Which neo-Freudian theorist emphasized the influence of the collective unconscious in personality development?
  • Jung
  • Carl Jung
  • month
  • free association
Which psychologists are most likely to criticize standardized personality tests for failing to capture the unique subjective experience of the individual personality?
  • self serving bias
  • learned helplessness
  • humanistic theories
  • free association
One night after he heard his parents arguing, 4-year-old Wei had a vivid dream in which he saved his mother from being bitten by a large snake. A psychoanalyst would most likely suspect that Wei's dream reflects a(n):
  • regression
  • strong ego
  • criticize the shortcomings of others.
  • oedipus complex
Bruce wants to be a loving husband but at the same time wants to express his disgust for some of his wife's habits. According to Freud, Bruce's ________ might enable him to partially satisfy both desires.
  • an external locus of control
  • ego
  • strong superego
  • month
When she was 8 years old, Inge was sexually abused by her uncle. At 14, Inge felt uncomfortable whenever she saw this uncle but was unable to understand why she felt this way. A psychoanalyst would be most likely to suggest that Inge is using the defense mechanism of:
  • projection
  • could not be explained readily in terms of neurological impairments.
  • repression
  • comparing themselves with others who are similarly disabled.
A personality inventory that utilizes only those items that have been shown to differentiate particular groups of people is called a(n) ________ test.
  • personality traits
  • empirically derived
  • environmental influences
  • self reports
Randy's substandard academic performance is both a result and a cause of his feelings of academic inferiority. This best illustrates the importance of:
  • empirically derived
  • pessimism
  • reciprocal determinism
  • an external locus of control
Freud suggested that the process of identification is most directly responsible for the development of:
  • social identities
  • the superego
  • superego
  • passive dependence
Which of the following Big Five trait dimensions is most closely related to one's level of creativity?
  • openness
  • Carl Jung
  • The Barnum effect
  • social identities
Coretta is quiet, pessimistic, anxious, and moody. In terms of the Eysencks' basic personality dimensions she would be classified as:
  • unstable-introverted
  • psychological processes.
  • empirically derived
  • academic abilities
Freud suggested that slips of the tongue illustrate an incomplete:
  • self reports
  • repression
  • erogenous zones
  • conforming
Factor analysis has been used to identify the most basic:
  • Personality Traits
  • factor analysis
  • the spotlight effect
  • psychoanalytic
Researchers found that new life insurance representatives were less likely to quit during their first year on the job if they demonstrated the trait of:
  • oedipus complex
  • optimism
  • pessimism
  • individualism
Survivors' memories of Nazi death camp experiences most clearly challenge Freud's concept of:
  • repression
  • underestimating the inherent human capacity for destructive and evil behaviors.
  • strong ego
  • projection
Sasha believes that the questions on college tests are so unrelated to course work that studying is useless. Sasha's belief most clearly illustrates:
  • psychological processes.
  • overestimate; overestimate
  • The Barnum effect
  • an external locus of control
Characteristic patterns of behavior and motivation are called:
  • traits
  • self reports
  • trait
  • Rogers
Freud referred to a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage as:
  • dreams
  • fixation
  • the superego
  • phallic
Frida was informed by a professional palm reader: "You generally communicate openly with others, but you have certain dark secrets that even your closest friends could never guess." The fact that Frida was impressed by the palm reader's insight into her personality best illustrates:
  • personality traits
  • humanistic theories
  • The Barnum effect
  • an external locus of control
Learned helplessness is most likely to promote:
  • pessimism
  • Freud's psychoanalytic theory
  • reciprocal determinism
  • individualism
Henry Murray found that children's perceptions of photographs were biased by their previous participation in a frightening game. Their perceptual reactions most clearly highlighted the potential value of:
  • projective tests
  • self serving bias
  • rationalization
  • strong superego
American university students are more likely than Japanese university students to describe themselves in terms of their:
  • free association
  • self-determination
  • academic abilities
  • self-serving bias
Mrs. Sunstedt believes that parents should accept and try to understand their children's feelings and should honestly disclose their own inner feelings to their children. Her approach to parentchild interaction was most explicitly recommended by:
  • ego
  • The Barnum effect
  • Rogers
  • strong superego
According to psychoanalytic theory, boys' fear of castration is most closely associated with:
  • projection
  • independence; interdependence
  • the oedipus complex
  • self-serving bias
Individualism is to collectivism as ________ is to ________.
  • projection
  • rationalization
  • passive dependence
  • independence; interdependence
Professor Shankar believes that her students' most important personal characteristics are those that distinguish them as uniquely different from most other people. Her attitude best illustrates one of the consequences of:
  • social identities
  • projective tests
  • individualism
  • unrealistic optimism
Morning types are to evening types as ________ is to ________.
  • involves the scientific study of optimal human functioning.
  • reality principle; pleasure principle
  • conscientiousness; extraversion
  • consciously express feelings that are the opposite of unacceptable unconscious impulses.
Sexually active undergraduate women perceive themselves as much less likely to experience an unwanted pregnancy than other women at their university. This best illustrates:
  • projective tests
  • humanistic theories
  • individualism
  • unrealistic optimism
Mrs. Smith, who is White and unconsciously in favor of racial segregation, tells her friends that most Blacks prefer to live in residential neighborhoods inhabited predominantly by Blacks. According to psychoanalytic theory, Mrs. Smith best illustrates:
  • regression
  • strong ego
  • repression
  • projection
Because Greta is extremely extraverted, she frequently goes to parties where she is encouraged to laugh and socialize. Because Jim is extremely introverted, he frequently spends weekends in the library where it's easy to quietly reflect and study. Greta and Jim best illustrate what is meant by:
  • reaction formation
  • reciprocal determinism
  • oedipus complex
  • individualism
According to Freud, boys are most likely to experience the Oedipus complex during the ________ stage.
  • Carl Jung
  • trait
  • fixation
  • phallic
Which theory would most likely predict that boys raised without a father figure will have difficulty developing a strongly masculine gender identity?
  • individualism
  • Freud's psychoanalytic theory
  • pessimism
  • id
Compared with Freud, contemporary research psychologists are less likely to think of unconscious mental dynamics as involving:
  • phallic
  • regression
  • projection
  • motivational conflict
Athletes often attribute their losses to bad officiating. This best illustrates:
  • describing; explaining
  • self serving bias
  • self-serving bias
  • passive dependence
After experiencing inescapable brutalities as a prisoner in a Nazi concentration camp, Mr. Sternberg became apathetic, stopped eating, and gave up all efforts to physically survive the ordeal. Mr. Sternberg's reaction most clearly illustrates:
  • learned helplessness
  • describing; explaining
  • rationalization
  • an external locus of control
Contemporary psychologists are least likely to agree with Freud's belief that:
  • view themselves very favorably in comparison to most others.
  • conscious awareness of our own mental processes is very limited.
  • involves the scientific study of optimal human functioning.
  • childhood sexual instincts.
According to Freud, the unconscious is:
  • psychoanalysis.
  • the thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories, of which we are largely unaware.
  • "I think the test questions were ambiguous and confusing."
  • depression
Abraham Maslow studied the lives of Abraham Lincoln, Thomas Jefferson, and Eleanor Roosevelt in order to understand the nature of:
  • selectively studying people with qualities he admired.
  • self-actualization
  • projection
  • regression
Which of the following techniques would Freud have used to discover the latent content of his patients' dreams
  • social identities
  • preconscious.
  • The Barnum effect
  • free association
The perception that one's fate is determined by luck reflects:
  • describing; explaining
  • environmental influences
  • attributional style
  • an external locus of control
Freud became interested in unconscious personality dynamics when he noticed that certain patients' symptom
  • strong ego
  • could not be explained readily in terms of neurological impairments.
  • id
  • conscious awareness of our own mental processes is very limited.
During the early psychosexual stages, the id derives pleasure from distinct:
  • erogenous zones
  • self reports
  • have a strong ego
  • free association
While Professor Gomez was going through a painful divorce, he tended to create unnecessarily difficult tests and gave his students unusually low grades. A psychoanalyst would be most likely to view the professor's treatment of students as an example of:
  • superego
  • strong ego
  • self-concept
  • displacement
Which theorist emphasized that personal growth is promoted by interactions with others who are genuine, accepting, and empathic?
  • erogenous zones
  • trait
  • Rogers
  • fixation
Contemporary psychodynamic theorists are most likely to emphasize the importance of:
  • motivational conflict
  • reaction formation
  • could not be explained readily in terms of neurological impairments.
  • repression
Which of the following tests was empirically derived?
  • reality principle; pleasure principle
  • MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory)
  • conscientiousness; extraversion
  • endomorph; mesomorph
Neo-Freudian personality theorists were most likely to disagree with Freud about the importance of:
  • childhood sexual instincts.
  • conscious awareness of our own mental processes is very limited.
  • the spotlight effect
  • cope effectively with stress
Melissa is unconsciously fearful that her husband is a better cook than she. Recently, she refused his offer to prepare dinner because, said she, "You could better spend the time playing with our kids." Melissa's comment best illustrates:
  • rationalization
  • personality traits
  • feelings of inferiority.
  • strong superego
Larry studies diligently because he is haunted by an image of himself being unable to gain employment after his college graduation. Larry's diligence best illustrates the motivational impact of:
  • reaction formation
  • selectively studying people with qualities he admired.
  • projection
  • possible selves
No matter how long and hard Oprah studies, she always feels she hasn't studied as much as she should have. A Freudian psychologist would suggest that Oprah shows signs of a:
  • rationalization
  • self serving bias
  • strong superego
  • humanistic theories
A collectivist culture is especially likely to emphasize the importance of:
  • conscientiousness; extraversion
  • the spotlight effect
  • self serving bias
  • social responsibility.
Personality inventories typically gather information by means of:
  • self reports
  • empirically derived
  • self-determination
  • social responsibility.
Religious and ethnic diversity are most likely to be appreciated in a culture that values:
  • individualism
  • pessimism
  • social identities
  • reciprocal determinism
When 16-year-old Hafez received a large inheritance from his grandfather, he was tempted to purchase an expensive new car. He decided, instead, to deposit all the money into a savings account for his college education. Hafez shows signs of a:
  • anal
  • strong ego
  • ego
  • self serving bias
In rejecting claims that personality trait measures fail to predict behavior effectively, Seymour Epstein emphasized the importance of:
  • multiple behavior assessments
  • an external locus of control
  • overestimate; overestimate
  • the spotlight effect
Japanese students are more likely than American students to describe themselves in terms of their:
  • psychoanalytic
  • attributional style
  • social identities
  • have a strong ego
Although Rolf frequently cheats on classroom tests, he justifies his behavior by erroneously thinking that most other students cheat even more than he does. His mistaken belief best illustrates:
  • self serving bias
  • self-serving bias
  • have a strong ego
  • personality traits
Overestimating the extent to which others notice and evaluate our appearance and performance is called:
  • The Barnum effect
  • free association
  • the superego
  • the spotlight effect
The social-cognitive perspective is least likely to be criticized for neglecting the importance of:
  • involves the scientific study of optimal human functioning.
  • environmental influences
  • an external locus of control
  • social responsibility.
Parents in collectivist cultures are more likely than parents in individualist cultures to encourage teenage children to:
  • the spotlight effect
  • social identities
  • an external locus of control
  • participate in household chores
Projective tests are most closely associated with the ________ perspective.
  • social responsibility.
  • preconscious.
  • self-concept
  • psychoanalytic
The humanistic perspective emphasized the importance of:
  • self-determination
  • an external locus of control
  • self-serving bias
  • attributional style
Ego is to id as ________ is to ________.
  • describing; explaining
  • reality principle; pleasure principle
  • ego to prevent threatening impulses from being consciously recognized.
  • temporal consistency.
When Professor Thompson lived overseas for a year, he was very surprised at how much respect he received from people simply because he was a retired college professor. His sense of surprise suggests that he had not previously lived in a culture that valued:
  • individualism
  • oedipus complex
  • collectivism
  • strong ego
Self-esteem is negatively correlated with:
  • depression
  • attributional style
  • social responsibility.
  • self-serving bias
According to Bandura, reciprocal determinism involves multidirectional influences among:
  • independence; interdependence
  • behaviors, internal personal factors, and environmental events.
  • rationalization
  • the thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories, of which we are largely unaware.
People who are challenged by severe physical disabilities are likely to maintain normal levels of self-esteem by:
  • strong ego
  • projection
  • underestimating the inherent human capacity for destructive and evil behaviors.
  • comparing themselves with others who are similarly disabled.
Gene spends a good deal of time bragging about his numerous sexual exploits. Freud would have suggested that Gene is fixated at the ________ stage.
  • phallic
  • possible selves
  • reaction formation
  • regression
Maslow most clearly interjected his own personal values into his study of self-actualized individuals by:
  • an internal locus of control
  • selectively studying people with qualities he admired.
  • projection
  • self-actualization
If we are nervous about our personal appearance after adopting a new hairstyle, we are likely to ________ the extent to which others notice our nervousness and we are likely to ________ the extent to which they notice our new hairstyle.
  • learned helplessness
  • overestimate; overestimate
  • free association
  • the actual self and the ideal self
An individual who perceives an internal locus of control would most likely show signs of a
  • could not be explained readily in terms of neurological impairments.
  • strong ego
  • conscientiousness.
  • criticize the shortcomings of others.
Laura fails to recognize any connection between her unsafe sexual practices and the likelihood of contracting a sexually transmitted disease. Laura's lack of perceptiveness best illustrates the dangers of:
  • environmental influences
  • an external locus of control
  • past performance in situations involving similar responsibilities.
  • oral
Individualism is most likely to be emphasized in:
  • projection
  • self-serving bias
  • independence; interdependence
  • North America
Dr. Zytowics wants to assess the extent to which a client is suffering from depression, delusions, and other symptoms of psychological disorder. Which personality inventory would be most helpful for this purpose?
  • ego
  • MMPI
  • trait
  • anal
Hasina was an abused child; as an adult, she is homeless and squanders any money she can find on alcohol. Alfred Adler would have suggested that Hasina suffers from:
  • free association
  • feelings of inferiority.
  • fixation.
  • "I think the test questions were ambiguous and confusing."
Mr. Dutoit was asked by his psychotherapist to look at some ambiguous pictures and make up a story about each. Mr. Dutoit was most likely taking the:
  • TAT
  • id
  • projection
  • an internal locus of control
Freud is to the psychoanalytic perspective as Allport is to the ________ perspective
  • trait
  • dreams
  • month
  • repression
Self-actualized people, as described by Maslow, are least likely to be highly:
  • conforming
  • academic abilities
  • describing; explaining
  • traits
The use of free association is central to the process of:
  • psychoanalysis.
  • factor analysis
  • an external locus of control
  • self-serving bias
A person whose selfesteem is momentarily threatened is especially likely to:
  • self-actualization
  • possible selves
  • selectively studying people with qualities he admired.
  • criticize the shortcomings of others.
Freud observed that certain symptoms of illness were relieved when patients talked freely about their past. This led Freud to suspect that these symptoms resulted from:
  • psychological processes.
  • environmental influences
  • the superego
  • an external locus of control
The best indicator of a person's level of optimism is his or her:
  • social responsibility.
  • the spotlight effect
  • attributional style
  • learned helplessness
Which theorists have been most directly criticized for underestimating the variability of behavior from situation to situation?
  • free association
  • Jung
  • superego
  • trait
According to Freud, defense mechanisms are used by the:
  • "I think the test questions were ambiguous and confusing."
  • involves the scientific study of optimal human functioning.
  • regression
  • ego to prevent threatening impulses from being consciously recognized.
Santa Claus is to Superman as ________ is to ________.
  • regression
  • recovery of repressed memories.
  • environmental influences
  • endomorph; mesomorph
Saleem seeks sexual pleasure by means of solitary masturbation rather than through sexual interaction with his wife. Freud would have suggested that this illustrates a(n):
  • fixation.
  • trait
  • self serving bias
  • fixation
Karen Horney, a prominent neo-Freudian, disputed Freud's assumption that women:
  • have weak superegos
  • temporal consistency.
  • social identities
  • preconscious.
Freud emphasized that emotional healing is associated with the:
  • an external locus of control
  • recovery of repressed memories.
  • conscientiousness; extraversion
  • repression
In one survey, Americans were more optimistic that they themselves would go to heaven than would either Michael Jordan or Bill Clinton. This best illustrates:
  • self-determination
  • strong superego
  • self serving bias
  • empirically derived
The importance of romance in marriage relationships is most likely to be emphasized in cultures that value:
  • reciprocal determinism
  • Freud's psychoanalytic theory
  • individualism
  • unrealistic optimism
Freud's theory of personality has been criticized because it:
  • projection
  • the oedipus complex
  • offers few testable predictions that allow one to determine its validity.
  • rationalization
The defense mechanism by which people disguise threatening impulses by attributing them to others is called:
  • regression
  • free association
  • projection
  • offers few testable predictions that allow one to determine its validity.
According to terror-management theory, anxiety about our own mortality motivates our pursuit of:
  • ego to prevent threatening impulses from being consciously recognized.
  • social responsibility.
  • North America
  • self esteem
Reaction formation refers to the process by which people:
  • ego to prevent threatening impulses from being consciously recognized.
  • consciously express feelings that are the opposite of unacceptable unconscious impulses.
  • preconscious.
  • describing; explaining
The humanistic perspective has been criticized for promoting an excessive degree of
  • optimism
  • self-actualization
  • reciprocal determinism
  • individualism
Humanistic psychologists would most likely be criticized for underestimating the value of:
  • have a strong ego
  • learned helplessness
  • Bandura
  • social influence
Individuals with high self-esteem are more likely than those with low self-esteem to:
  • have a strong ego
  • social influence
  • erogenous zones
  • self-serving bias
According to psychoanalytic theory, the part of the personality that strives for immediate gratification of basic drives is the:
  • Rogers
  • ego
  • month
  • id
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