However, the water-based alveolar fluid would cause the walls of the alveoli to stick together and collapse thereby preventing diffusion of gases.
  • alveoli w/o surfactant
  • how was surfactant used
  • alveoli w surfactant
  • Alveolar surface area
thickness of alveolar wallalveolar surface area
  • total gas exchange surface area of normal male
  • parameter that influences efficiency of gaseous exchange: list
  • Alveolar sacs
  • structure of alveolus: list
The bronchopulmonary segments have clinical significance. Because each has its own blood supply and tertiary bronchus, and is separated from the other segments by CT, certain diseases (including lung cancer) may affect and be confined to a particular bronchopulmonary segment. This means that it is possible to surgically remove a diseased bronchopulmonary segment without disrupting the rest of the lung.
  • bronchopulmonary segment
  • bronchopulmonary segment clinical
  • Bronchi and Lung Lobules
  • the pulmonary the bronchial.
After the discovery of surfactant, the lives of many pre-term babies were saved. Surfactant was injected into the amniotic fluid if a woman's premature labor could not be stopped.
  • how was surfactant used
  • alveoli w/o surfactant
  • alveolus surrounded
  • lobal bronchi division
If the lungs of a normal healthy male were spread out flat, the total gas exchange surface area is about 90 m2! This is about 40X the surface area of the skin.
  • type II alveolar cells : fn
  • total gas exchange surface area of normal male
  • how was surfactant used
  • The lungs receive blood from: list
The lung lobules are the smallest division of the lungs that are visible to the naked eye. Each lobule is served by a bronchiole and its branches. Respiratory bronchiolesAlveolar ducts: Alveolar sacs
  • pneumocyte type ll n surfactant
  • type II alveolar cells : fn
  • physiology of good surfactant
  • lung lobule n its components
The walls of the alveoli are made up primarily of a simple squamous epithelium. The cells that make up this thin sheet are mainly type I cells (also called type I alveolar cells or pneumocytes). These cells are a component of the respiratory membrane along with the capillaries we discussed previously.
  • type I alveolar cells : fn
  • type II alveolar cells : where
  • type I alveolar cells : where
  • type II alveolar cells : fn
Deoxygenated venous blood returning from the systemic circuit is pumped to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries. The pulmonary arteries subdivide and branch and follow the bronchi. Ultimately, pulmonary capillary networks are formed which surround each alveolus and contribute to the respiratory membrane to be discussed later. After being oxygenated, the blood is returned to the left side of the heart via the pulmonary veins which follow the bronchial tree back to the hilum. The large volume of blood in the pulmonary circuit is under extremely low pressure. The small volume of arterial blood in the bronchial arteries is under higher pressure similar to the rest of the systemic circuit. This blood supplies the pulmonary structures (except the aveoli) with the blood necessary to keep them alive and healthy, but plays no role in oxygenation.
  • bronchopulmonary segment
  • bronchopulmonary segment clinical
  • the pulmonary the bronchial.
  • lobar bronchi names: L, R lungs
This substance lowers surface tension of the alveolar fluid which is mainly water.
  • dust cells
  • dust cells fn
  • surfactant def
  • surfactant fn
Each lobe of the right and left lungs receives its own secondary or lobar bronchus. The lobar bronchi have the same names as the lobes; superior, middle and inferior on the right, and superior and inferior on the left.
  • lobar bronchi names: L, R lungs
  • Bronchi and Lung Lobules
  • lobal bronchi division
  • bronchopulmonary segment
The respiratory membrane consists of the fused basement membranes of the alveolar cells and the capillary endothelial cells making an extremely thin region to facilitate gaseous exchange via diffusion between the alveolar air space and the blood.
  • respiratory membrane: normal thickness
  • repiratory membrane n diffusion
  • adults n surfactant
  • physiology of good surfactant
The picture above shows the progressive subdivision of the respiratory passageways until they end in a lung lobule. Notice the respiratory bronchioles bearing alveoli, the alveolar duct, alveolar sac and the individual alveoli.
  • type II alveolar cells : fn
  • Bronchi and Lung Lobules
  • lobal bronchi division
  • bronchopulmonary segment
However, in alveoli the two adjacent basement membranes have fused to make an extremely thin (1/2 of a micron) surface separating air on one side and blood on the other. .
  • alveoli wall
  • emphysema
  • alveolus surrounded
  • alveoli w surfactant
The black lines separating the lobules in the photograph are because the CT separating the lobules soaks up carbon dust (cigarette smoke, air pollution, etc.) and remains trapped.
  • black lines on lung
  • physiology of good surfactant
  • lobal bronchi division
  • alveolus surrounded
Each alveolus is surrounded by a dense capillary network, and has elastic fibers on the outside like rubber bands around a balloon. The alveoli are surround by fine elastic fibers.
  • alveoli w/o surfactant
  • Alveolar surface area
  • alveolus surrounded
  • alveoli w surfactant
This is an electron micrograph of a type II cell. The large, clear vacuoles (V) contain surfactant. Numerous mitochondria (M) can be seen between the vacuoles (V). The arrow is pointing to the secretory surface of the cell where surfactant is released.
  • type I alveolar cells : where
  • pneumocyte type ll n surfactant
  • alveolar wall and its components
  • physiology of good surfactant
Their thin nature facilitates rapid exchange of blood gases between the alveolar lumen and the blood.
  • type I alveolar cells : fn
  • type II alveolar cells : fn
  • type II alveolar cells : where
  • type II alveolar cells : appearance
Prior to 1970s, many premature babies died because they could not breathe. The lung tissue is glandular and the alveoli are collapsed. Fetuses do undergo ventilation of amniotic fluid.
  • alveolus surrounded
  • Alveolar surface area
  • why premature babies died
  • clinical surfactant general
Prior to 1970s, many premature babies died because they could not breathe. The lung tissue is glandular and the alveoli are collapsed. Fetuses do undergo ventilation of amniotic fluid. After the discovery of surfactant, the lives of many pre-term babies were saved. Surfactant was injected into the amniotic fluid if a woman's premature labor could not be stopped. The fetus would "inhale" the surfactant in the amniotic fluid. When the fetus was delivered, it could successfully be ventilated because the surfactant allowed the alveoli to open.In adults, every time we sigh, cough, sneeze, yawn or take a deep breath, surfactant is released from type II pneumocytes.
  • clinical surfactant general
  • the pulmonary the bronchial.
  • Alveolar surface area
  • how was surfactant used
Recall that all epithelia rest on a basement membrane. The alveolar wall is comprised of two types of epithelia, the alveolar epithelium with its basement membrane, and the capillary endothelium (also simple squamous epithelium) and its basement membrane.
  • alveoli elastic fibers: how damage, result
  • alveoli w surfactant
  • alveolar wall and its components
  • alveoli wall fn
- Lined with simple squamous.
  • Alveolar surface area
  • alveolus surrounded
  • Alveolar ducts:
  • alveoli wall fn
What is surfactant? Surfactant is a fluid secretion by type II cells that is comprised predominately of phospholipids and lipoproteins.
  • alveoli w surfactant
  • surfactant fn
  • surfactant def
  • dust cells fn
The secondary bronchi divide into 8-10 tertiary or segmental bronchi andeach segment of the lung that is supplied by a tertiary or segmental bronchus is called a bronchopulmonary segment.
  • lobal bronchi division
  • how was surfactant used
  • Bronchi and Lung Lobules
  • lobar bronchi names: L, R lungs
The fetus would "inhale" the surfactant in the amniotic fluid. When the fetus was delivered, it could successfully be ventilated because the surfactant allowed the alveoli to open.
  • lobal bronchi division
  • type I alveolar cells : where
  • type II alveolar cells : fn
  • physiology of good surfactant
Gas exchange occurs easily and rapidly via simple diffusion across this thing respiratory membrane—oxygen passes from the alveolus into the blood, and carbon dioxide leaves the blood to enter the alveolus and is ultimately eliminated from the body when we exhale
  • alveoli wall
  • alveoli wall fn
  • alveolar wall and its components
  • alveoli w/o surfactant
Smoking and certain fumes from chemicals can destroy the elastic fibers making expiration in particular difficult. This will lead to difficulty in keeping the blood pH stable and will put a strain on the kidneys.
  • alveoli elastic fibers: how damage, result
  • alveoli w/o surfactant
  • alveolar wall and its components
  • alveoli w surfactant
These cells are large and frothy in appearance.
  • structure of alveolus: list
  • The lungs receive blood from: list
  • type I alveolar cells : where
  • type II alveolar cells : appearance
A second type of cell called type II cells (A.K.A. type II alveolar cell or septal cell) are found scattered throughout the alveolar wall.
  • wall of alveolus
  • type I alveolar cells : where
  • bronchopulmonary segment
  • type II alveolar cells : where
In adults, every time we sigh, cough, sneeze, yawn or take a deep breath, surfactant is released from type II pneumocytes.
  • adults n surfactant
  • alveoli w surfactant
  • lung lobule n its components
  • Alveolar surface area
Recall that the "wall" of an alveolus consists mainly of type I pneumocytes forming a simple squamous epithelium, with a few type II cells which secrete surfactant.
  • alveolar wall and its components
  • alveolus surrounded
  • type II alveolar cells : fn
  • wall of alveolus
Comprised of several alveoli
  • Alveolar ducts:
  • Alveolar surface area
  • Alveolar sacs
  • alveoli wall
type I alveolar cells type Il alveolar cells dust cells
  • type II alveolar cells : appearance
  • structure of alveolus: list
  • physiology of good surfactant
  • type II alveolar cells : fn
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