Prokaryotic only: nucleoidEukaryotic only: Lysosome, Mitochondria, NucleolusBoth: Ribosomes, Plasma membrane, FlagellaOnly bacteria and archaea have prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus and other membrane-enclosed organelles. Prokaryotic cells are smaller and, at the level of the individual cell, are generally less versatile than eukaryotic cells, which compartmentalize many of their metabolic pathways into organelles. Nevertheless, prokaryotes are indispensable in every known ecosystem, and certain species are capable of surviving in some of the harshest and most nutrient-limiting environments on Earth.

Their matrix contains enzymes that function in cellular respiration. They are the sites of reactions that convert chemical energy from food molecules to ATP. x They are the sites of reactions that convert solar energy into chemical energy. x They contain the green pigment chlorophyll. x They have membranous sacs called thylakoids that are surrounded by a fluid called stroma. Their inner membrane has infoldings called cristae. The chloroplast and the chemical reactions associated with it are extremely important for all living things. The photosynthetic reactions are responsible for converting solar energy into chemical energy that is used not only by the cells in which photosynthesis occurs but also by other organisms. For example, all of the foods you eat can be traced back to a plant or other photosynthetic organism. Furthermore, the chloroplast and its reactions have had a profound influence on the constitution of Earth's atmosphere due to the fact that oxygen is a byproduct of photosynthesis.

actin x ER protein ribosomal protein DNA polymerase x lysosomal enzyme x insulin Most proteins that function in the cytosol (such as actin) or in the nucleus (such as DNA polymerase) are synthesized by free ribosomes. Proteins that function within the endomembrane system (such as lysosomal enzymes) or those that are destined for secretion from the cell (such as insulin) are synthesized by bound ribosomes. As a protein destined for the endomembrane system is being synthesized by a ribosome, the first amino acids in the growing polypeptide chain act as a signal sequence. That signal sequence ensures that the ribosome binds to the outer membrane of the ER and that the protein enters the ER lumen.

1. In eukaryotic flagella, the fibers that slide past one another due to the activity of dynein proteins are microtubules.2. Many cell organelles, most notably the nucleus, are anchored by intermediate filaments which are assembled from a diverse class of proteins.3. Centrosomes are sites where protein dimers assemble into microtubules.4. The extension of pseudopodia in amoeba is due to the regulated assembly and destruction of microfilaments.5. The only cytoskeletal fibers not associated with intracellular movement or whole cell locomotion are the intermediate filaments.6. During muscle contractions, myosin motor proteins move across tracks of microfilaments.The eukaryotic cytoskeleton is appropriately named because, at the cellular level, these fibers and their associated motor proteins perform similar roles as an animal's musculoskeletal system.•Microfilaments are responsible for cell locomotion and the cell's structural characteristics. •Microtubules serve as intracellular highways for transporting vesicles and organelles; they are also required for cellular locomotion via flagella and cilia. •Intermediate filaments are rope-like structures that anchor organelles and intercellular junctions called desmosomes. They are specialized for bearing tension.

a. synthesizes lipidsb. assembles ribosomesc. defines cell shaped. produces secretory proteinse. modifies and sorts proteinsf. digests proteinsg. generates ATPThe eukaryotic cell has well-defined structures that serve discrete functional roles. An organism's ability to perform essential functions such as metabolism, reproduction, and maintaining homeostasis depends on the proper functioning of structures at the cellular level. Although these structures are present in all animal cells, their number or activity level may vary depending on the cell type. For example, cells in the pancreas that produce the hormone insulin have extensive rough endoplasmic reticula, while muscle cells contain numerous mitochondria.

Plant cell only: Cellulose cell wall, Chloroplast, Central vacuoleAnimal cell only: CentrioleBoth: Nucleus, Plasma membrane, Mitochondrion, Cytoskeleton, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatusPlant cells and animal cells have more in common than they have differences. Nevertheless, plant cells' unique structures play important roles. Photosynthesis occurs in plant cells' chloroplasts. The plant cell's central vacuole takes up most of the space within the cell and serves a variety of functions, including storage and hydrolysis of organic compounds. Plant cell walls, which are composed primarily of cellulose, protect the cells from damage and maintain their shape. Cellulose is the most abundant organic compound on the planet.

Smooth ER: Lipid synthesis, Calcium ion storage, Poison detoxificationRough ER: Protein synthesisGolgi apparatus: Protein modification and storage, Cisternal maturationLysosomes: Autophagy, Macromolecule digestionThe endomembrane system is critical for the synthesis, processing, and movement of proteins and lipids in the cell. The smooth ER functions mainly in lipid synthesis and processing. The rough ER is the site of secretory protein synthesis. These proteins are processed further in the Golgi apparatus, from where they are dispatched in vesicles to the plasma membrane. Lysosomes, whose enzymes and membranes are made and processed by the rough ER and Golgi apparatus, function in the hydrolysis of macromolecules, such as in phagocytosis and autophagy.

Protein synthesisa. endoplasmic reticulum b. cis Golgi cisternaec. medial Golgi cisternaed. trans Golgi cisternaee. plasma membraneExtracellular spaceAs they are being synthesized, secretory proteins enter the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. From the ER, vesicles transport these proteins to the Golgi, where they are sequentially modified and concentrated in a cis-to-trans direction. Secretory vesicles bud from the Golgi and move along cytoskeletal filaments to eventually fuse with the plasma membrane, secreting their protein cargo. Each of these transport steps requires specialized proteins to ensure that the cargo is sent to the proper location and is able to fuse with the target membrane.

Protein synthesisa. endoplasmic reticulum b. cis Golgi cisternaec. medial Golgi cisternaed. trans Golgi cisternaee. plasma membraneExtracellular spaceAs they are being synthesized, secretory proteins enter the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. From the ER, vesicles transport these proteins to the Golgi, where they are sequentially modified and concentrated in a cis-to-trans direction. Secretory vesicles bud from the Golgi and move along cytoskeletal filaments to eventually fuse with the plasma membrane, secreting their protein cargo. Each of these transport steps requires specialized proteins to ensure that the cargo is sent to the proper location and is able to fuse with the target membrane.

Plant cell only: Cellulose cell wall, Chloroplast, Central vacuoleAnimal cell only: CentrioleBoth: Nucleus, Plasma membrane, Mitochondrion, Cytoskeleton, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatusPlant cells and animal cells have more in common than they have differences. Nevertheless, plant cells' unique structures play important roles. Photosynthesis occurs in plant cells' chloroplasts. The plant cell's central vacuole takes up most of the space within the cell and serves a variety of functions, including storage and hydrolysis of organic compounds. Plant cell walls, which are composed primarily of cellulose, protect the cells from damage and maintain their shape. Cellulose is the most abundant organic compound on the planet.

a. synthesizes lipidsb. assembles ribosomesc. defines cell shaped. produces secretory proteinse. modifies and sorts proteinsf. digests proteinsg. generates ATPThe eukaryotic cell has well-defined structures that serve discrete functional roles. An organism's ability to perform essential functions such as metabolism, reproduction, and maintaining homeostasis depends on the proper functioning of structures at the cellular level. Although these structures are present in all animal cells, their number or activity level may vary depending on the cell type. For example, cells in the pancreas that produce the hormone insulin have extensive rough endoplasmic reticula, while muscle cells contain numerous mitochondria.

Smooth ER: Lipid synthesis, Calcium ion storage, Poison detoxificationRough ER: Protein synthesisGolgi apparatus: Protein modification and storage, Cisternal maturationLysosomes: Autophagy, Macromolecule digestionThe endomembrane system is critical for the synthesis, processing, and movement of proteins and lipids in the cell. The smooth ER functions mainly in lipid synthesis and processing. The rough ER is the site of secretory protein synthesis. These proteins are processed further in the Golgi apparatus, from where they are dispatched in vesicles to the plasma membrane. Lysosomes, whose enzymes and membranes are made and processed by the rough ER and Golgi apparatus, function in the hydrolysis of macromolecules, such as in phagocytosis and autophagy.

Both have their own DNA.

the cytoskeleton gap (communicating) junctions tight junctions plasmodesmata x desmosomes The primary role of desmosomes (anchoring junctions) is to bind cells together.

Desmosomes Tight junctions Plasmodesmata x Gap (communicating) junctions Keratin fibers Gap junctions allow for the passage of material between cells, thus facilitating communication between these cells.

keratin fibers plasmodesmata x tight junctions gap (communicating) junctions desmosomes (anchoring junctions) Tight junctions form a barrier that prevents fluids from moving between cells.

Plant cell only: Cellulose cell wall, Chloroplast, Central vacuoleAnimal cell only: CentrioleBoth: Nucleus, Plasma membrane, Mitochondrion, Cytoskeleton, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatusPlant cells and animal cells have more in common than they have differences. Nevertheless, plant cells' unique structures play important roles. Photosynthesis occurs in plant cells' chloroplasts. The plant cell's central vacuole takes up most of the space within the cell and serves a variety of functions, including storage and hydrolysis of organic compounds. Plant cell walls, which are composed primarily of cellulose, protect the cells from damage and maintain their shape. Cellulose is the most abundant organic compound on the planet.

Prokaryotic only: nucleoidEukaryotic only: Lysosome, Mitochondria, NucleolusBoth: Ribosomes, Plasma membrane, FlagellaOnly bacteria and archaea have prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus and other membrane-enclosed organelles. Prokaryotic cells are smaller and, at the level of the individual cell, are generally less versatile than eukaryotic cells, which compartmentalize many of their metabolic pathways into organelles. Nevertheless, prokaryotes are indispensable in every known ecosystem, and certain species are capable of surviving in some of the harshest and most nutrient-limiting environments on Earth.

Plant cell wall- strong, protective structure made from cellulose fibrilsCentral vacuole-regulates cytoplasm composition, creates internal pressure, and stores cell compoundsChloroplast-makes sugar by converting light energy into chemical energyMitochondrion-produces chemical energy (ATP) that can power the cellGolgi apparatus-modifies and packages proteinsEach organelle in a plant cell carries out a specific function. Mitochondria and the Golgi apparatus serve the same functions in both plant cells and animal cells.

Smooth ER: Lipid synthesis, Calcium ion storage, Poison detoxificationRough ER: Protein synthesisGolgi apparatus: Protein modification and storage, Cisternal maturationLysosomes: Autophagy, Macromolecule digestionThe endomembrane system is critical for the synthesis, processing, and movement of proteins and lipids in the cell. The smooth ER functions mainly in lipid synthesis and processing. The rough ER is the site of secretory protein synthesis. These proteins are processed further in the Golgi apparatus, from where they are dispatched in vesicles to the plasma membrane. Lysosomes, whose enzymes and membranes are made and processed by the rough ER and Golgi apparatus, function in the hydrolysis of macromolecules, such as in phagocytosis and autophagy.

a. synthesizes lipidsb. assembles ribosomesc. defines cell shaped. produces secretory proteinse. modifies and sorts proteinsf. digests proteinsg. generates ATPThe eukaryotic cell has well-defined structures that serve discrete functional roles. An organism's ability to perform essential functions such as metabolism, reproduction, and maintaining homeostasis depends on the proper functioning of structures at the cellular level. Although these structures are present in all animal cells, their number or activity level may vary depending on the cell type. For example, cells in the pancreas that produce the hormone insulin have extensive rough endoplasmic reticula, while muscle cells contain numerous mitochondria.

Plant cell wall- strong, protective structure made from cellulose fibrilsCentral vacuole-regulates cytoplasm composition, creates internal pressure, and stores cell compoundsChloroplast-makes sugar by converting light energy into chemical energyMitochondrion-produces chemical energy (ATP) that can power the cellGolgi apparatus-modifies and packages proteinsEach organelle in a plant cell carries out a specific function. Mitochondria and the Golgi apparatus serve the same functions in both plant cells and animal cells.

Prokaryotic only: nucleoidEukaryotic only: Lysosome, Mitochondria, NucleolusBoth: Ribosomes, Plasma membrane, FlagellaOnly bacteria and archaea have prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus and other membrane-enclosed organelles. Prokaryotic cells are smaller and, at the level of the individual cell, are generally less versatile than eukaryotic cells, which compartmentalize many of their metabolic pathways into organelles. Nevertheless, prokaryotes are indispensable in every known ecosystem, and certain species are capable of surviving in some of the harshest and most nutrient-limiting environments on Earth.

x phagocytosis muscle contraction detoxification secretion The cells in this experiment were macrophages. These immune system cells have many lysosomes for the destruction of bacteria and other invaders brought into the cell via phagocytosis. The enzymes (hydrolases) that carry out this catabolic activity are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum, modified in the Golgi, and transported to the lysosomes.

a. synthesizes lipidsb. assembles ribosomesc. defines cell shaped. produces secretory proteinse. modifies and sorts proteinsf. digests proteinsg. generates ATPThe eukaryotic cell has well-defined structures that serve discrete functional roles. An organism's ability to perform essential functions such as metabolism, reproduction, and maintaining homeostasis depends on the proper functioning of structures at the cellular level. Although these structures are present in all animal cells, their number or activity level may vary depending on the cell type. For example, cells in the pancreas that produce the hormone insulin have extensive rough endoplasmic reticula, while muscle cells contain numerous mitochondria.

Their matrix contains enzymes that function in cellular respiration. They are the sites of reactions that convert chemical energy from food molecules to ATP. x They are the sites of reactions that convert solar energy into chemical energy. x They contain the green pigment chlorophyll. x They have membranous sacs called thylakoids that are surrounded by a fluid called stroma. Their inner membrane has infoldings called cristae. The chloroplast and the chemical reactions associated with it are extremely important for all living things. The photosynthetic reactions are responsible for converting solar energy into chemical energy that is used not only by the cells in which photosynthesis occurs but also by other organisms. For example, all of the foods you eat can be traced back to a plant or other photosynthetic organism. Furthermore, the chloroplast and its reactions have had a profound influence on the constitution of Earth's atmosphere due to the fact that oxygen is a byproduct of photosynthesis.

actin x ER protein ribosomal protein DNA polymerase x lysosomal enzyme x insulin Most proteins that function in the cytosol (such as actin) or in the nucleus (such as DNA polymerase) are synthesized by free ribosomes. Proteins that function within the endomembrane system (such as lysosomal enzymes) or those that are destined for secretion from the cell (such as insulin) are synthesized by bound ribosomes. As a protein destined for the endomembrane system is being synthesized by a ribosome, the first amino acids in the growing polypeptide chain act as a signal sequence. That signal sequence ensures that the ribosome binds to the outer membrane of the ER and that the protein enters the ER lumen.

Protein synthesisa. endoplasmic reticulum b. cis Golgi cisternaec. medial Golgi cisternaed. trans Golgi cisternaee. plasma membraneExtracellular spaceAs they are being synthesized, secretory proteins enter the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. From the ER, vesicles transport these proteins to the Golgi, where they are sequentially modified and concentrated in a cis-to-trans direction. Secretory vesicles bud from the Golgi and move along cytoskeletal filaments to eventually fuse with the plasma membrane, secreting their protein cargo. Each of these transport steps requires specialized proteins to ensure that the cargo is sent to the proper location and is able to fuse with the target membrane.

Protein synthesisa. endoplasmic reticulum b. cis Golgi cisternaec. medial Golgi cisternaed. trans Golgi cisternaee. plasma membraneExtracellular spaceAs they are being synthesized, secretory proteins enter the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. From the ER, vesicles transport these proteins to the Golgi, where they are sequentially modified and concentrated in a cis-to-trans direction. Secretory vesicles bud from the Golgi and move along cytoskeletal filaments to eventually fuse with the plasma membrane, secreting their protein cargo. Each of these transport steps requires specialized proteins to ensure that the cargo is sent to the proper location and is able to fuse with the target membrane.

Smooth ER: Lipid synthesis, Calcium ion storage, Poison detoxificationRough ER: Protein synthesisGolgi apparatus: Protein modification and storage, Cisternal maturationLysosomes: Autophagy, Macromolecule digestionThe endomembrane system is critical for the synthesis, processing, and movement of proteins and lipids in the cell. The smooth ER functions mainly in lipid synthesis and processing. The rough ER is the site of secretory protein synthesis. These proteins are processed further in the Golgi apparatus, from where they are dispatched in vesicles to the plasma membrane. Lysosomes, whose enzymes and membranes are made and processed by the rough ER and Golgi apparatus, function in the hydrolysis of macromolecules, such as in phagocytosis and autophagy.

Plant cell only: Cellulose cell wall, Chloroplast, Central vacuoleAnimal cell only: CentrioleBoth: Nucleus, Plasma membrane, Mitochondrion, Cytoskeleton, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatusPlant cells and animal cells have more in common than they have differences. Nevertheless, plant cells' unique structures play important roles. Photosynthesis occurs in plant cells' chloroplasts. The plant cell's central vacuole takes up most of the space within the cell and serves a variety of functions, including storage and hydrolysis of organic compounds. Plant cell walls, which are composed primarily of cellulose, protect the cells from damage and maintain their shape. Cellulose is the most abundant organic compound on the planet.

a. synthesizes lipidsb. assembles ribosomesc. defines cell shaped. produces secretory proteinse. modifies and sorts proteinsf. digests proteinsg. generates ATPThe eukaryotic cell has well-defined structures that serve discrete functional roles. An organism's ability to perform essential functions such as metabolism, reproduction, and maintaining homeostasis depends on the proper functioning of structures at the cellular level. Although these structures are present in all animal cells, their number or activity level may vary depending on the cell type. For example, cells in the pancreas that produce the hormone insulin have extensive rough endoplasmic reticula, while muscle cells contain numerous mitochondria.

actin x ER protein ribosomal protein DNA polymerase x lysosomal enzyme x insulin Most proteins that function in the cytosol (such as actin) or in the nucleus (such as DNA polymerase) are synthesized by free ribosomes. Proteins that function within the endomembrane system (such as lysosomal enzymes) or those that are destined for secretion from the cell (such as insulin) are synthesized by bound ribosomes. As a protein destined for the endomembrane system is being synthesized by a ribosome, the first amino acids in the growing polypeptide chain act as a signal sequence. That signal sequence ensures that the ribosome binds to the outer membrane of the ER and that the protein enters the ER lumen.

Prokaryotic only: nucleoidEukaryotic only: Lysosome, Mitochondria, NucleolusBoth: Ribosomes, Plasma membrane, FlagellaOnly bacteria and archaea have prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus and other membrane-enclosed organelles. Prokaryotic cells are smaller and, at the level of the individual cell, are generally less versatile than eukaryotic cells, which compartmentalize many of their metabolic pathways into organelles. Nevertheless, prokaryotes are indispensable in every known ecosystem, and certain species are capable of surviving in some of the harshest and most nutrient-limiting environments on Earth.

Plant cell only: Cellulose cell wall, Chloroplast, Central vacuoleAnimal cell only: CentrioleBoth: Nucleus, Plasma membrane, Mitochondrion, Cytoskeleton, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatusPlant cells and animal cells have more in common than they have differences. Nevertheless, plant cells' unique structures play important roles. Photosynthesis occurs in plant cells' chloroplasts. The plant cell's central vacuole takes up most of the space within the cell and serves a variety of functions, including storage and hydrolysis of organic compounds. Plant cell walls, which are composed primarily of cellulose, protect the cells from damage and maintain their shape. Cellulose is the most abundant organic compound on the planet.

1. In eukaryotic flagella, the fibers that slide past one another due to the activity of dynein proteins are microtubules.2. Many cell organelles, most notably the nucleus, are anchored by intermediate filaments which are assembled from a diverse class of proteins.3. Centrosomes are sites where protein dimers assemble into microtubules.4. The extension of pseudopodia in amoeba is due to the regulated assembly and destruction of microfilaments.5. The only cytoskeletal fibers not associated with intracellular movement or whole cell locomotion are the intermediate filaments.6. During muscle contractions, myosin motor proteins move across tracks of microfilaments.The eukaryotic cytoskeleton is appropriately named because, at the cellular level, these fibers and their associated motor proteins perform similar roles as an animal's musculoskeletal system.•Microfilaments are responsible for cell locomotion and the cell's structural characteristics. •Microtubules serve as intracellular highways for transporting vesicles and organelles; they are also required for cellular locomotion via flagella and cilia. •Intermediate filaments are rope-like structures that anchor organelles and intercellular junctions called desmosomes. They are specialized for bearing tension.

Both have their own DNA.

Desmosomes Tight junctions Plasmodesmata x Gap (communicating) junctions Keratin fibers Gap junctions allow for the passage of material between cells, thus facilitating communication between these cells.

keratin fibers plasmodesmata x tight junctions gap (communicating) junctions desmosomes (anchoring junctions) Tight junctions form a barrier that prevents fluids from moving between cells.

the cytoskeleton gap (communicating) junctions tight junctions plasmodesmata x desmosomes The primary role of desmosomes (anchoring junctions) is to bind cells together.

the cytoskeleton gap (communicating) junctions tight junctions plasmodesmata x desmosomes The primary role of desmosomes (anchoring junctions) is to bind cells together.

Desmosomes Tight junctions Plasmodesmata x Gap (communicating) junctions Keratin fibers Gap junctions allow for the passage of material between cells, thus facilitating communication between these cells.

keratin fibers plasmodesmata x tight junctions gap (communicating) junctions desmosomes (anchoring junctions) Tight junctions form a barrier that prevents fluids from moving between cells.

Protein synthesisa. endoplasmic reticulum b. cis Golgi cisternaec. medial Golgi cisternaed. trans Golgi cisternaee. plasma membraneExtracellular spaceAs they are being synthesized, secretory proteins enter the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. From the ER, vesicles transport these proteins to the Golgi, where they are sequentially modified and concentrated in a cis-to-trans direction. Secretory vesicles bud from the Golgi and move along cytoskeletal filaments to eventually fuse with the plasma membrane, secreting their protein cargo. Each of these transport steps requires specialized proteins to ensure that the cargo is sent to the proper location and is able to fuse with the target membrane.