AUG-UCU-UCG-UUA-UCC-UUG 3'
  • A particular triplet of bases in the template strand of DNA is 5' AGT 3'. The corresponding codon for the mRNA transcribed is
One addition and one deletion mutation.This combination results in no net change in the number of bases, so the reading frame would eventually be restored.
  • Which of the following statements best describes the termination of transcription in prokaryotes?
  • If a mutated DNA sequence produces a protein that differs in one central amino acid from the normal protein, which of the following kinds of mutations could have occurred?
  • What name is given to the process in which a strand of DNA is used as a template for the manufacture of a strand of pre-mRNA?
  • Which mutation(s) would not change the remainder of the reading frame of a gene sequence that follows the mutation(s)?
three ... amino acidThree nucleotide bases make up a codon and specify which amino acid comes next in the sequence.
  • What happens to RNA polymerase II after it has completed transcription of a gene?
  • Which of the following statements best describes the termination of transcription in prokaryotes?
  • Which of the following steps occurs last in the initiation phase of translation?
  • A codon consists of _____ bases and specifies which _____ will be inserted into the polypeptide chain.
the rules for base pairing between the third base of a codon and tRNA are flexible.
  • There are 61 mRNA codons that specify an amino acid, but only 45 tRNAs. This is best explained by the fact that
  • What happens to RNA polymerase II after it has completed transcription of a gene?
  • What name is given to the process in which pre-mRNA is edited into mRNA?
  • Which of the following processes is an example of a post-translational modification?
FalseA codon is a group of three bases that can specify only one amino acid.
  • A codon consists of _____ bases and specifies which _____ will be inserted into the polypeptide chain.
  • If a DNA sequence is altered from TAGCTGA to TAGTGA, what kind of mutation has occurred?
  • What is the process called that converts the genetic information stored in DNA to an RNA copy?
  • True or false? A codon is a group of three bases that can specify more than one amino acid.
modified guanine nucleotideThe 5' cap consists of a modified guanine nucleotide.
  • Of the following, which is the most current description of a gene?
  • DNA does not store the information to synthesize which of the following?
  • During RNA processing a(n) _____ is added to the 5' end of the RNA.
  • Accuracy in the translation of mRNA into the primary structure of a polypeptide depends on specificity in the
TranscriptionDNA is transcribed to give an RNA copy.
  • If a DNA sequence is altered from TAGCTGA to TAGTGA, what kind of mutation has occurred?
  • Which of the following statements best describes the termination of transcription in prokaryotes?
  • Which of the following processes is an example of a post-translational modification?
  • What is the process called that converts the genetic information stored in DNA to an RNA copy?
It introduces a premature stop codon into the mRNA.
  • What is the function of the release factor (RF)?
  • What is the function of RNA polymerase?
  • What is the process called that converts the genetic information stored in DNA to an RNA copy?
  • What is the effect of a nonsense mutation in a gene?
RibosomeTranslation, or protein synthesis, occurs at the ribosome.
  • Where does translation take place?
  • What does a mutagen cause?
  • Polypeptides are assembled from _____.
  • Spliceosomes are composed of _____.
can allow the production of proteins of different sizes and functions from a single mRNA.
  • Accuracy in the translation of mRNA into the primary structure of a polypeptide depends on specificity in the
  • Alternative RNA splicing
  • What does a mutagen cause?
  • What is a ribozyme?
Two.The second and third codons in the new sequence are different from the original codons.
  • If the sequence ATGCATGTCAATTGA were mutated such that a base were inserted after the first G and the third T were deleted, how many amino acids would be changed in the mutant protein?
  • If a DNA sequence is altered from TAGCTGA to TAGTGA, what kind of mutation has occurred?
  • When the ribosome reaches a stop codon on the mRNA, no corresponding tRNA enters the A site. If the translation reaction were to be experimentally stopped at this point, which of the following would you be able to isolate?
  • Of the following, which is the most current description of a gene?
Each tRNA binds a particular amino acid.Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase joins a specific amino acid to a tRNA, a single strand of RNA about 80 nucleotides long.
  • What is the function of RNA polymerase?
  • What is meant by translocation?
  • Which nucleic acid is translated to make a protein?
  • Which one of the following is true of tRNAs?
proline-threonine.
  • A part of an mRNA molecule with the following sequence is being read by a ribosome: 5' CCG-ACG 3' (mRNA). The following charged transfer RNA molecules (with their anticodons shown in the 3' to 5' direction) are available. Two of them can correctly match the mRNA so that a dipeptide can form.tRNA AnticodonGGCCGUUGCCCGACGCGGAmino AcidProlineAlanineThreonineGlycineCysteineAlanineThe dipeptide that will form will be
  • A particular triplet of bases in the coding sequence of DNA is AAA. The anticodon on the tRNA that binds the mRNA codon is
  • What type of bonding is responsible for maintaining the shape of the tRNA molecule?
  • Accuracy in the translation of mRNA into the primary structure of a polypeptide depends on specificity in the
A site in DNA that recruits the RNA PolymeraseThis is the site where the RNA polymerase must bind to initiate transcription.
  • Which of the following statements about mutations is false?
  • Transcription begins at a promoter. What is a promoter?
  • At which site do new aminoacyl tRNAs enter the ribosome during elongation?
  • Translation occurs in the _____.
It is free to bind to another promoter and begin transcription.The enzyme is free to transcribe other genes in the cell.
  • What happens to RNA polymerase II after it has completed transcription of a gene?
  • What type of bonding is responsible for maintaining the shape of the tRNA molecule?
  • What name is given to the process in which a strand of DNA is used as a template for the manufacture of a strand of pre-mRNA?
  • Which of the following statements best describes the termination of transcription in prokaryotes?
RNA polymerase transcribes through the terminator sequence, causing the polymerase to separate from the DNA and release the transcript.
  • Which of the following statements best describes the termination of transcription in prokaryotes?
  • Which mutation(s) would not change the remainder of the reading frame of a gene sequence that follows the mutation(s)?
  • Which of the following statements about mutations is false?
  • Which of the following DNA mutations is the most likely to be damaging to the protein it specifies?
bonding of the anticodon to the codon and the attachment of amino acids to tRNAs.
  • During RNA processing a(n) _____ is added to the 5' end of the RNA.
  • Which of the following statements best describes the termination of transcription in prokaryotes?
  • Which of the following processes is an example of a post-translational modification?
  • Accuracy in the translation of mRNA into the primary structure of a polypeptide depends on specificity in the
It starts after a certain nucleotide sequence called a promoter.In both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, RNA polymerase binds to the gene's promoter and begins transcription at a nucleotide known as the start point, although in eukaryotes the binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter requires transcription factors.
  • What determines which base is to be added to an RNA strand during transcription?
  • During RNA processing a(n) _____ is added to the 3' end of the RNA.
  • What is the function of RNA polymerase?
  • Where does RNA polymerase begin transcribing a gene into mRNA?
a biological catalyst made of RNAA number of examples of biological catalysts containing RNA have been discovered, including ribozymes, snRNAs, and ribosomes themselves.
  • What does a mutagen cause?
  • What is the function of RNA polymerase?
  • What is a ribozyme?
  • What is meant by translocation?
3' UCA 5'.
  • A particular triplet of bases in the template strand of DNA is 5' AGT 3'. The corresponding codon for the mRNA transcribed is
  • A particular triplet of bases in the coding sequence of DNA is AAA. The anticodon on the tRNA that binds the mRNA codon is
  • A part of the promoter, called the TATA box, is said to be highly conserved in evolution. Which of the following might this illustrate?
  • What amino acid sequence will be generated, based on the following mRNA codon sequence?5' AUG-UCU-UCG-UUA-UCC-UUG 3'
The large ribosomal subunit joins the complex.This step occurs after the 5' mRNA is bound by the ribosome and the start codon is bound by an aminoacyl tRNA.
  • Which of the following statements about mutations is false?
  • Which of the following steps occurs last in the initiation phase of translation?
  • Which of the following statements best describes the termination of transcription in prokaryotes?
  • Which of the following processes is an example of a post-translational modification?
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