anterior pituitary
  • A brain region that contains several collections of neuronal cell bodies that provide a connection between the nervous system and the endocrine system
  • A true endocrine gland of epithelial origin, sometimes called the adenohypophysis
  • lipophobic molecule that interacts with receptors on cell surface
  • An extension of the neural tissue of the brain, sometimes referred to as the neurohypophysis
What distinguishes a hormone from other signaling molecules such as cytokines or paracrine or autocrine signaling molecules?
  • control secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • Hormones are secreted into the bloodstream
  • negative feedback
  • The target cell must have a receptor that specifically binds to that hormone
How can elevated TSH be involved in hypothyroidism?
  • There is a lack of feedback inhibition by thyroid hormone on the anterior pituitary
  • control secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • A true endocrine gland of epithelial origin, sometimes called the adenohypophysis
  • They bind to intracellular receptors
Where are the neurohormones released by the posterior pituitary produced?
  • control secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • in the neuronal cell bodies found in the hypothalamus
  • target cell responses oppose the original stimulus
  • water-soluble hormones, such as insulin and epinephrine
Which of the following are released by the posterior pituitary?
  • oxytocin & vasopressin
  • control of electrical signaling pathways
  • β receptors
  • cortisol
What is the most important regulatory factor controlling the circulating levels of thyroid hormone?
  • From outside the body
  • thyroid hormone
  • control secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • negative feedback
peptide hormone
  • lipophobic molecule that interacts with receptors on cell surface
  • The stalk that connects the pituitary gland to the brain
  • An extension of the neural tissue of the brain, sometimes referred to as the neurohypophysis
  • The target cell must have a receptor that specifically binds to that hormone
What tropic hormone stimulates cortisol from the adrenal gland?
  • control secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • is inactivated or removed from the blood
  • control of electrical signaling pathways
  • adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
After a lipid-soluble hormone is bound to its intracellular receptor, what does the hormone complex do?
  • Hormones are secreted into the bloodstream
  • acts as a transcription factor and binds to DNA, activating a gene
  • is inactivated or removed from the blood
  • cell's receptors and the signal transduction pathway used by the cell
Which loss of function would occur if you were to sever the connection between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary?
  • Hormones control the size and shape of target cells
  • The anterior pituitary would not release hormones in response to trophic hormone stimulation
  • cell's receptors and the signal transduction pathway used by the cell
  • Hormones are secreted into the bloodstream
The pituitary hormone that controls hormone synthesis and release from the thyroid gland is
  • permissive
  • TSH
  • somatotropin
  • ACTH
What does the word "exogenous" mean?
  • adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • ADH (Vasopressin)
  • From outside the body
  • negative feedback
After a hormone has exerted its effects, it typically
  • adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • they are produced by neurons
  • control of electrical signaling pathways
  • is inactivated or removed from the blood
The ________ of a hormone is an indicator of how long a hormone is active in the body.
  • synergists
  • half-life
  • permissive
  • oxytocin
Chemical signals released into the blood by neurons are called
  • neurohormone
  • trophic hormone
  • neurohypophysis
  • neurohormones
The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and metabolism in many tissues is
  • hypothalamus
  • ACTH
  • somatotropin
  • adenohypophysis
Which of the following hormones has intracellular receptors?
  • synergists
  • β receptors
  • oxytocin
  • cortisol
Norepinephrine and epinephrine cause an increase in heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV), which is the amount of blood pumped out during each heartbeat. This effect is enhanced when thyroid hormone (TH) is also present. TH has little effect on HR and SV alone. What is the effect of TH on HR and SV called?
  • neurohypophysis
  • permissiveness
  • neurohormones
  • permissive
Synergism occurs when
  • activation of genes, which increases protein synthesis in the cell
  • Hormones control the size and shape of target cells
  • A true endocrine gland of epithelial origin, sometimes called the adenohypophysis
  • hormones working together produce a larger effect than predicted
What is the mechanism of action of lipid-soluble hormones?
  • in the neuronal cell bodies found in the hypothalamus
  • activation of genes, which increases protein synthesis in the cell
  • control of electrical signaling pathways
  • The target cell must have a receptor that specifically binds to that hormone
The term for any hormone that controls the secretion of another hormone is a
  • half-life
  • neurohormone
  • hypothalamus
  • trophic hormone
Steroid hormones are lipophilic. This allows which of the following?
  • They bind to intracellular receptors
  • they are produced by neurons
  • is inactivated or removed from the blood
  • transportation in the blood at the same time
Which endocrine gland(s) was/were discovered after large numbers of patients undergoing thyroid removal died of problems unrelated to thyroid function?
  • negative feedback
  • parathyroid glands
  • thyroid hormone
  • gonadotropins
Different hormones may interact with each other at a target cell. Which is NOT considered to be a type of hormone interaction?
  • They bind to intracellular receptors
  • Hormones are secreted into the bloodstream
  • adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • transportation in the blood at the same time
The sex hormones from the anterior pituitary that regulate the male and female reproductive organs are collectively called
  • hypothalamus
  • thyroid hormone
  • permissive
  • gonadotropins
Two hormones that have opposing effects are called
  • adenohypophysis
  • antagonists
  • β receptors
  • hypothalamus
The adrenal cortex produces a steroid hormone called ________ that controls Na+ and K+ homeostasis and another steroid hormone called ________ that controls blood glucose levels.
  • transportation in the blood at the same time
  • oxytocin & vasopressin
  • aldosterone, cortisol
  • negative feedback
Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are intermediary hormones stimulated by which of the following hormones?
  • GH (growth hormone)
  • aldosterone, cortisol
  • thyroid hormone
  • trophic hormone
A blood sample is found to have low levels of GHRH and excessive levels of GH and IGFs. Where would the pathology be located in this example?
  • They bind to intracellular receptors
  • plasma membrane receptors
  • GH (growth hormone)
  • the anterior pituitary
Water-soluble hormones affect target cells by binding to __________.
  • in the neuronal cell bodies found in the hypothalamus
  • plasma membrane receptors
  • the anterior pituitary
  • oxytocin & vasopressin
Negative feedback inhibits parathyroid hormone secretion because
  • control secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • in the neuronal cell bodies found in the hypothalamus
  • target cell responses oppose the original stimulus
  • water-soluble hormones, such as insulin and epinephrine
The posterior pituitary gland is also known as the
  • somatotropin
  • neurohypophysis
  • synergists
  • adenohypophysis
Which of the following hormones is regulated by a neuroendocrine ("letdown") reflex?
  • Hormones control the size and shape of target cells
  • cortisol
  • prolactin
  • oxytocin
A cell's or tissue's response to a hormone primarily depends on the
  • in the neuronal cell bodies found in the hypothalamus
  • target cell responses oppose the original stimulus
  • Hormones control the size and shape of target cells
  • cell's receptors and the signal transduction pathway used by the cell
Which of the following is NOT a typical way that hormones function?
  • control secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • target cell responses oppose the original stimulus
  • Hormones control the size and shape of target cells
  • cortisol
Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, synthesized?
  • hypothalamus
  • prolactin
  • β receptors
  • somatotropin
Which of the following adrenergic receptors increase cAMP levels?
  • cortisol
  • hypothalamus
  • thyroid hormone
  • β receptors
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