Part C - Role of the eukaryotic cytoskeletonThe cytoskeleton of a eukaryotic cell plays a major role in organizing the structures and activities of the cell. The cytoskeleton consists of three main types of fibers: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. The three types of fiber differ in size, composition, and the functions they perform in the cell.Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. Terms can be used once, more than once, or not at all.
0%
Prokaryotic only: nucleoidEukaryotic only: Lysosome, Mitochondria, NucleolusBoth: Ribosomes, Plasma membrane, FlagellaOnly bacteria and archaea have prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus and other membrane-enclosed organelles. Prokaryotic cells are smaller and, at the level of the individual cell, are generally less versatile than eukaryotic cells, which compartmentalize many of their metabolic pathways into organelles. Nevertheless, prokaryotes are indispensable in every known ecosystem, and certain species are capable of surviving in some of the harshest and most nutrient-limiting environments on Earth.
0%
Their matrix contains enzymes that function in cellular respiration. They are the sites of reactions that convert chemical energy from food molecules to ATP. x They are the sites of reactions that convert solar energy into chemical energy. x They contain the green pigment chlorophyll. x They have membranous sacs called thylakoids that are surrounded by a fluid called stroma. Their inner membrane has infoldings called cristae. The chloroplast and the chemical reactions associated with it are extremely important for all living things. The photosynthetic reactions are responsible for converting solar energy into chemical energy that is used not only by the cells in which photosynthesis occurs but also by other organisms. For example, all of the foods you eat can be traced back to a plant or other photosynthetic organism. Furthermore, the chloroplast and its reactions have had a profound influence on the constitution of Earth's atmosphere due to the fact that oxygen is a byproduct of photosynthesis.
0%
actin x ER protein ribosomal protein DNA polymerase x lysosomal enzyme x insulin Most proteins that function in the cytosol (such as actin) or in the nucleus (such as DNA polymerase) are synthesized by free ribosomes. Proteins that function within the endomembrane system (such as lysosomal enzymes) or those that are destined for secretion from the cell (such as insulin) are synthesized by bound ribosomes. As a protein destined for the endomembrane system is being synthesized by a ribosome, the first amino acids in the growing polypeptide chain act as a signal sequence. That signal sequence ensures that the ribosome binds to the outer membrane of the ER and that the protein enters the ER lumen.
0%
1. In eukaryotic flagella, the fibers that slide past one another due to the activity of dynein proteins are microtubules.2. Many cell organelles, most notably the nucleus, are anchored by intermediate filaments which are assembled from a diverse class of proteins.3. Centrosomes are sites where protein dimers assemble into microtubules.4. The extension of pseudopodia in amoeba is due to the regulated assembly and destruction of microfilaments.5. The only cytoskeletal fibers not associated with intracellular movement or whole cell locomotion are the intermediate filaments.6. During muscle contractions, myosin motor proteins move across tracks of microfilaments.The eukaryotic cytoskeleton is appropriately named because, at the cellular level, these fibers and their associated motor proteins perform similar roles as an animal's musculoskeletal system.•Microfilaments are responsible for cell locomotion and the cell's structural characteristics. •Microtubules serve as intracellular highways for transporting vesicles and organelles; they are also required for cellular locomotion via flagella and cilia. •Intermediate filaments are rope-like structures that anchor organelles and intercellular junctions called desmosomes. They are specialized for bearing tension.
Q.2.
Part C - The pathway of secretory proteinsProteins that are secreted from a eukaryotic cell must first travel through the endomembrane system.Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the path a secretory protein follows from synthesis to secretion. Not all labels will be used
0%
a. synthesizes lipidsb. assembles ribosomesc. defines cell shaped. produces secretory proteinse. modifies and sorts proteinsf. digests proteinsg. generates ATPThe eukaryotic cell has well-defined structures that serve discrete functional roles. An organism's ability to perform essential functions such as metabolism, reproduction, and maintaining homeostasis depends on the proper functioning of structures at the cellular level. Although these structures are present in all animal cells, their number or activity level may vary depending on the cell type. For example, cells in the pancreas that produce the hormone insulin have extensive rough endoplasmic reticula, while muscle cells contain numerous mitochondria.
0%
Plant cell only: Cellulose cell wall, Chloroplast, Central vacuoleAnimal cell only: CentrioleBoth: Nucleus, Plasma membrane, Mitochondrion, Cytoskeleton, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatusPlant cells and animal cells have more in common than they have differences. Nevertheless, plant cells' unique structures play important roles. Photosynthesis occurs in plant cells' chloroplasts. The plant cell's central vacuole takes up most of the space within the cell and serves a variety of functions, including storage and hydrolysis of organic compounds. Plant cell walls, which are composed primarily of cellulose, protect the cells from damage and maintain their shape. Cellulose is the most abundant organic compound on the planet.
0%
Smooth ER: Lipid synthesis, Calcium ion storage, Poison detoxificationRough ER: Protein synthesisGolgi apparatus: Protein modification and storage, Cisternal maturationLysosomes: Autophagy, Macromolecule digestionThe endomembrane system is critical for the synthesis, processing, and movement of proteins and lipids in the cell. The smooth ER functions mainly in lipid synthesis and processing. The rough ER is the site of secretory protein synthesis. These proteins are processed further in the Golgi apparatus, from where they are dispatched in vesicles to the plasma membrane. Lysosomes, whose enzymes and membranes are made and processed by the rough ER and Golgi apparatus, function in the hydrolysis of macromolecules, such as in phagocytosis and autophagy.
0%
Protein synthesisa. endoplasmic reticulum b. cis Golgi cisternaec. medial Golgi cisternaed. trans Golgi cisternaee. plasma membraneExtracellular spaceAs they are being synthesized, secretory proteins enter the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. From the ER, vesicles transport these proteins to the Golgi, where they are sequentially modified and concentrated in a cis-to-trans direction. Secretory vesicles bud from the Golgi and move along cytoskeletal filaments to eventually fuse with the plasma membrane, secreting their protein cargo. Each of these transport steps requires specialized proteins to ensure that the cargo is sent to the proper location and is able to fuse with the target membrane.
Q.3.
Part A - Animal cell structures and functionsTo understand how cells function as the fundamental unit of life, you must first become familiar with the individual roles of the cellular structures and organelles. Drag the labels on the left onto the diagram of the animal cell to correctly identify the function performed by each cellular structure.
0%
Protein synthesisa. endoplasmic reticulum b. cis Golgi cisternaec. medial Golgi cisternaed. trans Golgi cisternaee. plasma membraneExtracellular spaceAs they are being synthesized, secretory proteins enter the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. From the ER, vesicles transport these proteins to the Golgi, where they are sequentially modified and concentrated in a cis-to-trans direction. Secretory vesicles bud from the Golgi and move along cytoskeletal filaments to eventually fuse with the plasma membrane, secreting their protein cargo. Each of these transport steps requires specialized proteins to ensure that the cargo is sent to the proper location and is able to fuse with the target membrane.
0%
Plant cell only: Cellulose cell wall, Chloroplast, Central vacuoleAnimal cell only: CentrioleBoth: Nucleus, Plasma membrane, Mitochondrion, Cytoskeleton, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatusPlant cells and animal cells have more in common than they have differences. Nevertheless, plant cells' unique structures play important roles. Photosynthesis occurs in plant cells' chloroplasts. The plant cell's central vacuole takes up most of the space within the cell and serves a variety of functions, including storage and hydrolysis of organic compounds. Plant cell walls, which are composed primarily of cellulose, protect the cells from damage and maintain their shape. Cellulose is the most abundant organic compound on the planet.
0%
a. synthesizes lipidsb. assembles ribosomesc. defines cell shaped. produces secretory proteinse. modifies and sorts proteinsf. digests proteinsg. generates ATPThe eukaryotic cell has well-defined structures that serve discrete functional roles. An organism's ability to perform essential functions such as metabolism, reproduction, and maintaining homeostasis depends on the proper functioning of structures at the cellular level. Although these structures are present in all animal cells, their number or activity level may vary depending on the cell type. For example, cells in the pancreas that produce the hormone insulin have extensive rough endoplasmic reticula, while muscle cells contain numerous mitochondria.
0%
Smooth ER: Lipid synthesis, Calcium ion storage, Poison detoxificationRough ER: Protein synthesisGolgi apparatus: Protein modification and storage, Cisternal maturationLysosomes: Autophagy, Macromolecule digestionThe endomembrane system is critical for the synthesis, processing, and movement of proteins and lipids in the cell. The smooth ER functions mainly in lipid synthesis and processing. The rough ER is the site of secretory protein synthesis. These proteins are processed further in the Golgi apparatus, from where they are dispatched in vesicles to the plasma membrane. Lysosomes, whose enzymes and membranes are made and processed by the rough ER and Golgi apparatus, function in the hydrolysis of macromolecules, such as in phagocytosis and autophagy.
Q.4.
Part C _____ aid in the coordination of the activities of adjacent animal cells.
0%
Both have their own DNA.
0%
the cytoskeleton gap (communicating) junctions tight junctions plasmodesmata x desmosomes The primary role of desmosomes (anchoring junctions) is to bind cells together.
0%
Desmosomes Tight junctions Plasmodesmata x Gap (communicating) junctions Keratin fibers Gap junctions allow for the passage of material between cells, thus facilitating communication between these cells.
0%
keratin fibers plasmodesmata x tight junctions gap (communicating) junctions desmosomes (anchoring junctions) Tight junctions form a barrier that prevents fluids from moving between cells.
Q.5.
Part B - Plant organelle functionsDrag the correct description under each cell structure to identify the role it plays in the plant cell.
0%
Plant cell only: Cellulose cell wall, Chloroplast, Central vacuoleAnimal cell only: CentrioleBoth: Nucleus, Plasma membrane, Mitochondrion, Cytoskeleton, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatusPlant cells and animal cells have more in common than they have differences. Nevertheless, plant cells' unique structures play important roles. Photosynthesis occurs in plant cells' chloroplasts. The plant cell's central vacuole takes up most of the space within the cell and serves a variety of functions, including storage and hydrolysis of organic compounds. Plant cell walls, which are composed primarily of cellulose, protect the cells from damage and maintain their shape. Cellulose is the most abundant organic compound on the planet.
0%
Prokaryotic only: nucleoidEukaryotic only: Lysosome, Mitochondria, NucleolusBoth: Ribosomes, Plasma membrane, FlagellaOnly bacteria and archaea have prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus and other membrane-enclosed organelles. Prokaryotic cells are smaller and, at the level of the individual cell, are generally less versatile than eukaryotic cells, which compartmentalize many of their metabolic pathways into organelles. Nevertheless, prokaryotes are indispensable in every known ecosystem, and certain species are capable of surviving in some of the harshest and most nutrient-limiting environments on Earth.
0%
Plant cell wall- strong, protective structure made from cellulose fibrilsCentral vacuole-regulates cytoplasm composition, creates internal pressure, and stores cell compoundsChloroplast-makes sugar by converting light energy into chemical energyMitochondrion-produces chemical energy (ATP) that can power the cellGolgi apparatus-modifies and packages proteinsEach organelle in a plant cell carries out a specific function. Mitochondria and the Golgi apparatus serve the same functions in both plant cells and animal cells.
0%
Smooth ER: Lipid synthesis, Calcium ion storage, Poison detoxificationRough ER: Protein synthesisGolgi apparatus: Protein modification and storage, Cisternal maturationLysosomes: Autophagy, Macromolecule digestionThe endomembrane system is critical for the synthesis, processing, and movement of proteins and lipids in the cell. The smooth ER functions mainly in lipid synthesis and processing. The rough ER is the site of secretory protein synthesis. These proteins are processed further in the Golgi apparatus, from where they are dispatched in vesicles to the plasma membrane. Lysosomes, whose enzymes and membranes are made and processed by the rough ER and Golgi apparatus, function in the hydrolysis of macromolecules, such as in phagocytosis and autophagy.
Q.6.
Part D - Pulse-chase experiments and protein location Scientists can track the movement of proteins through the endomembrane system using an approach known as a pulse-chase experiment. This experiment involves• the "pulse" phase: Cells are exposed to a high concentration of a radioactively labeled amino acid for a short period to tag proteins that are being synthesized.• the "chase" phase: Any unincorporated radioactively labeled amino acids are washed away and large amounts of the same, but unlabeled, amino acid are added. Only those proteins synthesized during the brief pulse phase are radioactively tagged. These tagged proteins can be tracked through the chase period to determine their location in the cell. The data below were obtained from a pulse-chase experiment in which cells were examined at different times during the chase period. The numbers represent the radioactivity (measured in counts per minute) recorded at each of the indicated sites. The higher the number, the greater the radioactivity. Based on these data, what is the most likely function of the cells in this experiment?
0%
a. synthesizes lipidsb. assembles ribosomesc. defines cell shaped. produces secretory proteinse. modifies and sorts proteinsf. digests proteinsg. generates ATPThe eukaryotic cell has well-defined structures that serve discrete functional roles. An organism's ability to perform essential functions such as metabolism, reproduction, and maintaining homeostasis depends on the proper functioning of structures at the cellular level. Although these structures are present in all animal cells, their number or activity level may vary depending on the cell type. For example, cells in the pancreas that produce the hormone insulin have extensive rough endoplasmic reticula, while muscle cells contain numerous mitochondria.
0%
Plant cell wall- strong, protective structure made from cellulose fibrilsCentral vacuole-regulates cytoplasm composition, creates internal pressure, and stores cell compoundsChloroplast-makes sugar by converting light energy into chemical energyMitochondrion-produces chemical energy (ATP) that can power the cellGolgi apparatus-modifies and packages proteinsEach organelle in a plant cell carries out a specific function. Mitochondria and the Golgi apparatus serve the same functions in both plant cells and animal cells.
0%
Prokaryotic only: nucleoidEukaryotic only: Lysosome, Mitochondria, NucleolusBoth: Ribosomes, Plasma membrane, FlagellaOnly bacteria and archaea have prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus and other membrane-enclosed organelles. Prokaryotic cells are smaller and, at the level of the individual cell, are generally less versatile than eukaryotic cells, which compartmentalize many of their metabolic pathways into organelles. Nevertheless, prokaryotes are indispensable in every known ecosystem, and certain species are capable of surviving in some of the harshest and most nutrient-limiting environments on Earth.
0%
x phagocytosis muscle contraction detoxification secretion The cells in this experiment were macrophages. These immune system cells have many lysosomes for the destruction of bacteria and other invaders brought into the cell via phagocytosis. The enzymes (hydrolases) that carry out this catabolic activity are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum, modified in the Golgi, and transported to the lysosomes.
Q.7.
Part C - Structure and function of the chloroplastThe structure of a chloroplast is closely tied to its function as the site of photosynthesis.Some of the following statements are true for chloroplasts; others are true for mitochondria. Which statements are true for chloroplasts? Select the three that apply.
0%
a. synthesizes lipidsb. assembles ribosomesc. defines cell shaped. produces secretory proteinse. modifies and sorts proteinsf. digests proteinsg. generates ATPThe eukaryotic cell has well-defined structures that serve discrete functional roles. An organism's ability to perform essential functions such as metabolism, reproduction, and maintaining homeostasis depends on the proper functioning of structures at the cellular level. Although these structures are present in all animal cells, their number or activity level may vary depending on the cell type. For example, cells in the pancreas that produce the hormone insulin have extensive rough endoplasmic reticula, while muscle cells contain numerous mitochondria.
0%
Their matrix contains enzymes that function in cellular respiration. They are the sites of reactions that convert chemical energy from food molecules to ATP. x They are the sites of reactions that convert solar energy into chemical energy. x They contain the green pigment chlorophyll. x They have membranous sacs called thylakoids that are surrounded by a fluid called stroma. Their inner membrane has infoldings called cristae. The chloroplast and the chemical reactions associated with it are extremely important for all living things. The photosynthetic reactions are responsible for converting solar energy into chemical energy that is used not only by the cells in which photosynthesis occurs but also by other organisms. For example, all of the foods you eat can be traced back to a plant or other photosynthetic organism. Furthermore, the chloroplast and its reactions have had a profound influence on the constitution of Earth's atmosphere due to the fact that oxygen is a byproduct of photosynthesis.
0%
actin x ER protein ribosomal protein DNA polymerase x lysosomal enzyme x insulin Most proteins that function in the cytosol (such as actin) or in the nucleus (such as DNA polymerase) are synthesized by free ribosomes. Proteins that function within the endomembrane system (such as lysosomal enzymes) or those that are destined for secretion from the cell (such as insulin) are synthesized by bound ribosomes. As a protein destined for the endomembrane system is being synthesized by a ribosome, the first amino acids in the growing polypeptide chain act as a signal sequence. That signal sequence ensures that the ribosome binds to the outer membrane of the ER and that the protein enters the ER lumen.
0%
Protein synthesisa. endoplasmic reticulum b. cis Golgi cisternaec. medial Golgi cisternaed. trans Golgi cisternaee. plasma membraneExtracellular spaceAs they are being synthesized, secretory proteins enter the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. From the ER, vesicles transport these proteins to the Golgi, where they are sequentially modified and concentrated in a cis-to-trans direction. Secretory vesicles bud from the Golgi and move along cytoskeletal filaments to eventually fuse with the plasma membrane, secreting their protein cargo. Each of these transport steps requires specialized proteins to ensure that the cargo is sent to the proper location and is able to fuse with the target membrane.
Q.8.
Part A - Organelles of the endomembrane systemThe various parts of the endomembrane system serve different functions in the cell. In this activity, you will identify the roles of each part of the endomembrane system.Drag each function to the appropriate bin.
0%
Protein synthesisa. endoplasmic reticulum b. cis Golgi cisternaec. medial Golgi cisternaed. trans Golgi cisternaee. plasma membraneExtracellular spaceAs they are being synthesized, secretory proteins enter the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. From the ER, vesicles transport these proteins to the Golgi, where they are sequentially modified and concentrated in a cis-to-trans direction. Secretory vesicles bud from the Golgi and move along cytoskeletal filaments to eventually fuse with the plasma membrane, secreting their protein cargo. Each of these transport steps requires specialized proteins to ensure that the cargo is sent to the proper location and is able to fuse with the target membrane.
0%
Smooth ER: Lipid synthesis, Calcium ion storage, Poison detoxificationRough ER: Protein synthesisGolgi apparatus: Protein modification and storage, Cisternal maturationLysosomes: Autophagy, Macromolecule digestionThe endomembrane system is critical for the synthesis, processing, and movement of proteins and lipids in the cell. The smooth ER functions mainly in lipid synthesis and processing. The rough ER is the site of secretory protein synthesis. These proteins are processed further in the Golgi apparatus, from where they are dispatched in vesicles to the plasma membrane. Lysosomes, whose enzymes and membranes are made and processed by the rough ER and Golgi apparatus, function in the hydrolysis of macromolecules, such as in phagocytosis and autophagy.
0%
Plant cell only: Cellulose cell wall, Chloroplast, Central vacuoleAnimal cell only: CentrioleBoth: Nucleus, Plasma membrane, Mitochondrion, Cytoskeleton, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatusPlant cells and animal cells have more in common than they have differences. Nevertheless, plant cells' unique structures play important roles. Photosynthesis occurs in plant cells' chloroplasts. The plant cell's central vacuole takes up most of the space within the cell and serves a variety of functions, including storage and hydrolysis of organic compounds. Plant cell walls, which are composed primarily of cellulose, protect the cells from damage and maintain their shape. Cellulose is the most abundant organic compound on the planet.
0%
a. synthesizes lipidsb. assembles ribosomesc. defines cell shaped. produces secretory proteinse. modifies and sorts proteinsf. digests proteinsg. generates ATPThe eukaryotic cell has well-defined structures that serve discrete functional roles. An organism's ability to perform essential functions such as metabolism, reproduction, and maintaining homeostasis depends on the proper functioning of structures at the cellular level. Although these structures are present in all animal cells, their number or activity level may vary depending on the cell type. For example, cells in the pancreas that produce the hormone insulin have extensive rough endoplasmic reticula, while muscle cells contain numerous mitochondria.
Q.9.
Part B - Sites of protein synthesisAll proteins are synthesized by ribosomes in the cell. Some ribosomes float freely in the cytosol, while others are bound to the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum. Most proteins made by free ribosomes function in the cytosol. Proteins made by bound ribosomes either function within the endomembrane system or pass through it and are secreted from the cell.Which of the following proteins are synthesized by bound ribosomes?Select all that apply.
0%
actin x ER protein ribosomal protein DNA polymerase x lysosomal enzyme x insulin Most proteins that function in the cytosol (such as actin) or in the nucleus (such as DNA polymerase) are synthesized by free ribosomes. Proteins that function within the endomembrane system (such as lysosomal enzymes) or those that are destined for secretion from the cell (such as insulin) are synthesized by bound ribosomes. As a protein destined for the endomembrane system is being synthesized by a ribosome, the first amino acids in the growing polypeptide chain act as a signal sequence. That signal sequence ensures that the ribosome binds to the outer membrane of the ER and that the protein enters the ER lumen.
0%
Prokaryotic only: nucleoidEukaryotic only: Lysosome, Mitochondria, NucleolusBoth: Ribosomes, Plasma membrane, FlagellaOnly bacteria and archaea have prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus and other membrane-enclosed organelles. Prokaryotic cells are smaller and, at the level of the individual cell, are generally less versatile than eukaryotic cells, which compartmentalize many of their metabolic pathways into organelles. Nevertheless, prokaryotes are indispensable in every known ecosystem, and certain species are capable of surviving in some of the harshest and most nutrient-limiting environments on Earth.
0%
Plant cell only: Cellulose cell wall, Chloroplast, Central vacuoleAnimal cell only: CentrioleBoth: Nucleus, Plasma membrane, Mitochondrion, Cytoskeleton, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatusPlant cells and animal cells have more in common than they have differences. Nevertheless, plant cells' unique structures play important roles. Photosynthesis occurs in plant cells' chloroplasts. The plant cell's central vacuole takes up most of the space within the cell and serves a variety of functions, including storage and hydrolysis of organic compounds. Plant cell walls, which are composed primarily of cellulose, protect the cells from damage and maintain their shape. Cellulose is the most abundant organic compound on the planet.
0%
1. In eukaryotic flagella, the fibers that slide past one another due to the activity of dynein proteins are microtubules.2. Many cell organelles, most notably the nucleus, are anchored by intermediate filaments which are assembled from a diverse class of proteins.3. Centrosomes are sites where protein dimers assemble into microtubules.4. The extension of pseudopodia in amoeba is due to the regulated assembly and destruction of microfilaments.5. The only cytoskeletal fibers not associated with intracellular movement or whole cell locomotion are the intermediate filaments.6. During muscle contractions, myosin motor proteins move across tracks of microfilaments.The eukaryotic cytoskeleton is appropriately named because, at the cellular level, these fibers and their associated motor proteins perform similar roles as an animal's musculoskeletal system.•Microfilaments are responsible for cell locomotion and the cell's structural characteristics. •Microtubules serve as intracellular highways for transporting vesicles and organelles; they are also required for cellular locomotion via flagella and cilia. •Intermediate filaments are rope-like structures that anchor organelles and intercellular junctions called desmosomes. They are specialized for bearing tension.
Q.10.
Part A Which of these cell junctions form a barrier to the passage of materials?
0%
Both have their own DNA.
0%
Desmosomes Tight junctions Plasmodesmata x Gap (communicating) junctions Keratin fibers Gap junctions allow for the passage of material between cells, thus facilitating communication between these cells.
0%
keratin fibers plasmodesmata x tight junctions gap (communicating) junctions desmosomes (anchoring junctions) Tight junctions form a barrier that prevents fluids from moving between cells.
0%
the cytoskeleton gap (communicating) junctions tight junctions plasmodesmata x desmosomes The primary role of desmosomes (anchoring junctions) is to bind cells together.
Q.11.
Part B The primary role of _____ is to bind animal cells together.
0%
the cytoskeleton gap (communicating) junctions tight junctions plasmodesmata x desmosomes The primary role of desmosomes (anchoring junctions) is to bind cells together.
0%
Desmosomes Tight junctions Plasmodesmata x Gap (communicating) junctions Keratin fibers Gap junctions allow for the passage of material between cells, thus facilitating communication between these cells.
0%
keratin fibers plasmodesmata x tight junctions gap (communicating) junctions desmosomes (anchoring junctions) Tight junctions form a barrier that prevents fluids from moving between cells.
0%
Protein synthesisa. endoplasmic reticulum b. cis Golgi cisternaec. medial Golgi cisternaed. trans Golgi cisternaee. plasma membraneExtracellular spaceAs they are being synthesized, secretory proteins enter the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. From the ER, vesicles transport these proteins to the Golgi, where they are sequentially modified and concentrated in a cis-to-trans direction. Secretory vesicles bud from the Golgi and move along cytoskeletal filaments to eventually fuse with the plasma membrane, secreting their protein cargo. Each of these transport steps requires specialized proteins to ensure that the cargo is sent to the proper location and is able to fuse with the target membrane.
Support mcqexams.com by disabling your adblocker.
Please disable the adBlock and continue. Thank you.