CBSE Questions for Class 9 Civics Working Of Institutions Quiz 6 - MCQExams.com

Article 356 deals with Constitutional emergency. This situation arises when a situation in a state reaches to a place, that it can no longer rule according to the provisions of the constitution. The duration of such an emergency is two months. If it were to continue beyond two months, it should be ratified by the Parliament. The proclamation will cease to be valid for six months after the date of issue even if the Parliament ratifies it. It can, however, be extended for another 6 months. 

Judicial powers of president include

• Pardon: Complete elimination of the sentence.
  
• Reprieve: Temporary suspension of sentence.
  
• Respite: awarding less sentence.
  
• Remission: Reducing amount of sentence.
  
• Commutation: Changing one punishment to another.
  

The President of India has the power to impose emergency rule in any or all the Indian states if the security of part or all of India is threatened by "war or external aggression or armed rebellion".

He cannot declare an emergency in case of political crisis. Provisions for national emergency are mentioned in the article 352. So far national emergency has been declared three times in India.

• Between 26 October 1962 to 10 January 1968 during the Indo-China war.
  
• Between 3 December 1971 to 21 March 1977 during the Indo-Pakistan war.
  
• Between 25 June 1975 to 21 March 1977 under controversial circumstances of political instability under Indira Gandhi's reign.
  

The Supreme Court in India has to work according to The Provisions of the Constitution. Article 137 of the Constitution of India lays down provision for power of the Supreme Court to review its own judgments. As per this Article, subject to the provisions of any law made by Parliament or any rules made under Article 145, the Supreme Court shall have power to review any judgment pronounced or order made by it.

If a Minister does not become a member of either House of Parliament within six months of appointment as a Minister, he ceases to be a Minister. This means that it is essential that a Minister must be a member of either House of the Parliament within six months.

The President is the Commander-in-Chief of the Defence Forces of India. The President can declare war or conclude peace, subject to the approval of the parliament and the advice of the Prime Minister, Council of the Chiefs of Staffs of the Armed Forces, Military Secretary and President's Officer (Deputy Military Secretary).

Planning commission was established on 15 March 1950 under the chairmanship of Jawaharlal Nehru.

Prime minister becomes ex-officio chairman of planning commission

Present chairman of planning commission is Shree Narendhra Modi

• In India so far national emergency has been proclaimed three times and constitutional emergency have been proclaimed many times.
  
• Financial emergency due to financial crisis has not been proclaimed in India so far.
  

An Emergency is ''a sudden unforeseen situation demanding immediate action.'' It is a situation in which the Head of the State (President) assumes extraordinary powers. Three types of emergency are national emergency, state emergency and financial emergency.

Legislature is a deliberative body of persons, usually elective, who are empowered to make, change, or repeal the laws of a country or state. It is the branch of government having the power to make laws, as distinguished from the executive and judicial branches of government. 

• Financial Power 

• Emergency powers 

• Military Powers 
• Diplomatic powers
• Legislative powers
• Judicial powers
• Executive powers

The Supreme Court has a very high appellate jurisdiction; it is the highest court of appeal. It can settle disputes between state and central governments, between two states and between citizens and state. But it cannot solve disputes between two countries.

President appoints the Judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts of the States.