Symbolic Interaction TheoryMeaning is attached to things or actions which form our realityOften result in theory development

May select individuals typical in relation to the phenomenon under studyMay seek out individuals different in some way from other participants to get diverse perspectivesSnowballing technique is commonly used.

Based in anthropologyFocus on understanding the culture

Based on needs related to study purposeNumber of subjects is usually smallerCase studies with only one subject may be usedSix to 10 subjects not unusual

Based in anthropologyFocus on understanding the culture

Based on needs related to study purposeNumber of subjects is usually smallerCase studies with only one subject may be usedSix to 10 subjects not unusual

Provides a rich description of the 'lived experience'

Based on words rather than numbers.

May select individuals typical in relation to the phenomenon under studyMay seek out individuals different in some way from other participants to get diverse perspectivesSnowballing technique is commonly used.

Select topic and problemJustify the significance of the studyDesign studyIdentify and gain access to subjectsSelect study subjects and dataInterpret results

May be written by participants on a particular topic at request of researcherNarratives may be solicited by mail rather than in person.Text developed for other purposes, such as patient records or procedure manuals, can be accessed for qualitative analysis.Published text (books, newspapers, etc.)

A process of understanding 'What is going on here?'Look and listen carefully.Note routine activities.Focus on details.Note processes as well as discrete events.Note unexpected events.

Provides a rich description of the 'lived experience'

Examination and description of events or other factors that influence what you are interested in

Based in anthropologyFocus on understanding the culture

-Describe-Understand-Explain-Identify-Develop-Generate

Examination and description of events or other factors that influence what you are interested in

Based in anthropologyFocus on understanding the culture

Selection of subjectsResearcher-participant relationshipData collection methodsData managementData analysisInterpretation

Based on needs related to study purposeNumber of subjects is usually smallerCase studies with only one subject may be usedSix to 10 subjects not unusual

OpennessAdherence to a philosophical perspectiveData saturationMultiple sources of dataRigor is impacted by all of the following negative factors: -Inconsistency in adhering to method or philosophy-Poorly developed methods-Lack of data collection time-Poor data collection methods-Failure to consider multiple sources of data

May be written by participants on a particular topic at request of researcherNarratives may be solicited by mail rather than in person.Text developed for other purposes, such as patient records or procedure manuals, can be accessed for qualitative analysis.Published text (books, newspapers, etc.)

Based on the philosophical orientation and intended outcome.The type of qualitative approach taken is often dependent on the research question(s) asked and the purpose of the research study.-Phenomenological-Grounded Theory-Ethnography-Exploratory-descriptive-qualitative-Historical

Open-ended formatResearcher defines focus.No fixed sequence of questionsQuestions tend to change as researcher gains insights from previous interviews and/or observations.Respondents are encouraged to raise issues not addressed by researcher.

May be written by participants on a particular topic at request of researcherNarratives may be solicited by mail rather than in person.Text developed for other purposes, such as patient records or procedure manuals, can be accessed for qualitative analysis.Published text (books, newspapers, etc.)

May select individuals typical in relation to the phenomenon under studyMay seek out individuals different in some way from other participants to get diverse perspectivesSnowballing technique is commonly used.

Open-ended formatResearcher defines focus.No fixed sequence of questionsQuestions tend to change as researcher gains insights from previous interviews and/or observations.Respondents are encouraged to raise issues not addressed by researcher.

Based on the philosophical orientation and intended outcome.The type of qualitative approach taken is often dependent on the research question(s) asked and the purpose of the research study.-Phenomenological-Grounded Theory-Ethnography-Exploratory-descriptive-qualitative-Historical

Qualitative Research Quiz

Grounded Theory

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May select individuals typical in relation to the phenomenon under studyMay seek out individuals different in some way from other participants to get diverse perspectivesSnowballing technique is commonly used.
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Based in anthropologyFocus on understanding the culture
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Symbolic Interaction TheoryMeaning is attached to things or actions which form our realityOften result in theory development
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Based on needs related to study purposeNumber of subjects is usually smallerCase studies with only one subject may be usedSix to 10 subjects not unusual

How are subjects selected?

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Select topic and problemJustify the significance of the studyDesign studyIdentify and gain access to subjectsSelect study subjects and dataInterpret results
0%
No specific approach described except for naturalistic inquiry, descriptive, or qualitativeAddresses the research purpose and question from a qualitative method
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Subjects are referred to as participants.May volunteer to be involved in studyMay be selected by researcher because of their particular knowledge, experience, or views related to study
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A process of understanding 'What is going on here?'Look and listen carefully.Note routine activities.Focus on details.Note processes as well as discrete events.Note unexpected events.

Interpretation of Results

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A systematic, subjective approach used to describe life experiences and give them meaningUseful in understanding human experiences such as pain, caring, powerlessness, and comfortFocuses on understanding the wholeConsistent with holistic philosophy of nursing
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Data is subjective, systematicDescribes life experiences and gives them meaningData in qualitative research are typically words versus numbers in quantitative researchFocus on the whole, holisticData incorporate perceptions and beliefs of researcher and participants
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The researcher offers his or her interpretation of what is going on.The focus is on understanding and explaining beyond that which can be stated with certainty.May focus on usefulness of findings for clinical practiceResearcher develops hunches about relationships that can be used to formulate tentative propositions.
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Open-ended formatResearcher defines focus.No fixed sequence of questionsQuestions tend to change as researcher gains insights from previous interviews and/or observations.Respondents are encouraged to raise issues not addressed by researcher.

Ethnography

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Based on needs related to study purposeNumber of subjects is usually smallerCase studies with only one subject may be usedSix to 10 subjects not unusual
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Based in anthropologyFocus on understanding the culture
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Provides a rich description of the 'lived experience'
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Based on words rather than numbers.

Qualitative vs. Quantitative

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-Describe-Understand-Explain-Identify-Develop-Generate
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Multiple realitiesNatural setting for data collectionResearchers and participants interactResults are rich descriptions
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A systematic, subjective approach used to describe life experiences and give them meaningUseful in understanding human experiences such as pain, caring, powerlessness, and comfortFocuses on understanding the wholeConsistent with holistic philosophy of nursing
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Select topic and problemJustify the significance of the studyDesign studyIdentify and gain access to subjectsSelect study subjects and dataInterpret results

Purposive Sampling

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May select individuals typical in relation to the phenomenon under studyMay seek out individuals different in some way from other participants to get diverse perspectivesSnowballing technique is commonly used.
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Select topic and problemJustify the significance of the studyDesign studyIdentify and gain access to subjectsSelect study subjects and dataInterpret results
0%
May be written by participants on a particular topic at request of researcherNarratives may be solicited by mail rather than in person.Text developed for other purposes, such as patient records or procedure manuals, can be accessed for qualitative analysis.Published text (books, newspapers, etc.)
0%
A process of understanding 'What is going on here?'Look and listen carefully.Note routine activities.Focus on details.Note processes as well as discrete events.Note unexpected events.

Frameworks for Qualitative Studies

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The goal of qualitative research is not hypothesis testing.Frameworks are used in a different sense in qualitative research.Each type of qualitative research is guided by a particular philosophical stance.
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Selection of subjectsResearcher-participant relationshipData collection methodsData managementData analysisInterpretation
0%
A process of understanding 'What is going on here?'Look and listen carefully.Note routine activities.Focus on details.Note processes as well as discrete events.Note unexpected events.
0%
Based on the philosophical orientation and intended outcome.The type of qualitative approach taken is often dependent on the research question(s) asked and the purpose of the research study.-Phenomenological-Grounded Theory-Ethnography-Exploratory-descriptive-qualitative-Historical

Qualitative Research Purpose

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No specific approach described except for naturalistic inquiry, descriptive, or qualitativeAddresses the research purpose and question from a qualitative method
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Select topic and problemJustify the significance of the studyDesign studyIdentify and gain access to subjectsSelect study subjects and dataInterpret results
0%
Multiple realitiesNatural setting for data collectionResearchers and participants interactResults are rich descriptions
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-Describe-Understand-Explain-Identify-Develop-Generate

Interviewing Inclusion

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Open-ended formatResearcher defines focus.No fixed sequence of questionsQuestions tend to change as researcher gains insights from previous interviews and/or observations.Respondents are encouraged to raise issues not addressed by researcher.
0%
May select individuals typical in relation to the phenomenon under studyMay seek out individuals different in some way from other participants to get diverse perspectivesSnowballing technique is commonly used.
0%
A process of understanding 'What is going on here?'Look and listen carefully.Note routine activities.Focus on details.Note processes as well as discrete events.Note unexpected events.
0%
OpennessAdherence to a philosophical perspectiveData saturationMultiple sources of dataRigor is impacted by all of the following negative factors: -Inconsistency in adhering to method or philosophy-Poorly developed methods-Lack of data collection time-Poor data collection methods-Failure to consider multiple sources of data

Phenomenology

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Examination and description of events or other factors that influence what you are interested in
0%
Provides a rich description of the 'lived experience'
0%
Based in anthropologyFocus on understanding the culture
0%
-Describe-Understand-Explain-Identify-Develop-Generate

Characteristics of Researcher-Participant Relationships

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Subjects are referred to as participants.May volunteer to be involved in studyMay be selected by researcher because of their particular knowledge, experience, or views related to study
0%
Based on the philosophical orientation and intended outcome.The type of qualitative approach taken is often dependent on the research question(s) asked and the purpose of the research study.-Phenomenological-Grounded Theory-Ethnography-Exploratory-descriptive-qualitative-Historical
0%
The goal of qualitative research is not hypothesis testing.Frameworks are used in a different sense in qualitative research.Each type of qualitative research is guided by a particular philosophical stance.
0%
Participants are treated as colleagues rather than subjects.The researcher must have the support and confidence of participants to complete the study.Maintaining relationships is of utmost importance.

Historical

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Examination and description of events or other factors that influence what you are interested in
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Based in anthropologyFocus on understanding the culture
0%
Selection of subjectsResearcher-participant relationshipData collection methodsData managementData analysisInterpretation
0%
Based on needs related to study purposeNumber of subjects is usually smallerCase studies with only one subject may be usedSix to 10 subjects not unusual

Qualitative Research Process

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Select topic and problemJustify the significance of the studyDesign studyIdentify and gain access to subjectsSelect study subjects and dataInterpret results
0%
-Describe-Understand-Explain-Identify-Develop-Generate
0%
No specific approach described except for naturalistic inquiry, descriptive, or qualitativeAddresses the research purpose and question from a qualitative method
0%
Multiple realitiesNatural setting for data collectionResearchers and participants interactResults are rich descriptions

Rigor

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May be written by participants on a particular topic at request of researcherNarratives may be solicited by mail rather than in person.Text developed for other purposes, such as patient records or procedure manuals, can be accessed for qualitative analysis.Published text (books, newspapers, etc.)
0%
Based on the philosophical orientation and intended outcome.The type of qualitative approach taken is often dependent on the research question(s) asked and the purpose of the research study.-Phenomenological-Grounded Theory-Ethnography-Exploratory-descriptive-qualitative-Historical
0%
OpennessAdherence to a philosophical perspectiveData saturationMultiple sources of dataRigor is impacted by all of the following negative factors: -Inconsistency in adhering to method or philosophy-Poorly developed methods-Lack of data collection time-Poor data collection methods-Failure to consider multiple sources of data
0%
Open-ended formatResearcher defines focus.No fixed sequence of questionsQuestions tend to change as researcher gains insights from previous interviews and/or observations.Respondents are encouraged to raise issues not addressed by researcher.

Methods Unique to Qualitative Research

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Multiple realitiesNatural setting for data collectionResearchers and participants interactResults are rich descriptions
0%
The goal of qualitative research is not hypothesis testing.Frameworks are used in a different sense in qualitative research.Each type of qualitative research is guided by a particular philosophical stance.
0%
Select topic and problemJustify the significance of the studyDesign studyIdentify and gain access to subjectsSelect study subjects and dataInterpret results
0%
Selection of subjectsResearcher-participant relationshipData collection methodsData managementData analysisInterpretation

Text Collection

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May select individuals typical in relation to the phenomenon under studyMay seek out individuals different in some way from other participants to get diverse perspectivesSnowballing technique is commonly used.
0%
May be written by participants on a particular topic at request of researcherNarratives may be solicited by mail rather than in person.Text developed for other purposes, such as patient records or procedure manuals, can be accessed for qualitative analysis.Published text (books, newspapers, etc.)
0%
Open-ended formatResearcher defines focus.No fixed sequence of questionsQuestions tend to change as researcher gains insights from previous interviews and/or observations.Respondents are encouraged to raise issues not addressed by researcher.
0%
Based on the philosophical orientation and intended outcome.The type of qualitative approach taken is often dependent on the research question(s) asked and the purpose of the research study.-Phenomenological-Grounded Theory-Ethnography-Exploratory-descriptive-qualitative-Historical

Exploratory-Descriptive

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No specific approach described except for naturalistic inquiry, descriptive, or qualitativeAddresses the research purpose and question from a qualitative method
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Select topic and problemJustify the significance of the studyDesign studyIdentify and gain access to subjectsSelect study subjects and dataInterpret results
0%
A process of understanding 'What is going on here?'Look and listen carefully.Note routine activities.Focus on details.Note processes as well as discrete events.Note unexpected events.
0%
Multiple realitiesNatural setting for data collectionResearchers and participants interactResults are rich descriptions

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