Modern Indian History - Class 8 General Knowledge - Extra Questions

True. The trio of  Lala Lajpat Rai (Lal), Balgangadhar/Lokmanya Tilak (Bal) and Bipin Chandra Pal (Pal) was the face of the radical Congressmen, and they criticised the soft attitude of the moderates openly and severely. Lokmanya Tilak openly declared to opt for 'Swaraj' stating, 'Freedom is my birthright and I shall have it.' and wrote inflammatory articles in his paper Kesari.  

The English East India Company's administration grappled with the management of the territories and the people who were completely different from Europeans.

The Industrial Revolution of England was one of the most  events in the creation of modern society. Not only was the revolution a time of great technological change but also social change. In this era different kinds of industries such as Textile, Mining, Railways came in to existence. For this industries they need more number of cheap labour hence  The “Parish apprentice children” were some of the first children to be brought into the factory setting. These were children who had been taken in by the government and placed in orphanages. Rich factory owners approached parish leaders with the idea of them taking in children and feeding, housing and providing for those children in exchange for the children’s work in their factories

According to Indian tradition, Kings were expected to adopt an heir to the throne, if they did not have a son of their own. This tradition was not acceptable to the British. The Governor General, Lord Dalhousie introduced a new policy known as the Doctrine of Lapse. According to this policy, if the king did not have any natural born heir, then the Kingdom would 'lapse' to the British or would bo administered and occupied by the British.

Coal was the most important source of power, so there was great demand for it. With the expansion of railways the demand for coal shot up. British industrialists invested their surplus capital in the railways. Therefore, they did not encourage the growth of iron and steel industries in India.

Major Provisions under the Morley Minto reforms were:

1. The members of the Legislative Councils, both in the center and in the provinces, were to be of four categories: ex officio members (Governor General and the members of their Executive Councils), nominated official members (those nominated by the Governor General and were government officials), nominated non-official members (nominated by the Governor General but were not government officials) and elected members (elected by different categories of Indian people).

2. The maximum number of nominated and elected members of the Legislative Council at the Center was increased from 16 to 60, excluding ex official members.

3. The maximum number of nominated and elected members of the provincial legislative councils, under a governor or lieutenant governor, was also increased. It was fixed as 50 in Bengal, Bombay, Madras, United Provinces, and Eastern Bengal and Assam, and 30 in Punjab, Burma, and any lieutenant-governor province created thereafter. Legislative councils were not created for provinces under a chief commissioner.

4. The right of separate electorate was given to the Muslims.

5. Official members were to form the majority but in provinces, nonofficial members would be in majority.

6. The members of the Legislative Councils were permitted to discuss budgets, suggest amendments and even vote on them except items that were included as non-vote items. They were also entitled to ask supplementary questions during the legislative proceedings.

7. The Secretary of State for India was empowered to increase the number of the Executive Councils of Madras and Bombay from two to four.

8. Two Indians were nominated to the Council of the Secretary of State for Indian Affairs.

9. The Governor-General was empowered to nominate one Indian member to his Executive Council.

 

The official attitude towards the moderates was not hostile in the early stage of the Congress. At the second session the Congress in 1886 Lord Dufferin, the then Viceroy of India, displayed his cordiality by giving a garden party to the delegates at Calcutta. However the official attitude differed soon after 1887.

In 1947, Britain left India with a huge mish-mash of states. The regions in yellow in the map below were directly ruled by a colonial administration and had some standardization. But, all the regions in pink were ruled by independent kings. 

Reasons are:
(i) A democratic decision involves many persons, discussion, debates.
(ii) A number of people together can point out possible mistakes in any decision.
(iii) This takes time but reduces chances of a rash / irresponsible decision.

Mountain along the eastern boundary of India are called the Purvanchal.
They are of medium heights. Some of the important mountains of Purvanchal are:
(i) The Patkai Bum and the Naga Hills in the North.
(ii) The Mizo Hills in the South.
(iii) The Jaintia, the Khasi and the Garo hills from east to west.
Features:
(i) They comprise of sandstone and sediments.
(ii) They are covered with dense forests.
(iii) They comprise of Patkai hills, Manipur hills, etc.

The Government of India Act 1935 contained 32 Sections 14 Parts and 10 Schedules and consisted of 2 Major Parts. The Act introduced federal system in the centre.Provincial Part of the Act:-Introduction of Provincial Autonomy:

• The provincial part of the Act basically followed the recommendations of the Simon Commission.
• In the provinces Diarchy was abolished. There was no Reserve Subjects and no Executive Council in the provinces. 
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• The Council of Ministers was to administer all the provincial subjects except in certain matters like law and orders etc. for which the government had special responsibilities.
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• The ministers were chosen from among the elected members of the provincial legislature and were collectively responsible to it.
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• The British-appointed provincial governors (who were responsible to the British Government via the Viceroy and Secretary of State for India) were to accept the recommendations of the ministers unless, in their view, they negatively affected his areas of statutory “special responsibilities” such as the prevention of any grave menace to the peace or tranquility of a province, the safeguarding of the legitimate interests of minorities, rights of civil servants etc.
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• In the event of political breakdown, the governor, under the supervision of the Viceroy, could take over total control of the provincial government. This, in fact, allowed the governors a more untrammeled control than any British official had enjoyed in the history of the Raj. After the resignation of the congress provincial ministries in 1939, the governors did directly rule the ex-Congress provinces throughout the war.
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• It was generally recognized, that the provincial part of the Act, conferred a great deal of power and patronage on provincial politicians as long as both British officials and Indian politicians played by the rules. However, the paternalistic threat of the intervention by the British governor rankled.

 

 

The Gaya session of Congress was organized in 1922, which was led by C R Das, who was leading the Pro-Changers. The No-changers leader was C Rajgopalachari. The outcome of this session was that once again these leaders got divided. 

26 January, unlike popular belief, stood for Independence.On 26 January, 1930 was the day India promulgated the declaration of Independence or the pledge of Purna Swaraj. 

On that day we declared ourselves an independent country, no longer under the clutches of the imperialists. 

The Declaration began “We believe that it is the incredible right of the Indian people, as of any other people, to have freedom to enjoy the fruits of their soil and have the necessities of life, so that they may have full opportunities of growth.

 if any government deprives a people of these and oppress them, the people have a further right to alter or abolish it”

 

The Pakistan Movement and partition of India in 1947 propagated the two-nation theory.The two-nation theory was the basis for the partition of India in 1947. 
This theory supported the proposal that Muslims and Non-Muslims should be two separate nations. It is the ideology that the main identity and unifying aspect of Muslims in the Indian subcontinent is their religion, rather than their language or ethnicity.

The two-nation theory was a founding principle of the Pakistan Movement, and the partition of India in 1947. 

The ideology that religion is the main factor in defining the nationality of Indian Muslims was used by Muhammad Ali Jinnah. He called it 'the awakening of Muslims for the creation of Pakistan’.It is also a source of inspiration to several Hindu nationalist organizations.

 Following reasons led to the rise of radical phase of the Congress:

In the Assembly of the Estate General, the members of the Third Estate demanded that voting be conducted by the Assembly where each member will have one vote, this demand was rejected by the king. Representatives of the 3rd Estate walked out in protest, as they considered themselves to be spokesmen for all the people. They assembled in the hall of an indoor tennis court in the grounds of Versailles.
(i) They declared themselves a National Assembly.
(ii) They took an oath not to disperse till they had drafted a Constitution for France limiting the powers of the Monarch. They were led by Abbe Sieyes and Mira Beau.

• In some situations of caste difference in politics gives many disadvantaged communities the space to demand their share of power.
• In this sense, caste politics has helped people from the Dalits and the OBC castes to gain better access to decision making.

Following are the effects which have been made for giving political representation to women in India:-
1) By rising the literacy rate.
2) By reserving some seats in Lok Sabha and the State Assemblies for women.
3) To make it legally binding to have a fair proportion of women in the elected bodies.
4) Political parties should also give due representation to women members.

Prior to the discovery of Penicillin the survival rate of trauma injuries was comparatively low.
But battlefield wounds are almost inevitable incredibly dirty wounds-oil and powder residue on the projectile, fragments of dirty clothing carried into the wound etc- so the likehood of infection was extremely high-Pencillin was able to fight these infections to a large extent.
Discovery of Sulfanilamide to combat infection
Blood Plasma -Although proposed in $$WW1$$ it wasn't until $$WW2$$
Use of Morphine although used in $$WW1$$ it was extensively used in $$WW2$$
Recognition of $$PTSD$$- no longer were sufferers accused of cowardice. 
Discovery of Pencillin as a cure for $$VD-$$ and $$VD$$ was a significant cause of loss of manpower to the armies particularly in Italy.

The Indian Removal Act of 18301830 was signed into effect by President Jackson, which allowed Native Americans to settle in land within state borders in exchange for unsettled land west of the Mississippi. Many Native American tribes reacted peacefully, but many reacted violently. The tribes reacted this way because they believed the land had religious significance. Because of this, some tribes were unwilling to move. One significant example is the Cherokee tribe, who was forcibly led to move from their homelands by US soldiers. Over 40004000 Cherokee Native Americans died on this trail, which is now known as the "Trail of Tears."