Cortisol is a steroid hormone that can pass through the plasma membrane. Complete the flowchart describing the interaction of cortisol with intracellular receptors.
  • -the type of second messengers involved in the signal transduction pathway- the enzyme that is activated by the G protein associated with the receptor- the types of relay molecules within the cell -the cell type in which the histamine receptor is located
  • -Histamine binds extracellularly to the H1 receptor. -When histamine binds to the H1 receptor, the receptor undergoes a conformation change and binds the inactive G protein.-Once the G protein is active, it binds to the enzyme phospholipase C, activating it.-Histamine is likely hydrophilic.
  • 1) reception of a signaling molecule2) transduction of the signal3) response to the signal
  • 1) cortisol passes through the plasma membrane into the cytoplasm2) cortisol-receptor complex forms in the cytoplasm3) cortisol-receptor complex enters the nucleus where it binds to genes4) cortisol-receptor complex acts as a transcription factor5) the transcribed mRNA is translated into a specific protein
plasma membrane receptors
  • -adenylyl cyclase, cAMP, IP3, phosphorylation cascade, second messenger, Ca2+
  • interact directly with G proteins
  • - G protein-coupled receptors - Receptor tyrosine kinases
  • By binding to DNA it triggers the transcription of a specific gene.
_____ catalyzes the production of _____, which then opens an ion channel that releases _____ into the cell's cytoplasm.
  • Phospholipase C ... IP3 .... Ca2+
  • interact directly with G proteins
  • transcription factor
  • amplification
Which of these is a signal molecule?
  • A
  • B
  • AThe attachment of a signal molecule to a plasma membrane receptor initiates a signal transduction pathway.
  • transduction
Calcium ions that act as second messengers are stored in _____.
  • single molecule
  • -catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group to the receptor -binding of the signaling molecules forms a dimer
  • cyclic AMP
  • endoplasmic reticula
Response
  • controlled cell suicide
  • protein synthesis
  • transduction
  • -signaling molecule-G protein-coupled receptor -receptor tyrosine kinase
Reception
  • -adenylyl cyclase, cAMP, IP3, phosphorylation cascade, second messenger, Ca2+
  • By binding to DNA it triggers the transcription of a specific gene.
  • binding of the signaling molecule allows ions to flow through a channel in the receptor
  • -signaling molecule-G protein-coupled receptor -receptor tyrosine kinase
Receptor tyrosine kinases
  • cyclic AMP
  • endoplasmic reticula
  • -catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group to the receptor -binding of the signaling molecules forms a dimer
  • binding of the signaling molecule allows ions to flow through a channel in the receptor
The process by which a signal is converted to a specific cellular response involves three stages:
  • By binding to DNA it triggers the transcription of a specific gene.
  • AThe attachment of a signal molecule to a plasma membrane receptor initiates a signal transduction pathway.
  • transcription factor
  • 1) reception of a signaling molecule2) transduction of the signal3) response to the signal
G protein-coupled receptors and Receptor tyrosine kinases
  • interact directly with G proteins
  • binding of the signaling molecule allows ions to flow through a channel in the receptor
  • -binding site for signaling molecule is located on the extracellular side of the cell-receptor is located in the plasma membrane
  • By binding to DNA it triggers the transcription of a specific gene.
Which statements are true about the binding of histamine to the histamine H1 receptor?
  • -Histamine binds extracellularly to the H1 receptor. -When histamine binds to the H1 receptor, the receptor undergoes a conformation change and binds the inactive G protein.-Once the G protein is active, it binds to the enzyme phospholipase C, activating it.-Histamine is likely hydrophilic.
  • By binding to DNA it triggers the transcription of a specific gene.
  • AThe attachment of a signal molecule to a plasma membrane receptor initiates a signal transduction pathway.
  • -the type of second messengers involved in the signal transduction pathway- the enzyme that is activated by the G protein associated with the receptor- the types of relay molecules within the cell -the cell type in which the histamine receptor is located
which of the following, when activated by a signal transduction pathway, moved from the cytoplasm to the nucleus of a cell?
  • transcription factor
  • transduction
  • -the type of second messengers involved in the signal transduction pathway- the enzyme that is activated by the G protein associated with the receptor- the types of relay molecules within the cell -the cell type in which the histamine receptor is located
  • 1) reception of a signaling molecule2) transduction of the signal3) response to the signal
G protein-coupled receptors
  • - G protein-coupled receptors - Receptor tyrosine kinases
  • interact directly with G proteins
  • -binding site for signaling molecule is located on the extracellular side of the cell-receptor is located in the plasma membrane
  • controlled cell suicide
Which of the following could account for the different cellular responses to histamine?
  • transcription factor
  • -Histamine binds extracellularly to the H1 receptor. -When histamine binds to the H1 receptor, the receptor undergoes a conformation change and binds the inactive G protein.-Once the G protein is active, it binds to the enzyme phospholipase C, activating it.-Histamine is likely hydrophilic.
  • -the type of second messengers involved in the signal transduction pathway- the enzyme that is activated by the G protein associated with the receptor- the types of relay molecules within the cell -the cell type in which the histamine receptor is located
  • AThe attachment of a signal molecule to a plasma membrane receptor initiates a signal transduction pathway.
Which of these is the second of the three stages of cell signaling?
  • transduction
  • transcription factor
  • AThe attachment of a signal molecule to a plasma membrane receptor initiates a signal transduction pathway.
  • amplification
Which of these acts as a second messenger?
  • cyclic AMP
  • -catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group to the receptor -binding of the signaling molecules forms a dimer
  • endoplasmic reticula
  • transduction
Signal Transduction PathwaysWhich of these acts as a second messenger?
  • single molecule
  • A
  • D
  • B
What role does a transcription factor play in a signal transduction pathway?
  • -binding site for signaling molecule is located on the extracellular side of the cell-receptor is located in the plasma membrane
  • 1) reception of a signaling molecule2) transduction of the signal3) response to the signal
  • By binding to DNA it triggers the transcription of a specific gene.
  • binding of the signaling molecule allows ions to flow through a channel in the receptor
Which of these is a membrane receptor?
  • B
  • AThe attachment of a signal molecule to a plasma membrane receptor initiates a signal transduction pathway.
  • transduction
  • A
Neither G protein-coupled receptors or Receptor tyrosine kinases
  • -binding site for signaling molecule is located on the extracellular side of the cell-receptor is located in the plasma membrane
  • AThe attachment of a signal molecule to a plasma membrane receptor initiates a signal transduction pathway.
  • binding of the signaling molecule allows ions to flow through a channel in the receptor
  • By binding to DNA it triggers the transcription of a specific gene.
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