Election,Political Parties And National Terms - Class 8 General Knowledge - Extra Questions

Loksabha Elections 2019 have conducted  in $$7$$ phases

$$i)$$ Rameshwaram

The Mandal Commission was asked to determine the criteria to identify the socially and educationally backward classes in India and recommend steps to be taken for their advancement.

(i) On 5 May 1789, Louis XVI called together an assembly of the Estates General to pass proposals for new taxes. The Estates General was a political body to which the three estates sent their representatives.
(ii) The first and second estates sent 300 representatives each, who were seated in rows facing each other on two sides, while the 600 members of the third estate had to stand at the back.
(iii) The third estate was represented by its more, prosperous and educated members. Peasants, artisans and women were denied entry to the assembly.
(iv) Louis XVI wanted voting to be conducted on the old principle-each estate having one vote. But the members of the third estate demanded that voting now be conducted by the Assembly as a whole, where each member would have one vote.
(v) The king rejected their demand as a result of which they walked out of the Assembly in protest.
(vi) The members of the third estate declared themselves a National Assembly and began to draft a constitution for France which would limit the powers of the monarch.
(vii) While the National Assembly was busy at Versailles drafting a constitution, the rest of France seethed with turmoil. They were facing acute food scarcity. Finally, the agitated common mass stormed and destroyed the Bastille, the symbol of the king's despotic and tyrannic rule on 14 July 1789.
(viii) The condition of the countryside was also not good. Peasants looted hoarded grains and burnt down documents. A large number of nobles fled from their houses.
(ix) Louis XVI finally accorded recognition to the National Assembly and accepted the principle that his powers would from now on be checked by a constitution.
(x) The feudal system of obligations and taxes was also abolished. Members of the clergy were forced to give up their privileges.

The nation’s ‘untouchables’, who from around the 1930s had begun to call themselves dalit or oppressed. For long the Congress had ignored the dalits, for fear of offending the sanatanis, the conservative high-caste Hindus. 

When Louis XVI rejected their proposal, members of the third estate walked out of the assembly on protest.

The three values reflected from the speech are
(i) Nationalism
(it) Patriotism
(iii) National-integration
Robespierre believed in the policy of severe control and punishment to establish the above values firmly in the society.

A government formed by the coming together of at least two political parties is called coalition government.

Olympe de Gouges was of the opion that a woman was born free and therefore she should remain equal to man, in rights. There should not be any dispartiy between both the sexes.

They demanded that voting be conducted by the assembly as a whole, where each member would have one vote.

Peasants, artisans and women were denied entry to the assemly of the Estates General.

The Estates General was a political body and was controlled by the French monarch.

Policies-programmes of Bhartiya Janta Party:-

• Restoration of State authority: The BJP favors promised to restore to our state its authority. The primary task is to restore to the state, and to governance its honor and prestige.
• Constitutional Reforms: The BJP will appoint a commission to review the constitution of India, the commission will comprise the constitutional experts and eminent.
• Centre- State Relations:  The BJP favors restricting of centre – state relations in view of the quick economic development and decentralization.
• Article 356:  Article 356 permitting dissolution of state government by the centre will be invoked only when the constitutional machinery has in fact broken down and not promote any partism interest.

Policies-programmes of Indian national Congress:-

• Abolition of landlordism. All large estates will be confiscated without any compensation. Ultimate proprietorship of the land will be vested in the National State. Only those actually engaged in agricultural industry will be allowed to hold land. No tax farming will be allowed.
• Land rent will be reduced to a fixed minimum with the object of improving the economic condition of the cultivator. State Agricultural Co-operative Banks will be established to provide credit to the peasant and to free him from the clutches of the money-lender and speculating trader.
• State aid will be given to introduce modern methods in agriculture. Through the State Co-operative Banks agricultural machineries will be sold or lent to the cultivator in easy terms.
• All indirect taxes will be abolished, and progressive income tax will be imposed exceeding 500 rupees a month.

 

People of India speak different languages like Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalm, Hindi, Urdu, Sanskrit, Gujarati and Bengal. Almost in India about 845 languages are spoken. Out of these 22 are recognized as the official languages by our government. Hindi in Devanagiri script has been chosen as the national language of India. English is being used as the concurrent- language. Languages is the means of communication, now it has become an instrument of division rather than unity. 
If we realise all other languages are as good and special as our own, languages, they would become the instruments of growth, development and common brotherhood. 
Literature : 
The growth of Indian languages led to Indian literature to reach its zenith. Sanskrit and other languages have helped the growth of thoughts and philosophy. 
The Raniayaha and Mahabharata lie the two greet epics of India. Thirukkural by Thiruvalluvar is the greatest literary work in Tamil. The Bhagavad - Gita is the holy book of Hindus. Umaruppulavar's seerappuranam tells the life history of Prophet Mohammad. Thembavani written by Veers - mamunivar is related to Christianity.

(a) He entered into the freedom movement of India by taking part in vaikam sathyagraha in $$1924$$.
(b) He was kept in prison in $$1930$$ in Alipore Jail for two years.
(c) He hoisted the Indian National Flag in Sathyamurthi's house in $$1947$$.
(d) He died on October $$2$$nd, $$1975$$.

Colonialism refers to the policy of acquiring and maintaining colonies especially for exploitation. It also means that it is a relationship between an indigenous majority and a minority foreign invaders.

Between the years $$1870$$ and $$1880$$, Indian people had become politically conscious and by the year $$1885$$, there was a platform ready for establishment of a political organization on national basis. The credit for giving a definite structure to the all India organization goes to a retired British officer A.O. Hume. He was a liberal minded person. Hume had been feeling a need for a political organization which would bridge the gap between the rulers and the people being ruled. Hume wanted the people to adopt the path of valid politics instead of violence and aggression. With the efforts of Mr. Hume, "Indian National Union" was formed.
Hume obtained the permission from Lord Dafrin to convene a meeting of "Indian national Union" between $$25$$th December and $$313$$st December in Pune. The objective of the meeting was to acquaint the work force with one another, which was working for the national development and define a political agenda for the development.
Although the place of convention was decided to be Pune, the venue was changed to Mumbai in the last minute. The convention was held at Mumbai on $$28$$th December $$1885$$ in Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College. At the suggestion of Sir Hume the meeting was named "Indian national Congress" and thus, Indian National Congress was born. There were $$72$$ representatives in this convention of the Indian National Congress. Vyomesh Chandra Benarjee was the president of the first convention of Indian National Congress.
The Objectives of establishment of Indian National Congress- Historians believe that, with the direction from British Government Huma and his colleagues had founded Indian National Congress as a protective shield for British Government. Hume did not want the people of India to adopt violet and aggressive measures to register their discontent and anger against British Rule. Hume wanted to encourage people to take legitimate path of protest like-appeals, memorandum, delegations to influence the British Government, in order to fulfil the demands.
The leaders of Congress, accepted the leadership of A.O. Hume in the foundation of Indian National Congress because they were not in the position of having an open conflict with the British Government in the existing circumstances. This was more sensible to co-operate with Hume, in order to have a common platform wherein they could discuss the problems of the country.
The national movements of those times, nationalistics feelings, restlessness among all the classes of people, disillusionment of Indians from British Government in the existing circumstances. This was more sensible to co-operate with Hume, ir order to have a common platform wherein they could discuss the problems of the country.
The national movements of those times, nationalistic feelings, restlessness among all the classes of people, disillusionment of Indians from British Liberal party and a need felt by different political organizations to have a centralized political forum were the main reasons for the establishment of Indian National Congress. Therefore some scholars have the opinion that Indian National Congress was the expression of national consciousness.
The first President of Congress Vyomesh Chandra Benarjee stated the objectives of the Congress in its first convention in $$1885$$.
1. To promote friendship and mutual intimacy among people, who work enthusiastically for the country.
2. To eradicate the differences of caste, religion and regions and remove the prejudices through friendship and direct contact, to develop unity and nationalistic feelings, which were developed during the administrative regime of Lord Rippon.
3. To document the contemporary an I burning problems of India, with the help of educated and matured individual through a careful and detailed discussion.
4. To chart a programme of political activities and public good for next $$12$$ months.
Very soon this organization took the shape of national level organisation and became an expression of feelings of India.

Steps:-

• Now, it is constitutionally mandatory to hold regular elections to the local government bodies.
• Seats are reserved in the elected bodies and the executive heads of these institutions for the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and the Backward Classes.
• At least one third of all positions are reserved for women.
• An independent institution called the State Election Commission has been created in each state to conduct free and fair elections for the panchayat and the municipalities.
• The State government are required to share some powers and revenue with the Local government bodies. The nature of sharing varies from state to state.

(i) The civil servant is usually more educated and has more knowledge of the subject. For example, the advisors working in the Finance Ministry know more about economics than the Finance Minister. Sometimes the ministers may know very little about the technical matters that came under their ministry. Despite all these, they are more powerful than the civil servant. 
(ii) In a democracy, the will of the people is supreme. The minister is elected by the people and thus empowered to exercise the will of the people on their behalf. He is finally answerable to the people for all the consequences of her decision. 
(iii) That is why the minister takes all the final decisions. He decides the overall framework and objectives in which decisions on policy should be made.

A party recongnized by the Election Commission, that secures at least six percent of the total votes in Lok Sabha election in four or more States, is called National Party.
Eg: Congress, BJP.

Two important historic developments took place in the Lucknow session of the INDIAN National Congress in $$1916$$. The moderates and the extremists joined together. The congress and the Muslim league signed a pact agreeing to cooperate with each other in order to achieve self government.
It was at this session Jawaharlal Nehru met Gandhiji for the first time.

Subhash Chandra Bose.

Political Executive-  Are elected for specific tenure or period used for making law and policies which derives authority from the people and exercises power by virtue of its elections and the constitutional position. It is based on the concept of popular sovereignty. They are responsible to the legislature which in turn is accountable to the people.  

Ecopolitcs,
Green politics is also called ecopolitics that aims to foster an ecologically sustainable society rooted in environmentalism, non violence, social justice and grassroots democracy.

Green politics is a political ideology that aims to foster as ecologically sustainable society rooted in environmentalism, non violence, social Justice and grassroots democracy.

Gujarati is one of the twenty two official languages and fourteen regional languages of India. It is officially recognized in the state of Gujarat, India and the union territories of Dadar and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu.

it consolidated the support of the Christian Right for the Republican Party
Explanation:
The Moral Majority was created by Jerry Falwell in 1979, it was focused on the defence of traitional religious values. It convinced many religious people to support the Republican Party. The Left was indeed seen as the political side which supported the liberation of morals.
They promoted a countercultural revolution to abolish the effects the counterculture of the sixties, though they never used those terms. The Christian Right developed in the eighties and nineties and became fierce opponent of the Progressive Left.