Explanation
In pre-reform period, that is, before the year of 1991, Surplus Budget in each financial year. Surplus Budget in each financial year introduced after the year of 1991. Budget can be defined as a statement of receipts and expenditure of an economy.
Restrictions on Foreign Direct Investment does not relate to the External Sector Reforms in 1991. After 1991, foreign direct investment was proposed so that India could avail high investments from outside and grow. New economic reforms was enacted in 1991 which liberalized the FDI.
In economic terms, constant returns to scale is when a firm changes its inputs with the results being exactly the same change in outputs (production). In other words, if a firm increases its inputs they will see a proportional increase in production (or outputs).
The similar can be true if a firm decreases its inputs and that results in a proportional decrease in outputs. Constant returns to scale take place when increasing the number of inputs leads to an equivalent increase in the output.
Thus, the correct option is B.
Accounting profit is the monetary costs a firm pays out and the income a firm receive. It is the accounting profit, and it is higher than economic profit.
Accounting profit = total monetary revenue- total costs.
Economic profit is the monetary costs and opportunity costs a firm pays and the revenue a firm receives.The level of profit that occurs when total revenue is equal to total cost. This stage indicates that a firm is doing just as well as it would have if it had selected to use its income to produce a different product or struggle in a different industry.
Common profit is also known as zero monetary profit.
Differential pricing refers to different prices functional in the market based on various factors such as geography, external environment or various reasons. This implies that there is one product in the market, but, different people need to pay different prices for it.
Cross holding method of Disinvestment refers to Government selling part of its Shares in one PSU to other PSUs. The term disinvestment is more popularly used where central/ state government sells its holdings of public sector companies. Disinvestment means selling of Public investment to a Private entrepreneur.
The correct option is B.
When the government decides to transfer the ownership and control of a public sector entity to some other entity, either private or public, the process is called strategic disinvestment.
The Department of Investment and Public Asset Management which comes under the Finance Ministry defines Strategic disinvestment as follows: “Strategic disinvestment would imply the sale of a substantial portion of the Government shareholding of central public sector enterprises of up to 50%, or such higher percentage as the competent authority may determine, along with transfer of management control.”
The correct option is A.
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