Diversity In Living Organisms - Class 9 Biology - Extra Questions

Write a short note about the adaptations found in animals belonging to the class Amphibia.

Amphibians are animals that live on land as well as water. They are cold-blooded and hence, they won't regulate their body temperature based on surroundings and have the same temperature as the air or water around them. They start their life cycle in water as larvae. In the larval stage, they develop gills for respiration. Their adult stage is on land and they respire through lungs. Example- Frog, salamander etc.


Platypus or Echidna is a group that forms a link between reptiles and mammals. Think and write some characteristic feature that these would have.

  • Platypus also called duck-billed platypus is a mammal, and echnida also called spiny anteater is also an egg-laying mammal they both have characteristics of reptiles & mammals which are as follows:
  • Warm-blooded
  • Possess sweat-producing gland
  • Possess milk-producing gland
  • Lays eggs


Give the example for each of the following.
(i) A mammal that lays eggs.
(ii) A reptile that is viviparous

a) Platypus
b)Common lizard


How many chambers are present in the heart of a fish? How many times does the blood flow through its heart during each cycle?

The heart of a fish has two chambers namely, an atrium and a ventricle. Blood enters via the atrium and after circulation it leaves the fish poorly oxygenated. Later, the blood is pumped into the ventricle.
The blood flows only once in the fish. First the deoxygenated blood enters the atrium and then enters the ventricle. The blood is pumped towards the gills where the blood gets oxygenated and pumped to all body parts.


Describe the important characteristics of gymnosperms?

Important features of gymnosperms :
1. The term gymnosperm refers to plants with naked seeds (gymnos – naked, sperma – seeds), i.e., the seeds of these plants are not enclosed in fruits.
2. The plant body ranges from medium to tall trees and shrubs. The giant redwood tree Sequoia is one of the tallest trees in the world.
3. The root system consists of tap roots. The coralloid roots present in Cycas are associated with nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria.
4. The stem can be branched (as in Pinus and Cedrus) or unbranched (as in Cycas).
5. The leaves can be simple (as in Pinus) or compound (pinnate in Cycas). The leaves are needle-like, with a thick cuticle and sunken stomata. These help in preventing water loss.
6. Gymnosperms are heterosporous. They bear two kinds of spores – microspores and megaspores.
7. Flowers are absent. The microsporophylls and megasporophylls are arranged to form compact male and female cones.
8. Pollination occurs mostly through wind and pollen grains reach the pollen chamber of the ovule through the micropyle.
9. The male and female gametophytes are dependent on the sporophyte.
10. The seeds contain haploid endosperms and remain uncovered.


Segmentation in the body is first observed in which of the following?
(a) Platyhelminthes 
(b) Aschelminthes 
(c) Annelida 
(d) Arthropoda

The body segmentation first appeared in the phylum Annelida. They demonstrate the division of the body into a linear series of cylindrical segments from head to tail. So, the correct answer is option C.


Both gymnosperms and angiosperms bear seeds, then why are they classified separately?

Answer
  • Both gymnosperms and angiosperms bear seeds but they are yet classified separately because in gymnosperms the seeds are naked.
  • In gymnosperms, seeds are not produced inside the fruit.
  • But in angiosperms, the seeds are enclosed inside the fruit which means seeds are covered with fruits.


How are plants and animals different?

$$\textbf{Solution:}$$

Plants and animals are different in the following ways:

PlantsAnimals 
Plants cannot move from one place to another.Animals can locomote i.e. move from one place to another. 
Plants possess both living and non-living cells (xylem vessels).Animals possess only living cells.
Plants release oxygen out and take carbon dioxide inside the body.Animals take inhale oxygen and release carbon dioxide out of the body.
Plants synthesize their food by the process of photosynthesis. They are autotrophic.Animals are heterotrophic and are dependent on plants for their food directly or indirectly.


Explain how animals in Vertebrata are classified into further subgroups.

Explanation-
All vertebrates are further classified into 5 classes as follows:
1. Pisces: These are typically aquatic vertebrates. Their skin is covered with scales or plates. They obtain oxygen dissolved in water by using gills.  They have a streamlined body and a muscular tail for movement. They are
cold-blooded and their hearts are 2-chambered, They lay eggs. 

2. Amphibia: These animals can live both, on land and in water. The animals breathe through the skin when in water and through the lungs when on land. Animals are cold-blooded and have 3-chambered hearts. Skin lacks scales but has mucus glands. They lay eggs.

3. Reptilia: They are crawling vertebrates. They are cold-blooded, have scales, and breathe through the lungs. They have a 3-chambered heart with crocodiles being an exception (heart is 4-chambered). They lay eggs with
tough shells.

4. Aves: These vertebrates are adapted for an aerial mode of life. Their body is covered with feathers and fore-limbs are modified into wings. They are warm-blooded and possess a 4-chambered heart. Their bones are hollow.

5. Mammalia: These vertebrates are warm-blooded animals with 4-chambered hearts. They have hairs on the skin as well as sweat and oil glands. They have mammary glands for nourishing the young ones. Most mammals are viviparous while some mammals lay eggs or give birth to poorly developed young ones. 


I am a true terrestrial plant. I have root, stem and leaf. I reproduce through spores but I don't have flowers. Who am I ? Explain.

The organism is a gymnosperm. They are called naked seed plants because their seeds called spores develop exposed on the upper surfaces of cone scales. They do not bear flowers and reproduce with the help of spores.


Crocodile, alligator are both the same? Actually they are not similar. Do you find any differences between them? What are they?

 Crocodiles Alligators
 Crocodiles live in saltwater habitats.    Alligators live in freshwater marshes and lakes. 
Snouts in crocodiles are more pointed and V-shaped.   Alligators have wider and U-shaped snouts. 
In them, the fourth tooth on each side of the lower jaw sticks over the upper lip.In them, the upper jaw is wider than the lower one hence when they close their mouths all teeth are hidden.


Sujata says bat is not a bird but a mammal. How can you support Sujata's statement?

Bats are flying mammals. They have webbed wings for flight. They use the principle of echolation for flight. They do not have feathers on their body nor do they lay eggs. They are viviparous and have mammary glands for feeding their young ones. Their body is covered with fur. 


Write some common characters of pisces, reptilia and aves.

  Pisces  ReptiliaAves 
Aquatic habitat Some terrestrial some aquatic habitat Terrestrial habitat  
Cold bloodedCold bloodedWarm-blooded
Body covered with scales Body covered with scalesBody covered with feathers.
Respiration is by gills Respiration is by gillsRespiration is by lungs
Heart is 2 chamberedHeart is 3 chamberedHeart is 4 chambered
Locomotion is through fins and tailLocomotion is through fins and tail Locomotion is through wings
 Example- Rohu, shark  Example- Snake, lizard Example- Eagle, peacock


What logic is used to divide living organisms into five kingdoms?

Characteristics based on which five kingdom classification was done:
  • Cell structure
  • Thallus organization
  • Mode of nutrition
  • Source of nutrition
  • Mode of reproduction
  • Body complexity.
  • Phylogenetic relationship


Distinguish between the following pair of terms:
Incomplete and complete metamorphosis

  • Complete metamorphosis:

  1. Extend from the egg stage to the adult stage. 
  2. Consists of four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult.
  3. Consists of a very active, ravenously eating larva and an inactive pupa.
  4. Complete metamorphosis occurs in wasps, ants, and fleas 

  • Incomplete metamorphosis

  1. Extend from the egg stage to the adult stage. 
  2. Consists of three stages: egg, nymph, and adult.
  3. Consists of a nymph, which resembles a miniature adult.
  4. Occurs in termites, praying mantis, and cockroaches.


Define nomenclature and classification.

Naming of organisms is known as nomenclature, whereas placing them in groups or categories according to a particular plan is known as classification.


 Long answer type questions.Arthropoda are regarded by most biologists as the most successful of all animal groups. What do you suppose the reasons?

More than 75% of the animal species found on the earth belongs to the phylum Arthropoda. The reasons include:
  • It has jointed legs that allow more mobility on the land.
  • It has a hard exoskeleton which protects the body. The exoskeleton is made up of chitin.
  • The hard exoskeleton reduces water loss from the body of arthropods. It makes them more adapted to terrestrial conditions.


Short answer type questions
What are the major differences between mammals and reptiles?

 Mammals Reptiles
 The outer layer of the body in mammals is made up of hair.The outer layer of the body in reptiles is made up of scales.  
 Mammals have a 4-chambered heart. Most of the reptiles have a 3-chambered heart.
 Mammals give birth to their young ones directly. (Exception: Platypus and echidna)  Reptiles are egg-laying creatures mostly, except for some of the organisms which also gives birth to young ones.
 Mammals have a high metabolic rate. Reptiles have a low metabolic rate.
 Mammals are warm-blooded. They produce their own body heat. Reptiles are cold-blooded. Their body temperature depends on external environmental factors. 


What is a hemichordate?

Hemichordate is a phylum of marine deuterostome invertebrates. It is closely related to both chordates and echinoderms. It lacks a notochord. It has true body or coelom.


Which is the largest land mammal?

The largest land mammal alive is African bush elephant. It weighs 4,500 to 5,900 kg. It measures approximately 24 feet. The largest land mammal to ever exist is Palaeoloxodon namadicus.


Which is the most poisonous lizard?

Answer:
The Gila monster, $$\textit{Heloderma suspectum}$$, native to the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico, is the world's most venomous lizard, according to current research. It is a large, heavy-bodied lizard with a length of just over 1 foot. As the animal bites, venom is produced in glands in the lower jaw and released along grooved teeth.  When administered intravenously to mice, LD50 (lethal dose) values for its venom as low as 0.4 mg/kg have been recorded. Its bite, however, is not fatal to healthy adults.



Which is the smallest bird?

The smallest bird is the bee hummingbird. Its scientific name is Mellisuga helenae. They measure about 2.24 inch in total length and weigh 1.6 grams.


Which is the largest existing mammal?

The largest existing mammal is Blue whale. It weighs 200 short tons. It measures 98 feet in length. Its scientific name is Balaenoptera musculus. It is a marine mammal.


Name the largest ape.

Gigantopithecus blacki is the largest ape. It was 9,8 feet tall and 500 kg in weight. Fossilized teeth and bones of it are used in traditional Chinese medicine. They lived in Asia and inhabited bamboo forests. Studies suggest that they were herbivores. 


Describe the general characteristics of Kingdom Monera.

  • As per R H Whittaker's five kingdom classification, all the prokaryotic organisms (bacteria, blue-green algae) are placed under the Kindom Monera.
The general characteristics of Kingdom Monera include;
  1. All are primitive prokaryotic organisms.
  2. They are generally unicellular.
  3. A membrane-bound nucleus is absent. Double-stranded DNA is suspended in the cytoplasm, known as a nucleoid.
  4. Membrane-bound organelles like mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, etc. are absent.
  5. Lives in anaerobic or aerobic conditions. They also survive in extreme climatic conditions like hot springs, snow, and deep oceans.
  6. They have 70S ribosomes.
  7. Most organisms have a rigid cell wall made of peptidoglycan. But, some organisms like mycoplasma even lack a cell wall.
  8. They have different modes of nutrition -  autotrophic (photoautotrophs or chemoautotrophs), heterotrophic, parasitic, saprophytic, symbiotic, etc.
  9. Reproduction is mainly asexual through binary fission or budding. Some modes of sexual reproduction like conjugation also exist.
  10. They may be motile (using flagella) or non-motile.


Why is bat included under mammals?

  • The characteristic features of class Mammalia include:-
1) They have hair and fur on their body.
2) They give birth to their young ones.
3) They have mammary glands to produce milk to feed their young ones.
  • Bats are mammals because they give birth to their young ones instead of laying eggs as in birds, they have mammary glands and have hair and fur on their body.


Explain the adaptation in fish body which makes floating on water as well as going in deep water.

Nearly all species of fish have an organ called swim bladder. The average body density of the fish body is slightly higher than that of water and it stays deep in water. When fish has to move up the gasses generated from the fish body fill the swim bladder and increases its volume. This makes the average density of the fish less than the density of water and the fish floats on water. Again when fish wants to move down it empties the swim bladder to required extent.



Give scientific classification of cockroach, frog and snake.

  • Classification of cockroach:
Kingdom- Animalia
Phylum- Arthropoda
Class- Insecta
Order- Blattodea
Family- Blattidae
Genus- Periplaneta
Species- Periplaneta americana
  • Classification of frog:
Kingdom- Animalia
Phylum- Chordata
Class- Amphibia
Order- Anura
Family- Ranidae
Genus- Rana
Species- Rana pipiens
  • Classification of Snake:
Kingdom- Animalia
Phylum- Chordata
Class- Reptilia
Order- Squamata
Family- Colubridae
Genus- Serpentes
Species- (Large number of  species are there)


Name the phylum and class to which cockroach belongs.

Cockroach belong to the phylum Arthropoda for having jointed legs, chitinous exoskeleton, body segmented into head, thorax and abdomen and having malpighian tubules for excretion. It belongs to the class Insecta for having pairs of wings and specialized mouth parts.


Give a brief account of class Amphibia.

1. Class Amphibia is represented by the animals that need both water and land to complete their life cycle.

2. The amphibians are vertebrates.

3. These are cold-blooded in nature. They can not regulate their internal body temperature.

4. They have a three-chambered heart with two atria and one ventricle.

5. Their larval stage shows the presence of gills which are replaced by lungs in adults.

6. They show cutaneous respiration as well.

7. They show external fertilization, except for few species of frogs and salamanders.

8. They are oviparous.

9. Their skin is soft and glandular.

10. The class is represented by Caudata (salamanders), Anura (frogs), and Apoda- limbless amphibians.



Give an account on the classes reptilia and aves.

Reptilians belong to class Reptilia. They have a bilaterally symmetric body. They are coelomic animals. Their body is covered with scales. They show internal fertilization. It means, they fertilize eggs internally. They are cold-blooded animals. They have well-developed lungs. They are uricotelic animals. They excrete wastes in the form of uric acid. Examples include turtle, lizard, snake, crocodile.
Class Aves include birds. They are warm-blooded animals. Their body is covered with feathers. Their forelimbs are modified for flying. The heart is four-chambered. They have a fully ossified skeleton with air cavities. They show internal fertilization. They are uricotelic animals. They excrete wastes in the form of uric acid. Examples include parrot, pigeon, peacock. 


Give the general characteristics and examples of the kingdom Monera.

Kingdom Monera (Monos – single) includes prokaryotes and shows the following characteristics:
  • They are typically unicellular organisms. A nuclear envelope is absent. Ribosomes and simple chromatophores are the only subcellular organelles in the cytoplasm.
  • Sap vacuoles do not occur. Instead, gas vacuole may be present. 
  • Mode of nutrition may be autotrophic (photosynthetic or chemosynthetic) or heterotrophic.
  • The organisms are either non-motile or move by the beating of simple flagella or by gliding.
E.g. - Bacteria, Anabena


List our the general characters of phylum Annelida.

General characteristics of phylum Annelida :
1. Bilaterally symmetrical
2. Coelomates
3. Presence of parapodia
4. Presence of sensory organs
5. Nervous system, circulatory and respiratory structures 
6. Segmented bodies


What is echolocation ? Which animals use it? How do they use it?

Solution:-
Echolocation $$\rightarrow$$ Echolocation is the use of ultra-high frequency sounds for navigation and locating prey.
It is used by mammals like dolphins, whales and bats.
Dolphins and whales use echolocation by bouncing high-pitched clicking sounds off underwater objects, similar to shouting and listening for echoes while bats make echolocating sounds in their larynxes and emit them through their mouths.


What are the organs of respiration in Arthropoda ? 

Aquatic arthropods respire using gills that absorb oxygen from water. Terrestrial arthropods, such as spiders, scorpions, have book lungs to breath gaseous oxygen from the air. Book lungs are made up of stacks of folded tissue that have a large surface area for absorbing oxygen. Some terrestrial arthropods such as cockroaches breathe through a system of tubes called trachea.


Which do you think is a more basic characteristic for classifying organisms?
a) the place where they leave
b) the kind of cells they are made of. Why?

The more basic characteristic for classifying organisms is the kind of cells they are made of because different organisms may share same habitat but may have entirely different form and structure. So, the place where they live cannot be a basis of classification. We can classify all living organisms into ekaryotes and pokkaryotes on the basis of the kind of cells.


Why is it necessary to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in mammals and birds?

  • Both mammals and birds are warm-blooded animals i.e they maintain a constant body temperature despite the changes in the surrounding temperature.
  • Therefore, it is necessary to keep the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood separate to maintain constant body temperature.
  • It also helps in easy circulation of oxygen to different body parts and carries carbon dioxide from different body parts as waste material to expel out of the body.


What are monerans?


Explanation: 

  • Whittaker gave the five-kingdom classification.

  • The kingdoms include Monera, Protists, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

  • Monerans are prokaryotic, Except it, rest all four are eukaryotic in nature.

  • They are single cells and have no nuclear membrane.

  • They are of the type Archaebacteria and eubacteria.

  • They are organisms that are found in moist habitats and adapted to live in extreme environments. 

  • Bactria is a moneran.




Differentiate the following:
(1) Phanerogams and Cryptogams
(2) Diploblastic and Triploblastic animals
(3) Pseudocoelome and True coelom
(4) Radial and Bilateral symmetry

1. Phanerogams a plant that contains seeds where is cryptogams are plants that do not there any seeds on them.
2. Diploblastic animals are made up of only two germ layers known as the endoderm and the exoderm where are triploblastic organisms are made of three germ layers that are endoderm, the exoderm, and a middle mesoderm.
3. Pseudocoelome and true coelom have false body cavity and true body cavity respectively. 
4. Radial symmetry is observed organisms that have multiple planes of symmetry where is bilateral symmetry is observed in organisms that have only one plane of symmetry passing through their bodies.


What is ecdysis?

Ecdysis is the molting of the cuticle in many vertebrates of the clade Ecdysozoa. Since the cuticle of these animals typically forms a largely inelastic exoskeleton, it is shed during growth and a new, larger covering is formed.


Obtain information about the diversity of butterflies and stick pictures.

Butterflies which are believed to have existed before man are duirnal group of insects of order lepidoptera under the phylum anthropoda  which comprises of about 16500 species . In Uganda there are about 1245 species of butterflies endowed with a variety of wing colour pattern.the butterflies of Uganda belong to 2 super families namely : Papilionoidea  (true butterflies) and Hesperidia (skippers). 
Family Papilionoidea - Swallow tails 
Family Pieridae - Whites and yellow
Family Lycaenidae  - Small to medium sized butterflies
Family Nymphalidae - Four footed butterflies
Family Satyrinae - Brown and ringlets
Family Danainae - Milk weed butterflies/Danaids
Family Charaxinae -  Large and beautiful with extremely powerful wings 
Family Nmypalinae - Nymphlids
Family Acraeinae - Acraeas 



1074372_1138475_ans_b9c3cef0a4b34671ba8a7614e79dc455.jpg


List any four important characters of gymnosperms. Give two examples.

Four important characters of gymnosperms are:
  • The plants have a sporophytic and a gametophytic generation. The sporophytic generation is dominant with the sporophyte differentiated into roots, stems and leaves.
  • They have two types of leaves, the foliage leaves and the scale leaves. Hence, they are said to be dimorphic.
  • Pollination in gymnosperms occurs by means of wind i.e they are wind pollinated.
  • They do not have flowers and the ovules are naked. Due to this, they are also known as naked seeded plants.
Two examples of gymnosperms are Cycas and Pine.


Give any one difference between the following.
Vertebrate and Invertebrate.

The major difference between vertebrates and invertebrates is that vertebrates have a spinal cord whereas invertebrates lack spinal cord.


Explain the basis for grouping organisms into five kigndom?

The basis for grouping organisms into five kingdoms are, 
(i) Whether the organisms are made of prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells which means presence or absence of membrane-bound organelles.
(ii)Then eukaryotes are divided on the basis of their cellular composition. whether unicellular or multicellular.
(iii)Organisms are classified on the basis of presence or absence of cell wall.
(iv)Lastly, organisms with cell wall are separated on the basis of their modes of nutrition.


Choose the odd one out and give scientific reasons.

Tapeworm, Planaria, Liver fluke, Earthworm.

Odd one is earthworm because it belongs to the Phylum - Annelida. There body is distinctly marked out into segments or metamers. While Tape worm, planaria and liver fluke belongs to Phylum-Platyhelminthes. Their body are bilaterally symmetrical and do not have segments 


Identify this image:
1516160_202b5f8236cb4a19aaa8cd278babf7a2.png

This image represents the species Fasciola hepatica.
1311382_1516160_ans_c59dcb38c7e74de5b1b379824e6aab94.jfif


Give scientific reasons.

Though tortoise lives on land as well as in water, it cannot be included in class-Amphibia.

Tortoise belongs to the class Reptilia and does not show any characteristic which is similar to the class Amphibia except that it can live  both on land and in water. There are certain characteristics that are common to the amphibians which are not applicable for reptiles. For example, amphibians have moist skin, the neck is absent, the external ear is in the form of tympanum whereas reptiles have dry and scaly skin, the neck is present and the external ear is absent. 
So, we can say that tortoise is a reptile and not an amphibian based on the above characteristics. 


What is the criterion for classifying organisms into kingdom Monera?

The main criterion for classifying organisms into kingdom Monera is 'type of cellular organization', that is, whether the cell is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. Monera consists of all prokaryotic organisms which are unicellular.
Prokaryotic cells do not have any  membrane bound structures, like the nucleus, chloroplasts, mitochondria etc. The ribosomes present are of  70S, type. Genetic material is known as the nucleoid.


How would you choose between two characteristics to be used for developing a hierarchy in classification ?

Before developing a hierachy we need to finalise the elements which will define the basis for classification.
Based on these, the common characteristics are used for forming sub-groups.
For example, plants differ from animals in their body design, process of food formation i.e. phtosynthesis, etc. But, the main classification between plants & animals is based on the property of locomotion because plants cannot move but animals can. Hence, locomotoin is considered as the fundamental characteristic for distinguishing between plants and animals.


Characteristics of some organisms are given. Identify their group and give one example of each.
The body is divided into segments, may be unisexual or hermaphrodite.

The organisms belonging to phylum Annelida, have segmented body or show metamerism. The animals are hermaphrodites (Earthworm, Leech) or unisexual (Nereis)



What is the basis for grouping organisms into the five kingdoms?

The five-kingdom classification was proposed by Robert Whittaker in the year 1969. According to this classification.
All the organisms are divided into five kingdoms which are Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. The bases for classifying all organisms into five groups are:
(i) Type of cellular organization: Whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic.
(ii) Body organization: Whether the organism is multicellular or unicellular.
(iii) Mode of Nutrition: whether the organism is autotrophic or heterotrophic.
(iv) Presence or absence of cell wall.


In which group of animals, coelom is filled with blood
A. Arthropoda
B. Annelida
C. Nematoda
D. Echinodermata

Coelom is filled with blood in case of animal groups having an open circulatory system. The open circulatory system is a type of circulatory system in which blood is pumped by the heart directly into the body cavity. The blood is known as haemolymph and is in direct contact with the tissues.
Animals belonging to Phylum Arthropoda have coelom filled with blood.



Give examples of  thallophytes. Draw a labelled diagram of Spirogyra.

Example of Thallophytes are Ulothrix, Spirogyra, Cladophora, Fucus, Volvox Ulva and Chara 
1721885_1815116_ans_d5c57f5e766a4c0e8ebd6b489c7701eb.png


Thallophyta, bryophyta and pteridophyta are called as 'Cryptogams'. Gymnosperms and Angiosperms are called as 'phanerogams'. Discuss why? Draw one example of Gymnosperm. 

Thallophyta, Bryophyta, and Pteridophyta are called as 'Cryptogams' because the reproductive organs of these groups are inconspicuous or hidden. Seeds and flowers are absent. 
On the other hand, 'Phanerogams' include gymnosperms and angiosperms which have well-differentiated reproductive tissues and the embryo with stored food. Flowers and seeds are present in phanerogams. 


The organisms, Amphioxus and Balanoglossus belong to which phylum?

According to the old system of classification, both Amphioxus and Balanoglossus belong to the phylum Protochordata. But as per the new classification system, Amphioxus belongs to the sub-phylum Cephalochordata under the phylum Chordata and Balanoglossus belongs to the phylum Hemichordata.



Differentiate between flying lizard and bird. Draw the diagram.

Flying lizard belongs to Class Reptilia and characterised as a cold-blooded, body covered with scales, and having three-chambered heart, while birds belong to Class Aves and have characteristics of being warm-blooded, having a feather-covered body, forelimbs modified into wings and with four-chambered heart.
1786619_1815464_ans_01bfea76d1994cc9933c3076c0a527be.png


Write the answer to the following question in your own words.
What are the differences between plants and animals?

PlantsAnimals
They can make their own food through the process of photosynthesis. They are autotrophsThey cannot make their own food. They are heterotrophs.
They show movement, but cannot show locomotion i.e., they cannot change their position from one place to another.They show movement as well as locomotion.
The show response to stimuli, but lack sense organsThey also show responses to stimuli and have well-developed sense organs.
They grow throughout their life.They stop growing once they reach their adult form.


Name two mammals which lay eggs? 

Platypus and Echidna are mammals that lay eggs.


Sketch, label and classify Planaria.

Classification of Planaria is as follows:
Kingdom- Animalia 
Phylum- Platyhelminthes
Genus- Planaria 

1740137_1825780_ans_48bc0f8fb7eb4902a983be6664219dfd.png


Sketch, label and classify Wall lizard.

Kingdom- Animalia 
Phylum- Chordata
Class- Reptilia
Order - Squamata
Family - Gekkonidae
Genus- Hemidactylus

1740068_1825807_ans_b8f1208b01624feb836df411369dc513.png


Draw a labeled diagram of butterfly and classify it. 

The scientific classification of butterfly is as below:
Kingdom- Animalia 
Phylum- Arthropoda 
Class - Insecta
Order-Lepidoptera
Suborder/Clade- Rhopalocera 

1740108_1825773_ans_7acc2e047cc14abbb92dad15d3fb680f.png


Write the adaptation found in aerial animals?

The bird and bats are adapted for the aerial mode of life. The main adaptations in aerial animals are as follows: 
• The body of birds is streamlined i.e., spindle shaped, for the easy and swift passage through the air. 
• Forelimbs are modified into wings. The entire body of birds is covered by light, and waterproof feathers. They also help in maintaining body temperature. 
• Birds have hollow bones, strong flight muscles light body covering, sharp eyesight, modified beak and tail. Birds do not have teeth and urinary bladder. 
• The feet of birds are modified, for perching. 
Example, Crow,  Parrot, Sparrow, Pigeon etc


Write the answer to the following question in your own words.
What are the similarities between plants and animals?

Apart from various differences, plants and animals also have some similarities. Plants and animals both show vital processes like growth, reproduction, respiration, and excretion. Both of them require energy to carry out their various functions. 


Which two characters out of (a)-(e) given below are common to dog, humans, squirrel, bat,
camel and monkey?

(a) Scales on the skin.
(b) Wings.
(c) External ears.
(d) Give birth to young ones.
(e) A functional tail. 

Listed below are the two characters that are common to these living entities.
  • External ears.
  • Give birth to young ones.
These are the common characteristics possessed by mammals.


Tick-mark the features that characterise vertebrates.

(i) Dorsal nerve cord
(ii) Haemoglobin dissolved
(iii) Three or more pairs of limbs
(iv) A tail behind the level of the anus
(v) Dorsal heart

FeaturesPresence of vertebral
characteristics
Dorsal nerve cordYes
Haemoglobin dissolvedNo
Three or more pairs of limbsNo
A tail behind the level of the anusYes
Dorsal heartNo


The statements given below have some parts printed in bold . In case these parts are incorrect, rewrite these in correct form.
All mammals are ectothermal.

The statement is incorrect. 
All mammals are endothermal.


Very Short Answer.
Give one example each for an animal possessing placoid scales and that with cycloid scales.

$$\textbf{Explanation:}$$

$$\bullet$$ Placoid scales are found in cartilaginous fishes of the class Chondrichthyes. Example: $$Scoliodon$$ (dogfish)
 
$$\bullet$$ Cycloid scales are found in bony fishes of the class Osteichthyes, e.g. $$Labeo$$ (rohu)


Mention two similarities between:
(a) Birds and mammals
(b) A frog and crocodile
(c) A turtle and $$Pila$$

$$\textbf{Explanation:}$$

$$\text{a)}$$ Birds and Mammals:
 
$$\bullet$$ Both birds and mammals are homeotherms (warm-blooded animals)

$$\bullet$$ Both birds and mammals have four-chambered heart, they respire by lungs and both have internal fertilization.

$$\text{b)}$$ A frog and a crocodile (Frog is a amphibian and crocodile is a reptile)

$$\bullet$$ Both are poikilotherms (cold-blooded) i.e. they cannot maintain a constant body temperature.

$$\bullet$$ Both of them are oviparous and lay eggs.

$$\text{c)}$$ A turtle and a $$Pila$$ (Turtle is a reptile and $$Pila$$ is a mollusc)
 
$$\bullet$$ Both have bilateral symmetry, organ system level of organization, triploblastic condition and both are coelomates. 

$$\bullet$$ Both have internal fertilization.

$$\bullet$$ Pila has an outer calcareous shell and the turtle has a heart-shaped carapace or shell. Therefore external shell is found in both the animals.


 





Very Short Answer.
Provide appropriate technical terms in the space provided.
(a) Blood-filled cavity in arthropods ..........
(b) Free-floating form of cnidaria .......
(c) Stinging organ/cell of jellyfishes .......
(d) Lateral appendages in aquatic annelids ......

$$\textbf{Explanation:}$$

$$\text{a)}$$ Blood-filled cavity in arthropods- Haemocoel

$$\text{b)}$$ Free-floating form of cnidaria- Medusa form

$$\text{c)}$$ Stinging organ/cell in jellyfishes- Cnidoblast or cnidocyte

$$\text{d)}$$ Lateral appendages in aquatic annelids- Parapodia







Short Answer.
Fill up the blank spaces appropriately
Phylum/ ClassExcretory OrganCirculatory OrganRespiratory Organ
ArthropodaTracheal System
NephridiaClosedSkin/ Parapodia
Organ of BojanusOpen
AmphibiaClosedLungs/skin

$$\textbf{Explanation:}$$

Phylum/Class    Excretory organ   Circulatory Organ   Respiratory Organ

Arthropoda      Malpighian Tubules      Open                  Tracheal System

Annelida           Nephridia                     Closed                Skin/Parapodia

Mollusca           Organ of Bojanus         Open                  Gills

Amphibia             Kidneys                      Closed                Lungs/skin


Very Short Answer.
Mention two modifications in Reptiles which are required for terrestrial mode of life.

$$\textbf{Explanation:}$$

$$\bullet$$ The two modifications in Reptiles required for terrestrial mode of life are:

$$\text{a)}$$ Presence of Amnion: Reptiles are amniotes that is, they have an extra-embryonic membrane called amnion formed during embryonic development. The amniotic fluid inside the amnion prevents the embryo from drying and also acts as a shock absorber. Thus formation of amnion and presence of amniotic fluid led to less dependence on water for development  and allowed amniotes to move to terrestrial habitats.

$$\text{b)}$$ Cleidoic eggs: The eggs in Reptiles have a hard leathery shell, which protect the embryo and permit retention of water and nutrients inside the egg for the developing embryo.



A parasitic worm was identified in the liver of a patient. It was dorso-ventrally flattened with the acoelomate and triploblastic organization.

(a)    Identify this worm? And state the possible mode of infection.

(b)   Which parts of the worm help in the attachment and absorption of nutrients from the organs?

(c )    State the mode of fertilization and development of these organisms.

(a)  The parasitic worm affecting the liver is called Liver fluke (e.g. Fasciola). The infection comes after eating undercooked freshwater fish or watercress, that carry cysts containing fluke larvae. Once swallowed by a person, the larvae mature and grow inside the body.

(b)  Hooks and suckers are responsible for the attachment and absorption of nutrients from the organs.

(c)  Fertilization is internal and development is through many larval stages.



You are given leech, Nereis, Scolopendra, Prawn, and Scorpion; and all have segmented body organization, Will you classify them in one group? If no, give the important characters based on which you will separate these organisms into different groups.

Though leech, Nereis, Scolopendra, prawn, and scorpion possess segmented body organization, yet they do not belong to the single group. 
Leech and Nereis, belong to the phylum Annelida because they have a metamerically segmented body i.e., the body is divided into more or less similar types of segments and external segmentation corresponds to the internal segmentation i.e. body cavity is also segmented through septa. Their locomotory organs are either suckers, as in leech or parapodia, as in Nereis. They possess a close blood vascular system and their excretory organs are nephridia.
On the other hand, Scolopendra, prawn, and scorpion belong to phylum Arthropoda, as they possess jointed legs, chitinous body covering, open blood vascular system and tracheal system for respiration.


Write the salient features of Gymnosperms.

Gymnosperms belong to Kingdom Plantae. They are Vascular plants that bear naked seeds. The salient features of Gymnosperms are:

• They are non-flowering plants.
• Pollination occurs through the wind.
• They don’t produce fruits.
• The seeds are naked.


Short answer type questions
State three features of birds that have contributed to the success of this group.

Birds have a 4 - chambered heart, well-developed lungs. It also has some unique biological systems that help in flight, migration, production of large yolky eggs, maintenance of high body temperature and high blood concentrations of glucose. 


Which two characters out of (a)-(e) given below are common to dog, humans, squirrel, bat, camel and monkey?
(a) scales on the skin
(b) wings
(c) external ears
(d) give birth to young ones
(e) a functional tail

The two common characters to a dog, human, squirrel, bat, camel and monkey are:
(c) External ears
(d) Give birth to young ones, i.e, vivipary


Which is the largest phylum in the animal kingdom?

The largest phylum in the animal kingdom is the kingdom Arthropoda. They make up more than 80 per cent of all animal species documented to date. The kingdom contains between 5 and 10 million species, distributed across the globe. The largest phylum in the animal kingdom includes such familiar forms as lobsters, crabs, spiders, mites, insects, centipedes, and millipedes. 



Short answer type questions
How can you distinguish even-toed ungulates from odd-toed ungulates?

 Odd toed ungulatesEven toed ungulates 
Odd toed ungulates have a large caecum at the end of their intestine that helps digest the food and breaks down the plant material. These are called hind gut fermenters.Even toed ungulates have a complicated way of breaking down plant material which includes 4 different stomach parts called the rumen, reticulum, Abomasum and Omasum. These are also called ruminants.
They do not have horns.They have horns. 
They bear weight on one of the toes especially, the third toe.They bear weight on two of the toes especially, the third and fourth toe.
 Examples include horses and rhinos. Examples include cattle and giraffes.


Which one of the following groups of three animals are correctly matched with their characteristic feature?
AnimalsCharacteristic features
(a)Scorpion, spider, cockroach - Open circulatory system
(b) 
Cockroach, locust, Taenia- Metameric segmentation
(c)Planaria, Hydra, earthworm- Triploblastic
(d)Centipede, prawn, sea urchin- Jointed appendages

Scorpions, spiders, and cockroaches are invertebrates and belong to the phylum Arthropoda. they have an open circulatory system.
The body of the cockroach and locust is segmented. In Taenia, the body is without true segments. 
Hydra is diploblastic.
Centipede and prawn have jointed appendages while sea urchin does not have jointed appendages.
Scorpion, spider, cockroach are matched correctly.


Why whales are not grouped in the fishes?

There are wide differences between whales and fishes

Whales

Fishes

Mammals

Not mammals

Breath air with lungs

Breath air with gills

Warm blooded animals

Cold blooded animals

Have hair, have eyelids and tear ducts

Typically have scales, do not have hair, do not have eyelids or tear ducts

Have arm bones, hand bones, and finger bones, do not possess bony fins

Do not have arm bones, hand bones, or finger bones, typically have bony fins

Evolved from other land-dwelling mammals

Evolved from primitive aquatic pre-fish ancestors


"Birds are described as ruler of air" why?

Birds are called ruler of air because of the flight adaptations. Birds are capable of flying in air to move from one place to another. Lift force is produce by them ehm they rise up their wings to the air. They are the living organisms which have the capacity to fly in the air.


Who proposed the five kingdom system of classification and on what basis?

Five kingdom of classification was proposed by RH Whittaker in 1969. He divided all living organisms into five kingdoms based on following features:
  • Complexity of cell structures
  • Complexity of body structures
  • Mode of obtaining nutrition
  • Ecological life style
  • Phylogenetic relationship
The five kingdoms proposed by him were:
  1. Kingdom Monera which includes prokaryotes.
  2. Kingdom Protista which includes unicellular eukaryotes.
  3. Kingdom Fungi which includes fungi.
  4. Kingdom Plantae which includes multicellular eukaryotic plants.
  5. Kingdom Animalia which includes multicellular animals.


How are the animals of Arthropoda different from those of Mollusca? Give five points with example?

Phylum Mollusca and Phylum Arthropoda are two major vertebrate phyla that include the highest number of species.
Phylum Arthropoda is the largest phylum of Animal Kingdom, whereas Phylum Mollusca is the second largest.
Differences between Phylum Mollusca and Phylum Arthropoda:
1. Molluscs are the soft-bodied invertebrates with one or two shells, arthropods are the invertebrates with jointed legs and appendages.
2. Molluscs have a thin outer layer called the mantle, which surrounds the body organs located insides the visceral mass. whereas arthropods have a chitinous exoskeleton 
3. Most Arthropods undergo Ecdysis/Moulting but molluscs do not undergo ecdysis. Ecdysis is the phenomenon of shedding the chitinous exoskeleton at regular intervals by Arthropods.
4. Mollusc species have a muscular foot for locomotion. where as arthropods like insects have wings to fly and joined foots.
5. Arthropods respire using gills, book gills, book lungs, and tracheal system. Molluscs respire using ctenidia.

Mollusks include snails, clams and squids. Arthropods include spiders, mites, scorpions, shrimps, crabs, lobsters, insects, etc.


Name a sanguivorous annelid.

Hirudinaria or Leech is a sanguivorous annelid as it feeds on the blood of the organisms. They numb the place where they attach on the body of the organism by secreting anaesthetic substance and they prevent the formation of the blood clot by secreting hirudin.


On the basis of characteristics given below name the phyIum or class for each:
Presence of vertebral column, respiration by skin, three chambered heart ______.

Phylum - Chordata
Class - Amphibia 
The general characters of class amphibia are 
  • Can live in both aquatic & terrestrial habitats
Moist skin
  • Eyelids present
  • Three chambered heart
  • Cold blooded animals
  • External fertilisation
  • Oviparous 


Explain Whittaker's system of classification with examples and basic characters of group?

Whittaker's System of Classification divides the organisms into five kingdoms as follows:
1. Kingdom Monera: The organisms are prokaryotic and unicellular. They can be autotrophic or heterotrophic. They divide by asexual means and seldom show sexual reproduction. They Inhabit diverse habitats. Some are pathogenic while others are free-living. It can be further classified as Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Cyanobacteria, Actinomycetes, and Mycoplasma.  
2. Kingdom Protista: The organisms are eukaryotic, but they are unicellular. They can be autotrophic, like diatoms, or heterotrophic, like Amoeba. They show asexual reproduction. These are further divided as Chrysophytes, Dinoflagellates, Euglenoids, Protozoans, Slime molds.
3. Kingdom Fungi: The organisms are multicellular and eukaryotic. They have a cell wall made of chitin. They are heterotrophic. They show both the sexual as well as sexual reproduction. These can be classified as Deuteromycetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, Phycomycetes.
4. Kingdom Plantae: The organisms are multicellular and eukaryotic. These are autotrophic and the cell wall is made of cellulose. It can be classified as Thallophyta. Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae, and Angiospermae.
5. Kingdom Animalia: These are multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that lack a cell wall. They are capable of locomotion. On the basis of the notochord, these can be Non-chordates (that lack notochord) and Chordates (that have notochord). Non-chordates are further divided as Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Aschelminthes, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata. Chordates can be classified as Invertebrates and Vertebrates on the basis of the vertebral column. Vertebrates can be Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, and Mammalia


Write general characters of Balanoglossus.

General characters of Balanoglossus includes:
1.  It is also called as ocean-dwelling acorn worm.
2. It is a is a deuterostome.
3. It belongs to class Enteropneusta of Hemichrodata phylum.
4. It is a burrowing worm-like marine animal.
5. Body is made up of proboscis, collar and trunk. 
6. The alimentary canal is straight starting with mouth and ending with an anus.
7. It contains pairs of U-shaped gill-slits.
8. The sexes are separate. 
9.  It has a notochord in the upper part of the body and has no nerve chord.


Differentiate Between:Porifera and Coelentrate. 

Porifera contain numerous pores or hoes in the body while coelenterata contain a body cavity, which consists of a single opening. Mesuhyl is found in between the two cell layers and mesoglea is found in between the two cell layers. Porifera possess an exoskeleton while coelenterata do not possess exoskeleton. The body of Porifera  have no symmetry and coelenterata have radially symmetrical bodies. Porifera do not possess a nervous system and coelenterata have a nerve net in between the two cell layers.


Under which taxon flying organism with three pairs of jointed legs and two pairs of wings are classified? Give one example.

Flying organisms with 3 pairs of legs and 2 pairs of wings are classified under class Insecta, phylum Arthropoda. eg- cockroach, honey bee


Differentiate between Plantae and Animalia.

$$\textbf{Solution:}$$

Differences between Plantae and Animalia kingdoms:

PlantaeAnimalia 
$$Plantae$$ is the kingdom that includes eukaryotic, multicellular, and autotrophic organisms like plants.$$Animalia$$ kingdom includes multicellular eukaryotes called animals.
Plantae Kingdom is divided into five divisions: $$Thallophyta$$, $$Bryophyta$$, $$Pteridophyta$$, $$Gymnospermae$$, and $$Angiospermae$$.Animalia Kingdom is divides into eleven phyla: $$Porifera$$, $$Coelenterata$$ ($$Cnidaria$$), $$Ctenophora$$, $$Platyhelminthes$$, $$Nematoda$$, $$Annelida$$, $$Arthropoda$$, $$Mollusca$$, $$Echinodermata$$, $$Hemichordata$$ and $$Chordata$$.
The organisms of $$Plantae$$ kingdom do photosynthesis and prepare their own food in the form of starch.$$Animal$$ kingdom has organisms that depend on plants for food, directly or indirectly.
Organisms of $$Plantae$$ kingdom possess a cell wall.$$Animal$$ kingdom has organisms that do not possess a cell wall.
These organisms grow throughout life.These organisms do not grow throughout life. They stop growing after maturity.


On the basis of characteristics given below name the phyIum or class for each:
Body segmented-with jointed appendages and compound eyes ____.

Phylum - Arthropoda
The general characters of phylum Arthropoda are 
  • Coelomate 
  • Covered by chitinous exoskeleton
  • Have jointed appendages
  • Excretion is via malphigian tubules 
  • Dioecious
  • Oviparous



What is amphibian? State the characteristics of animals of class amphibia.

Amphibia includes animals which can live both on land or on water. These are the first chordate animals which came out of water but these are not able to live on land permanently , they depend on water for their reproduction. 
Characteristics:
1) These are cold blooded or poikilothermal animal
2) Undergo hibernation or aestivation
3) Body is divided into head and trunk
4) Skin is moist, smooth and scales less
5) Mouth is bigger, teeths are pleurodont, homodont, and polyphyodont.


Short answer questions:
 Enlist two advancements of coelenterates over porifera. 

 Poriferans show cellular grade of organisation whereas coelenterates show tissue grade of organisation.  Coelenterates show presence of stinging cells or choanocytes for offence and defence that is absent in poriferans


Write two characteristics features of phylum Arthropoda.

1) The structure of body of arthropoda shows bilateral symmetry
2) The body is segmented into three regions – Head, Thorax and Abdomen.


Among the following identify the wrong statement with respect to a whale and write them correctly.
(i) A pair of lungs are respiratory organs
(ii) They do not have mammary glands.
(iii) Heart is four chambered.
(iv) They are oviparous.

In the following pair of for statement, the statement (i) and (iii) are correct and (ii) and (iv) are wrong with respect to a whale.
Correct statements
(ii) They have mammary glands (They are mammals).
(iv) They are viviparous - embryo develops inside the body of the parent.


A student Identify the organism under microscope and investigate that the organism have streamlined body.
Identify the organism.

Fish is the organism with a streamlined body and helps in swimming. This streamlined body reduces the resistance during the motion or swimming.
Hence an organism would be fish.


Class 9 Biology Extra Questions