Explanation
Universal suffrage implies that every adult man or woman, rich or poor, literate or illiterate has the right to vote. Universal means everyone, adult means 18 and above and suffrage means the right to vote. When a country grants universal adult suffrage to all its citizens without any discrimination of caste, religion, race, sex, etc. the country has granted political equality to all its citizens.
Universal Adult Franchise is the right to vote of all adults, irrespective of caste, creed sex etc. Through this, the leaders of the country are elected by people itself. It makes the government more responsive.
A voting age is a minimum age established by law that a person must attain to be eligible to vote in a public election. Typically, the age is set at 18 years. On December 15, 1988 the Lok Sabha passed the Constitution Amendment Bill lowering the voting age to 18 years, which was adopted unanimously. Rajiv Gandhi, the prime minister at the time, said it was an expression of our full faith in the youth of the country.
Following arguments are given against Universal Adult Franchise:
(i) Illiterate persons are not able to exercise their right to vote properly, so this right should be given only to the educated citizens.
(ii) Poor people are liable to sell their votes. So this right should not be given to them.
(iii) The system is very expensive. Large-scale arrangements have to be made for the election.
The idea of Constituent Assembly of India was first put forward by Manvendra Nath Roy in 1934. In 1935, it became the official demand of INC. After partition, Dr. Rajendra Prasad became the chairman of Constituent Assembly of Independent India and Professor Harendra Coomar Mookerjee was Vice President of the Constituent Assembly.
The Sixty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India in 1989, lowered the voting age of elections to the Lok Sabha and to the Legislative Assemblies of States from 21 years to 18 years. This was done by amending Article 326 of the Constitution, which concerns to elections to the Lok Sabha and the Assemblies.
Political equality is that the equal right should be given to vote and also to contest in election irrespective of caste, creed, religion, economic status. This is very important in achieving a democratic government.
The Assembly met for the first time in New Delhi on 9 December 1946, and its last session was held on 24 January 1950. During this period which was of two years, eleven months and eighteen days in which the Assembly held eleven sessions, sitting for a total of 166 days.
The Constitution of India was drafted by the Constituent Assembly, and it was implemented under the Cabinet Mission Plan on 16 May 1946. The members of the Constituent Assembly were elected by the provincial assemblies by a single, transferable-vote system of proportional representation. The total membership of the Constituent Assembly was 389: 292 were representatives of the states, 93 represented the princely states and four were from the chief commissioner provinces of Delhi, Ajmer-Merwara, Coorg and British Baluchistan.
The idea of Fundamental Rights was taken from America i.e. U.S. along with important features like Written Constitution, Executive head of state known as President and his being the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces ideas etc.
Fundamental Rights is a charter of rights contained in Part III of Constitution of India. It guarantees civil liberties such that all Indians can lead their lives in peace and harmony as citizens of India. These include individual rights common to most liberal democracies, such as equality before law, freedom of speech and expression, religious and cultural freedom and peaceful assembly, freedom to practice religion, and the right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writs such as habeas corpus.
The first meeting of the Constituent Assembly of India took place in Constitutional Hall, New Delhi, on 9th December 1946. Dr Sachchidananda Sinha was the first president of the Constituent Assembly. On December 11, 1946, Rajendra Prasad was elected as permanent chairman of the Constituent Assembly.
The Fundamental Duties are defined as the moral obligations of all citizens to help promote a spirit of patriotism and to uphold the unity of India. These duties set out in Part IV–A of the Constitution, concern individuals and the nation.Constitution (forty-secondAmendment) Act, 1976 added Part IV-A, Article 51-A on Fundamental Duties of citizens, to the Constitution.
Section 124A, on the face of it, appears clear in that it seeks to penalise any activities that lead to disloyalty against or feelings of contempt or enmity against the government.
Directive Principles Of State Policy (DPSP) under the Indian Constitution. DPSPs are the non-justiciable part of the Constitution which suggests that a person cannot enforce them in the Court.Some of the important Directive Principles include the right to an adequate means of livelihood for citizens, equal pay for equal work for both men and women, living wages for workers and equal justice.
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