Which of the following factors is responsible for the formation of concentrated urine?

  •   Hydrostatic pressure during glomerular filtration.

  •   Low levels of antidiuretic hormone.

  •   Maintaining hyperosmolarity towards inner medullary interstitium in the kidneys.

  •    Secretion of erythropoietin by Juxtaglomerular complex.

Use of an artificial kidney during hemodialysis may result in:

(a) Nitrogenous waste build-up in the body

(b) Non-elimination of excess potassium ions

(c) Reduced absorption of calcium ions from gastro-intestinal tract

(d) Reduced RBC production

Which of the following options is the most appropriate ?

  • (a) and (d) are correct

  • (a) and (b) are correct

  • (b) and (c) are correct

  • (c) and (d) are correct

Match the following parts of a nephron with their function:

(a)Descending limb of Henle's loop(i)Reabsorption of salts only
(b)Proximal convoluted tubule(ii)Reabsorption of water only
(c)Ascending limb of Henle's loop(iii)Conditional reabsorption of sodium ions
(d)Distal convoluted tubule(iv)Reabsorption of ions, water and organic nutrients

Select the correct option from the following:

  •  (a)-(i), (b)-(iii), (c)-(ii), (d)-(iv)

  •  (a)-(ii), (b)-(iv), (c)-(i), (d)-(iii)

  •  (a)-(i), (b)-(iv), (c)-(ii), (d)-(iii)

  •  (a)-(iv), (b)-(i),(c)-(iii), (d)-(ii)

Match the items in Column - I with those in Column - II :

     Column - I            Column - II

(a) Podocytes            (i) Crystallised oxalate

(b) Protonephridia     (ii) Annelids

(c) Nephridia             (iii) Amphioxus

(d) Renal calculi         (iv) Filtration slits

Select the correct option from the following:

  •  (a)-(iii), (b )-(iv), (c)-(ii), (d)-(i)

  •  (a)-(iii), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iv), (d)-(i)

  •  (a)-(iv), (b)-(iii), (c)-(ii), (d)-(i)

  •  (a)-(iv), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iii), (d)-(i)

Presence of which of the following conditions in urine is indicative of Diabetes Mellitus:

  • Uremia and Renal Calculi

  • Ketonuria and Glycosuria

  •  Renal Calculi and Hyperglycaemia

  • Uremia and Ketonuria

Which of the following would help in prevention of diuresis?

  • Reabsorption of Na+ and water from renal tubules to aldosterone

  • Atrial natriuretic factor causes vasoconstriction

  • Decrease in secretion of renin by JG cells

  • More water reabsorption due to under secretion of ADH

The increase in osmolarity from outer to inner medullary interstitium is maintained due to :

(i) Close proximity between Henle's loop and vasa recta

(ii) Counter current mechanism

(iii) Selective secretion of HCO3¯ and hydrogen ions in PCT

(iv) Higher blood pressure in glomerular capillaries

  • Only(ii)

  • (iii) and (iv)

  • (i), (ii) and (iii)

  • (i) and (ii)

The increase in osmolarity from outer to inner medullary interstitium is maintained due to :

(i) Close proximity between Henle's loop and vasa recta

(ii) Counter current mechanism

(iii) Selective secretion of HCO 3¯ and hydrogen ions in PCT

(iv) Higher blood pressure in glomerular capillaries

  • Only (ii)

  • (iii) and (iv)

  • (i), (ii), and (iii)

  • (i) and (ii)

 During urine formation, which process is non-selective ? 
  • Tubular reabsorption
  • Tubular secretion 
  • Glomerulus filtration
  • Ultrafiltration and tubular secretion
What would be true about the role of collecting duct in the concentration of urine by the kidneys?
I. Allows passage of small amounts of urea into the medullary interstitium
II. Large amounts of water could be reabsorbed from this part to produce a concentrated urine.
 
  • Only I
  • Only II
  • Both I and II
  • Neither I nor II
Approximately what amount of carbon dioxide is removed by lungs per hour in a healthy resting individual?
2. 12 L
 
  • 200 ml
  • 3. 122 L
  • 3
  • 288 L
Nephrons closest to the renal medulla are called:
 
  • Cortical
  • Medullary
  • Juxta-medullary
  • Proto-nephridia
ADH:
I. is released when an excessive loss of fluid from the body activates osmoreceptors in the body.
II. prevents dieresis by facilitating water reabsorption from the initial and proximal parts of the tubules.
  • Only I is correct
  • Only II is correct
  • Both I and II are correct
  • Both I and II are incorrect
Adrenaline, Angiotensin II and ADH can all:
  • cross target cell membrane and influence gene activity
  • cause vasoconstriction
  • be secreted by postganglionic sympathetic neurons
  • increase blood glucose levels
Consider the following statements:
I. Glomerulus is a tuft of capillaries formed by the efferent arteriole
II. Afferent arteriole forms the peritubular capillary network
III. Vasa recta is absent or highly reduced in juxtamedullary nephrons
  • Only III is correct
  • I is correct but II and III are incorrect
  • I, II and III are incorrect
  • I and II are correct
Identify the part of the nephron that:
I. is lined by cuboidal brush bordered epithelium
II. reabsorbs 70-80 percent of electrolytes and water
 
  • Proximal convoluted tubule
  • Loop of Henle
  • Distal convoluted tubule
  • Collecting duct
In a healthy adult human being, on an average:
 
  • about 25 – 30 mg of urea is excreted out per day
  • 125 ml per minute urine is produced
  • about 200 L carbon dioxide is removed by the lungs per minute
  • 1100-1200 ml of blood is filtered by the kidneys per minute
Which part of the nephron plays a significant role in the maintenance of high osmolarity of medullary interstitial fluid?
 
  • Proximal convoluted tubule
  • Ascending limb of Loop of Henle
  • Descending limb of Loop of Henle
  • Distal convoluted tubule
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