These structures contain substances that contribute to a pathogen 19s virulence; for example, M protein mediates microbial attachment to epithelial cells.
  • cell wall components
  • lysogenic conversion
  • antigenic variation
  • cytopathic effects
-blocking host cell receptors to which A-B toxins bind-blocking receptor-mediated endocytosis in cells targeted by the A-B toxin-inhibiting the secretion of proteins from a bacterial cell-blocking separation of the A and B components of the toxin-blocking the binding sites on the B portion of an A-B toxin-
  • Which of the following strategies might be used to block the activity of an A-B toxin?
  • Which of the following statements are true?
  • Which of the following are requirements for causing disease within a host?
  • Which of the following would be an example of an infection initiated via the parenteral route?
gram-negative bacterial infections.
  • Measles viruses are capable of inactivating host defenses by
  • Meningitis and gonorrhea are caused by
  • Antibiotics can lead to septic shock if used to treat
  • How are superantigens different from other types of exotoxins?
These describe the visible effects of viral infections that results in host cell damage.
  • siderophores
  • cell wall components
  • cytopathic effects
  • antigenic variation
This viscous outer covering found in certain microorganisms helps pathogens evade the host 19s defenses by impairing phagocytosis
  • siderophores
  • enzymes
  • direct damage
  • capsules
They cause the immune system to produce an exaggerated response, distracting it from the actual pathogen.
  • How does the protozoan Trypanosoma evade detection by the immune system?
  • How does a capsule help certain bacteria evade detection by the immune system?
  • How are immune cells able to detect foreign pathogens?
  • How do superantigens enable pathogens to hide from the immune system if they actually stimulate the immune system?
These microbial surface proteins rearrange the host cell 19s actin filaments, allowing pathogens to enter and move in and between cells.
  • invasins
  • enzymes
  • siderophores
  • toxins
Capsules block the complement biding sites on the surface of the pathogen.
  • How does a capsule help certain bacteria evade detection by the immune system?
  • How can capsules enable bacteria to evade the immune system?
  • How are superantigens different from other types of exotoxins?
  • How are immune cells able to detect foreign pathogens?
This process allows pathogens to alter their surface antigens to avoid attack by antibodies produced by the immune system.
  • antigenic variation
  • direct damage
  • cytopathic effects
  • lysogenic conversion
The capsule is composed of polysaccharides that are similar to those found in the host; thus, the immune system does not recognize it as foreign.
  • How are superantigens different from other types of exotoxins?
  • How does a capsule help certain bacteria evade detection by the immune system?
  • How does the protozoan Trypanosoma evade detection by the immune system?
  • Why is a release of endotoxin into the bloodstream potentially deadly?
-gaining access to the host via a portal of entry-adherence to host tissues-evasion of host defenses
  • Which of the following would be an example of an infection initiated via the parenteral route?
  • Which of the following are requirements for causing disease within a host?
  • Which of the following statements about lysogenic conversion is true?
  • Which of the following strategies might be used to block the activity of an A-B toxin?
Tuberculosis bacterium
  • Which of the following microorganisms actually grows inside the macrophage?
  • Which of the following statements about lysogenic conversion is true?
  • Which of the following would be the first sign of an infection that resulted in the release of endotoxin?
  • Which of the following are properties of exotoxins?
-blocking molecular determinants on superantigens that interacts with T cells-blocking the release of cytokines from T cells-blocking secretion of proteins by bacterial cells-neutralizing circulating cytokines
  • Which of the following strategies might be used to block the activity of an A-B toxin?
  • Which of the following are requirements for causing disease within a host?
  • Which of the following are properties of exotoxins?
  • Select all of the strategies that would be likely to block or reduce the harmful effects of superantigen toxins.
neurotoxin
  • A person who attended a picnic early in the day develops a very high fever and is unresponsive by the evening. This person most likely has been exposed to a(n)
  • Which disease would be potentially propagated in an environment without functional plumbing and in which drinking water is contaminated with sewage?
  • In general, the LD50 for exotoxins is much greater than the LD50 for endotoxins.
  • A patient who has been hospitalized with uncontrolled muscle spasms has probably been infected with bacteria that secrete a(n)
superantigen
  • A person who attended a picnic early in the day develops a very high fever and is unresponsive by the evening. This person most likely has been exposed to a(n)
  • How are superantigens different from other types of exotoxins?
  • A patient who has been hospitalized with uncontrolled muscle spasms has probably been infected with bacteria that secrete a(n)
  • An exotoxin that has the ability to kill or damage host cells is referred to as a(n)
-Exotoxins target specific cellular structures or molecules.-Exotoxins are protein molecules.-Very small amounts of exotoxin can be lethal.
  • Which of the following are properties of exotoxins?
  • Which of the following statements are true?
  • Which of the following microorganisms actually grows inside the macrophage?
  • Which of the following statements about lysogenic conversion is true?
suppressing the immune system.
  • Why is a release of endotoxin into the bloodstream potentially deadly?
  • How are superantigens different from other types of exotoxins?
  • Measles viruses are capable of inactivating host defenses by
  • Which of the following microorganisms actually grows inside the macrophage?
When the cell dies
  • Which of the following microorganisms actually grows inside the macrophage?
  • When would endotoxins be released from a bacterial cell?
  • How are immune cells able to detect foreign pathogens?
  • Which of the following are properties of exotoxins?
cholera
  • Which of the following microorganisms actually grows inside the macrophage?
  • Which disease would be potentially propagated in an environment without functional plumbing and in which drinking water is contaminated with sewage?
  • Which of the following would be the first sign of an infection that resulted in the release of endotoxin?
  • The Limulus amoebocyte assay is used to detect minute amounts of endotoxin in drugs and medical devices.
This results in a change in microbe characteristics due to the presence of prophage genes that confer new properties
  • lysogenic conversion
  • antigenic variation
  • cell wall components
  • cytopathic effects
fever
  • Which of the following would be an example of an infection initiated via the parenteral route?
  • Which of the following microorganisms actually grows inside the macrophage?
  • Which of the following strategies might be used to block the activity of an A-B toxin?
  • Which of the following would be the first sign of an infection that resulted in the release of endotoxin?
They are able to detect structures on the surfaces of foreign cells that are not found in the host.
  • How does the protozoan Trypanosoma evade detection by the immune system?
  • How are immune cells able to detect foreign pathogens?
  • How can capsules enable bacteria to evade the immune system?
  • How are superantigens different from other types of exotoxins?
lipid A
  • Endotoxins are also known as
  • antigenic variation
  • Meningitis and gonorrhea are caused by
  • Which disease would be potentially propagated in an environment without functional plumbing and in which drinking water is contaminated with sewage?
These proteins bind up iron obtained from the host cell 19s iron-transport proteins and transport this iron to bacteria through interactions with cell surface receptors.
  • toxins
  • direct damage
  • siderophores
  • invasins
This occurs as a result of nutrient depletion, accumulation of waste products, pathogen entry and exit, and ruptured host cells
  • antigenic variation
  • direct damage
  • lysogenic conversion
  • capsules
-Some pathogens are able to cause disease within a host without penetrating the body.-Bacterial exotoxins can be altered to create toxoids, which can be used to produce protective immunity in a host.-The interactions that occur between a microbe and host influence the evolution of both
  • Which of the following statements are true?
  • Which of the following strategies might be used to block the activity of an A-B toxin?
  • Which of the following are requirements for causing disease within a host?
  • Which of the following statements about lysogenic conversion is true?
An individual contracts hepatitis B from an accidental stick with a contaminated needle
  • Which of the following would be an example of an infection initiated via the parenteral route?
  • Which of the following strategies might be used to block the activity of an A-B toxin?
  • Which of the following are requirements for causing disease within a host?
  • Which of the following statements about lysogenic conversion is true?
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