Explanation
For the sets A and B , where A=B
(a) $$A-B = B-A$$. If the two sets are same i.e. having same elements then subtracting A from B or vice versa, we get the same results.
(b) $$A \cup B = A \cap B$$. Since $$A=B,$$ $$A \cup B = A \; or \; B$$ and $$A \cap B = A$$ or $$B$$
(c) $$A\cup C = B \cup C$$ for any set C. If $$A= B,$$ and we are adding any other set C, it will be same as for the other set.
$$A\cap C = B \cap C$$ for any set C. If A= B, Both the intersection will be the same for any set C.
(d) $$A\cap B\ne \phi$$
Hence, D is not equivalent.
$$n(\xi) = 42$$
$$n(G) = 12, n(F) = 17, n(H) = 8$$
$$n(F \cap G) = 5, n(G \cap H) = 0, n(F \cap H) = 0$$
$$n(G’)= 42-7-5 =30$$
$$n(H)= 8, n(G’ \cup H) = n(G')+n(H)-n(G'\cap H)=30+8-8 = 30$$
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