Which of the following is a major difference between the symbolic interactionist (SI) and functionalist perspectives on deviance?
  • SI takes a micro or close-up look at individuals; functionalism looks at macro-level social systems.
  • Africa's challenges include its geography and colonial legacies.
  • PRWORA
  • a major structure organizing our day-to-day experiences.
Japanese internment camps resulted in:
  • meritocratic
  • structural
  • Informal
  • white wealth
Hegel argued that notions of inequality are constantly evolving in a larger historical arc and will eventually lead to:
  • equality
  • rehabilitative
  • quality time
  • overstated
This figure shows crime rising and falling quite rapidly and drastically. A sociological interpretation of these trends would emphasize that:
  • competition for housing and employment
  • crime rates fluctuate in response to changes in how society classifies deviance.
  • Informal social sanctions
  • the decreased pressure on the food supply reduces starvation and misery
Reverend Samuel Stanhope Smith's proposal that skin color should be viewed as a product of climate and therefore not correlated to inner virtues (e.g., intelligence, character, personality) suggests that he felt:
  • end of welfare as we know it
  • people were all the same
  • the "black/nonblack" divide
  • endogamous, exogamy
Denise, who comes from a lower-middle-class family, obtained a college degree, interned at a company, worked at that company for many years, and is now its CEO. Denise's experiences support the idea of:
  • meritocracy
  • culture of poverty
  • people who have committed prior crimes
  • general deterrence
James Rosenbaum found that people who moved out of the ghetto and into low-poverty areas:
  • inequality
  • had a better employment situation
  • labeling
  • strengthens society by exercising mechanisms that preserve cohesion.
C. Wright Mills argues that there are three major institutions in the United States today that have the power to make decisions for the masses. What are they?
  • economy, politics, and the military
  • endogamous, exogamy
  • they were less financially dependent
  • continue increasing
Which of the following examples calls into question the two firm categories of sex and gender that dominate our thinking?
  • the existence of more than two gender groups in other cultures
  • more of an ideal than an absolute
  • skull size and shape indicated human worth.
  • affirmative action
A factory worker wins $10 million in the lottery. He doesn't know what to do with his life anymore or how to spend his time, so he becomes depressed and commits suicide. Émile Durkheim would say he has committed the ________ type of suicide.
  • meritocratic
  • Informal
  • anomic
  • WOMEN
After a student drops out of high school, he becomes labeled a "drop-out," and his subsequent actions and choices are explained in terms of this label. Those subsequent actions are called:
  • secondary deviance
  • continue increasing
  • a descendent of Ham
  • endogamous, exogamy
Trade of goods and services across national boundaries, as well as the mobility of businesses and labor through immigration, is called:
  • no reliable
  • fatalistic
  • eviction
  • globalization
The rise or fall of an individual (or group) from one social stratum to another is called ________ social mobility.
  • eviction
  • White collar
  • vertical
  • smaller
Marlin Card expressed insight also found in Susan Mayer's research when he said that even more than increased income, families such as his would benefit from more:
  • material goods
  • eviction
  • quality time
  • working poor
What were the types of suicide described by Émile Durkheim?
  • egoistic, altruistic, anomic, and fatalistic
  • affirmative action
  • each was dependent on the other
  • christian african american
One of the major changes associated with the modern prison system is:
  • the shift from "violence against the body" to "reforming the soul."
  • crime rates fluctuate in response to changes in how society classifies deviance.
  • you don't have to think much about your racial identity.
  • the decreased pressure on the food supply reduces starvation and misery
pleasy v ferguson
  • segregation
  • workers who must live
  • relative
  • specific deterrence
Picking your nose in public is an example of which type of deviance?
  • Informal
  • structural
  • smooth
  • opportunity
When a prison offers educational opportunities, mental health treatment, and job training programs to inmates, which response to deviance is it engaging in?
  • fatalistic
  • rehabilitative
  • secondary deviance
  • quality time
David Rosenhan sent some of his students to a psychiatric hospital, saying they were "hearing voices." Each pseudo-patient was admitted and diagnosed with a mental disorder. He was illustrating ________ theory.
  • symbolic ethnicity
  • innovator
  • labeling
  • black
Each society has a type of social stratification. How does the United States ideologically justify its type of stratification system?
  • middle class nation
  • in the majority
  • A person is in complete control over the class he or she is in. Hard work (or lack of it) determines class.
  • strengthens society by exercising mechanisms that preserve cohesion.
Matthew Desmond predicts that increasing ________ and the cascading challenges surrounding it will be a major problem for the poor today and in the near future.
  • housing
  • eviction
  • dialectic relationsho
  • equality
A Hegelian perspective shows that the ________ relationship is alive and well today in industries such as tomato picking.
  • master-slave
  • working poor
  • head formations
  • quality time
Which of the following is an example of the ideology of equality of condition put into practice?
  • affirmative action
  • employment and earnings
  • pink collar jobs
  • self selection
Gordon is a graduate student wanting to develop a projection model for understanding race in the future. He consults with sociologist Jennifer Lee, and she recommends that he study:
  • Informal social sanctions
  • the "black/nonblack" divide
  • the official poverty line
  • horizontal
DNA testing is generally seen as a benefit to justice, because it allows for more precise identification of criminals. Sociologists see that forensic genetics also has a tendency to reproduce existing inequalities, because:
  • people who have committed prior crimes
  • innovator
  • everyone is created equal by the divine design
  • domestic life
Jennifer goes out at night with a spray can and writes on a stop sign. She successfully vandalizes for the first time. Labeling theorists would call this ________ deviance.
  • primary
  • organic
  • eviction
  • stigma
Shelly shoplifted once. Her peers on social media have labeled her "shoplifting Shelly," and this label follows her everywhere online and at school. She feels hopeless and shoplifts regularly now to alleviate her anxiety and because it is what everyone expects her to do anyway. Labeling theory would interpret her ongoing shoplifting as:
  • corporate crime
  • affirmative action
  • equality of condition
  • secondary deviance
What is the key that government could use to get low-income earners to commit to saving?
  • get them to commit
  • mexican
  • imported a colonized
  • self selection
Sheniqua is an African American girl. When she is at school, she speaks standard English. When she is at home, she speaks African American English. Her words, tone, and body language change in each setting. Sociologists call this:
  • head formations
  • self selection
  • material goods
  • code switching
If a label is said to be "sticky" when referring to deviance, it means that:
  • environmental factors
  • it is hard to lose that label
  • each was dependent on the other
  • already here; about four US states
Which of the following is a type of social stratification?
  • status hierarchy system
  • it focuses on income only
  • SI takes a micro or close-up look at individuals; functionalism looks at macro-level social systems.
  • the existence of more than two gender groups in other cultures
When the official poverty line was first set, food made up the largest percentage of household budgets. In today's society, what now makes up the largest percentage?
  • primary
  • stigma
  • housing
  • prejudice
In her study of real estate and inequality, graduate student Shania looks for the "Aspen effect." She is looking for:
  • had a better employment situation
  • workers who must live
  • meritocracy
  • culture of poverty
Roman is an activist who would like to see humans live in a state of sharing, equality, and harmony. His friend Omar says, "But if everyone shared and everyone thrived, wouldn't there be too many people?" If Roman and Omar read Thomas Malthus, they would consider the notion that ________keeps the population in check.
  • had a better employment situation
  • culture of poverty
  • meritocracy
  • inequality
Using Émile Durkheim's definitions, many feminists would say that 1950s housewives were more likely to commit the ________ type of suicide.
  • fatalistic
  • stratification
  • no reliable
  • overstated
In 1942, 120,000 Japanese Americans were sent by federal order to internment camps. Afterward, all Asian Americans (regardless of their country of origin and/or U.S. citizenship status) went from being a relatively unnoticed group to being singled out for discrimination. This is known as:
  • radicalization
  • household stress
  • rehabilitative
  • globalization
Cho is working on poverty reduction in a Philadelphia public housing development. In the analysis he writes after the project, he uses Mario Luis Small's idea of "culture as frames" instead of Oscar Lewis's "culture of poverty" because the "culture of poverty" thesis:
  • corporate crime
  • institutional structure
  • tends to blame the poor
  • continue increasing
When an elementary school student is labeled the "class clown" by his teacher and then adopts the persona and lives up to others' expectations by acting silly, the class clown label has become a:
  • stigma
  • master-slave
  • unnecessary
  • stratification
Alfred Kinsey's 1948 study, Sexual Behavior in the Human Male, is important because:
  • it viewed sexuality as falling on a continuum, thus challenging the psychiatric claim of homosexuality as abnormal.
  • get them to commit
  • they experienced the Lucifer effect, in which they were affected by social surroundings and cultural expectations.
  • they were less financially dependent
A society characterized by a high degree of sameness among the individual participants, in which participants perform largely the same functions, has ________ solidarity.
  • absolute poverty
  • crime
  • mechanical
  • in the majority
Anthropologist Michelle Rosaldo believed women were usually lower in the stratification system because of their identification with:
  • people who have committed prior crimes
  • everyone is created equal by the divine design
  • domestic life
  • culture of poverty
The Supreme Court's landmark 1954 decision in Brown v. Board of Education struck down what doctrine?
  • social cohesion
  • meritocracy
  • separate but equal
  • parenting classes
When people in a society form social bonds and relate to each other on a daily basis, the society is said to exhibit:
  • monogenists
  • absolute poverty
  • crime
  • social cohesion
what method is usually used to measure poverty?
  • statistical measures of income
  • christian african american
  • the eyes and ears of the streets
  • stratification
Income-based measurements are deceptive because they hide the real influence of:
  • smooth
  • Formal
  • equality
  • wealth
Carrie, Max, and Lisa are friends in high school. Over the years, Carrie becomes a carpenter. Max becomes a computer programmer. Lisa becomes a physician. The government regulates salaries such that Carrie, Max, and Lisa are paid similar salaries, live in similar neighborhoods, and enjoy relatively equal standards of living. What standard of equality would this be an example of?
  • equality of outcome
  • secondary deviance
  • the "black/nonblack" divide
  • students leave
Which social stratification system was favored in feudal Europe and the American South before the Civil War?
  • A person is in complete control over the class he or she is in. Hard work (or lack of it) determines class.
  • conflict
  • estate system
  • 10%
Under what system is your societal position related to your position in the economic market?
  • class
  • monogenists
  • perverse incentive
  • legalize gambling
C. Wright Mills had a negative view of the elite-mass dichotomy. His view fits with the ________ paradigm.
  • domestic life
  • class
  • the US political system
  • conflict
During the mid-twentieth century in the United States, many blacks moved north to escape Jim Crow laws in the rural South. This resulted in:
  • competition for housing and employment
  • institutional structure
  • poverty in the midst of growing wealth
  • the existence of more than two gender groups in other cultures
Which act formalized the exclusive definition of whiteness by imposing immigration restrictions based on a national origins quota system that limited the yearly number of immigrants from each country?
  • parenting classes
  • meritocracy
  • mechanical
  • iA1924
From her research, Susan Mayer concluded that it was not poverty that mattered, but rather:
  • the eyes and ears of the streets
  • living in gated communities
  • poverty in the midst of growing wealth
  • end of welfare as we know it
People who are born into poverty and ultimately raise their own children in poverty learn how to live in poverty. They learn the norms and values associated with that particular way of life. Oscar Lewis called this:
  • innovator
  • labeling
  • parenting classes
  • culture of poverty
Euripedes is a fictional student of Aristotle. Following his teacher's line of thought, Euripedes proudly declares his commitment to civic association, that the true test of a person's worth is in what the individual does, not in personal characteristics. Euripedes fails to examine the fact that the principle of civic association excludes:
  • a descendent of Ham
  • WOMEN
  • equality of outcome
  • head formations
Neighborhood watch groups are examples of what urban theorist Jane Jacobs called:
  • environmental factors
  • more of an ideal than an absolute
  • end of welfare as we know it
  • the eyes and ears of the streets
An 1851 excerpt from Harper's Weekly magazine describes a certain racial group as lawbreaking, idle, thriftless, poor, and barbarian. What group is this excerpt describing?
  • primary
  • irish
  • stigma
  • Formal
When Shelly, a white American, sees a Middle Eastern man, she worries that he may be a terrorist. She would never say this and would never take action on these thoughts, but nonetheless, they come into her mind. Despite her commitment to fair treatment, she is harboring:
  • eugenics
  • housing
  • prejudice
  • primary
When sociologists study how race and ethnicity affect income, they are studying the topic of:
  • stratification
  • students leave
  • uncivilized
  • affirmative action
A person who desires a big mansion and the perfect "American dream" lifestyle, but sells illegal drugs to achieve this, is known by Robert Merton as a(n):
  • meritocracy
  • general deterrence
  • culture of poverty
  • innovator
If Country A has a Gini coefficient of .37 and Country B has a Gini coefficient of .49, which country has more inequality?
  • Sanskritization.
  • working poor
  • B
  • you don't have to think much about your racial identity.
In the one-sex model, it was believed that both a man's and a woman's orgasm were required for conception. When the two-sex model gained momentum, women and men were viewed as radically different creatures, and the female orgasm became viewed as:
  • material goods
  • unnecessary
  • overstated
  • uncivilized
Sexuality refers to desire, sexual preference, sexual identity, and behavior. Which of the following is true about sexuality?
  • the decreased pressure on the food supply reduces starvation and misery
  • There is enormous variation in how humans have sex and what it means to them
  • already here; about four US states
  • poverty in the midst of growing wealth
Social deviance is a breach of ________; crime is a breach of ________.
  • a major structure organizing our day-to-day experiences.
  • White collar
  • norms, laws
  • Formal
Which of the following terms hinges on the belief that social and psychological traits can be traced through bloodlines and selectively bred out of (or into) populations?
  • stigma
  • SI takes a micro or close-up look at individuals; functionalism looks at macro-level social systems.
  • eugenics
  • vertical
Sometimes individuals seek to assert or increase their status, not just through their occupation but also through:
  • employment and earnings
  • Informal social sanctions
  • environmental factors
  • living in gated communities
The 1996 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act was also referred to as the:
  • environmental factors
  • living in gated communities
  • no reliable
  • end of welfare as we know it
Which group believed that different races were distinct species?
  • inequality
  • class
  • labeling
  • polygenists
A crime such as burglary is known as which type of deviance?
  • stigma
  • mexican
  • norms, laws
  • Formal
After serving a long prison sentence for grand theft auto, Charles stole another car. This is an example of:
  • stratification
  • Protestantism is based on the individual, which creates less social integration.
  • no reliable
  • recidivism
Akamai is a paralegal for a law firm in Manhattan. He gets a new job as a paralegal for a law firm in Boston. Sociologists see such a shift as ________mobility.
  • food prep
  • overstated
  • quality time
  • horizontal
One of the results of the negative income tax experiment was that increasing numbers of women left their marriages. This was because:
  • the "black/nonblack" divide
  • each was dependent on the other
  • they were less financially dependent
  • There is enormous variation in how humans have sex and what it means to them
A politician who argues that poverty causes people to reject the practices of "mainstream" society is making a(n) ________ argument.
  • meritocracy
  • people who have committed prior crimes
  • culture of poverty
  • absolute poverty
Samuel is a white Christian minister inLike most of his contemporaries, he believes in the biblical "curse of Ham." This means that when Samuel sees an African American, he sees:
  • get them to commit
  • Sanskritization.
  • horizontal
  • a descendent of Ham
Jim gets a job in a group home for disabled adults. The executive director tells Jim that if he works hard and earns favorable reviews, he could work his way up to a position of greater responsibility and income. Such a system is referred to as:
  • material goods
  • no reliable
  • globalization
  • meritocratic
An elementary school isn't a total institution because:
  • NA and E
  • White collar
  • high skilled and low skilled
  • students leave
Although Indian castes historically have been ________, increasing rates of ________ have made classifying children more difficult.
  • economy, politics, and the military
  • tends to blame the poor
  • endogamous, exogamy
  • affirmative action
Violation of laws enacted by society is also known as:
  • mechanical
  • secretary changing firms but retaining their occupational status
  • iA1924
  • crime
A drug dealer stops selling drugs after learning on the street that another dealer was caught and punished. This is an example of which of the following?
  • meritocracy
  • workers who must live
  • general deterrence
  • the exclusion of those who don't fit neatly into one category or the other
In 1973, the governor of New York State enacted legislation mandating increased prison terms for drug possession and sale. This attempt to decrease drug-related crime operates on what premise?
  • SI takes a micro or close-up look at individuals; functionalism looks at macro-level social systems.
  • the shift from "violence against the body" to "reforming the soul."
  • that crime results from rational calculation of its costs and benefits
  • Street crime usually occurs in public; white-collar crime usually occurs in private.
When Blumenbach declared Caucasians the superlative of the races, he was following a popular line of thought that, in today's view, mistakenly assumed that:
  • skull size and shape indicated human worth.
  • rehabilitative
  • competition for housing and employment
  • that crime results from rational calculation of its costs and benefits
In the nineteenth century, theories of race moved from religious-based racism to:
  • dialectic relationsho
  • get them to commit
  • scientific racism
  • continue increasing
A policy of imprisoning and monitoring criminal offenders for committing crimes in an effort to prevent them from committing more crimes is known as:
  • specific deterrence
  • mechanical
  • meritocracy
  • elite mass dichotomy
Steve is a white American whose family has lived in the United States for 200 years. During the Olympics, Steve cheers for Britain in swimming, because, he says, "I'm British!" During soccer, he cheers for Sweden, saying, "I have some Swedish in me, too!" Steve is displaying:
  • culture of poverty
  • inequality
  • people who have committed prior crimes
  • symbolic ethnicity
Under Johann Caspar Lavater's theory of ________, people with light skin were thought to have higher intellect.
  • fatalistic
  • eviction
  • working poor
  • physiognomy
Jobs that have been feminized, such as teaching or secretarial work, are also referred to as:
  • overstated
  • continue increasing
  • get them to commit
  • pink collar jobs
Ontological equality is the notion that:
  • general deterrence
  • everyone is created equal by the divine design
  • parenting classes
  • strengthens society by exercising mechanisms that preserve cohesion.
When Asians are referred to as "the model minority," this refers to their:
  • smooth
  • Formal
  • smaller
  • Informal
The genetic variation that corresponds with geographic origins is much ________ than people commonly believe.
  • working poor
  • housing
  • fatalistic
  • smaller
Hippocrates believed that physical markers such as skin color were the result of:
  • imported a colonized
  • formal social sanctions
  • environmental factors
  • the eyes and ears of the streets
The typical African American family has about ________ of the net worth of the typical white family.
  • A person is in complete control over the class he or she is in. Hard work (or lack of it) determines class.
  • innovator
  • 10%
  • the US political system
Susan Mayer wrote What Money Can't Buy: Family Income and Children's Life Chances. Her findings were similar to what Marlin Card was suggesting would have helped his chances in life. Which of the following might have addressed this issue?
  • mechanical
  • secretary changing firms but retaining their occupational status
  • domestic life
  • parenting classes
Vilfredo Pareto believed in a society in which status and mobility are based on individual attributes and ability, called:
  • crime
  • meritocracy
  • absolute poverty
  • the exclusion of those who don't fit neatly into one category or the other
The Moving to Opportunity study didn't show any change in which factors between the control and treatment groups?
  • employment and earnings
  • head formations
  • environmental factors
  • institutional structure
Which group believed that humans were one species, united under God?
  • mechanical
  • middle class nation
  • monogenists
  • absolute poverty
the Gini coefficient is
  • a measure of the economic inequality
  • end of welfare as we know it
  • a major structure organizing our day-to-day experiences.
  • egoistic, altruistic, anomic, and fatalistic
In a foraging society, most people are very similar in their knowledge, skill, and everyday practices such as gathering and hunting. Émile Durkheim would say that the type of solidarity in a foraging society is:
  • polygenists
  • absolute poverty
  • proletariat
  • mechanical
A society is pluralistic if no distinct ethnic group is statistically:
  • in the majority
  • monogenists
  • proletariat
  • mechanical
During European colonialism, ethnocentrism classified whites as normal, and nonwhites as abnormal and inferior, to help justify:
  • unequal treatment and conquest
  • living in gated communities
  • competition for housing and employment
  • dialectic relationsho
Which of Émile Durkheim's types of social solidarity characterizes modern life?
  • organic
  • NA and E
  • fatalistic
  • norms, laws
One of the explanations of continued racism in America is that we have:
  • imported a colonized
  • get them to commit
  • it focuses on income only
  • environmental factors
Tax evasion is an example of which of the following types of crimes, as defined by sociologists?
  • end of welfare as we know it
  • overstated
  • master-slave
  • White collar
What was the problem with the Gautreaux Assisted Housing Program?
  • White collar
  • eugenics
  • stratification
  • self selection
Doug has a "rags to riches" story. He grew up a poor kid in rural West Virginia and now is an officer in the U.S. Army. His children roll their eyes every time a Domino's Pizza commercial comes on. Doug tells stories about how he played with sticks and dirt as a kid, concluding, "Tom Monaghan is right when he says, ________."
  • The way particular crimes are defined changes over time.
  • housing
  • food prep
  • 'Poor living was the greatest living I ever did'
Elliot Essman asserts that America is a(n) ________ because the very wealthy do not have much impact on the country in general.
  • polygenists
  • middle class nation
  • meritocracy
  • proletariat
In political speeches about the poor, those who are believed to deserve assistance are often termed the:
  • overstated
  • working poor
  • stratification
  • material goods
An entire caste in India may use language, education, or religion to shift its status in the hierarchy. Such a process is called:
  • globalization
  • master-slave
  • Sanskritization.
  • vertical
A policy maker wants to recalculate poverty based on a set percentage of the median income for each metropolitan area in the United States instead of a national average. This is an example of ________ poverty.
  • absolute poverty
  • general deterrence
  • inequality
  • relative
"Majority minority" states, where whites are not the majority of the population, are:
  • employment and earnings
  • typically just see themselves as "individuals."
  • christian african american
  • already here; about four US states
Phrenology was an early-twentieth-century pseudoscience that read people's intelligence, capacities, and race from:
  • radicalization
  • get them to commit
  • head formations
  • affirmative action
Mollie Orshansky used the U.S. Department of Agriculture's recommendations for the minimum amount of healthy food, estimated the cost for a variety of family types, and multiplied this figure by a factor of three to measure:
  • corporate crime
  • tended to be more dangerous
  • institutional structure
  • the official poverty line
Due to both birthrate and the increased tendency among whites to embrace their Native roots, the Native American population is likely to:
  • employment and earnings
  • continue increasing
  • fatalistic
  • dialectic relationsho
What method is usually used to measure poverty?
  • it is hard to lose that label
  • statistical measures of income
  • high skilled and low skilled
  • get them to commit
In one study of television portrayals of Arabs, researchers found basic myths that continue to surround this group, such as:
  • uncivilized
  • master-slave
  • no reliable
  • Sanskritization.
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