Nature And Significance Of Management - Class 12 Commerce Business Studies - Extra Questions

Give the definition of coordination.

Coordination is the process whereby an executive develops an orderly pattern of group efforts among his subordinates and secures the unity of action in the pursuit of a common purpose. This definition was given by McFarland.


Six Marks Questions:
'Controlling is an indispensable function of management.' Do you agree? Give four reasons in support of your answer.

Controlling’ as a function of management ensures that activities confirm to the standards. It involves establishing standards and measuring performance against these standards.
Importance of controlling :

Accomplishing Organisational Goals
It measures progress towards the organisational goals and find out deviations. In the absence of control system, activities may not be carried out according to plans. Thus, we can say, it guides the organisation and keeps it on the right track, so that it can attain its goals.
Judging Accuracy of Standards
Through an effective control system, managers can easily judge the accuracy of standards. It also keeps a careful check on the changes taking place in the organisation and in the environment, which facilitates the review of standards, in the light of such changes.
Making Efficient Use of Resources
By exercising control, a manager seeks to reduce wastage and spoilage of resources. Each activity is performed in accordance with predetermined standards and norms, which helps in effective and efficient utilization of resources.
Improving Employees Motivation
It helps employees in realizing, what they are expected to do and what are the standards of performance, on the basis of which they are appraised. This motivates them to perform better.
Ensuring Order and Discipline
By keeping a check on the activities of the workers, controlling creates an atmosphere of order and discipline among them. It also helps to keep a check on the dishonest behavior of employees.
Facilitating Coordination in Action
It provides direction to all activities and each department and employee is governed by predetermined standards, which helps in establishing coordination among them.


Mr. Rajiv and Arun are responsible for welfare of the whole organisation. Their job is very complex they have to develop long term objectives, policies and review the work of different hads at different level. Mr. John and Mr. Singh are responsible for the working of department they are heading, they formulate short term departmental objectives in accordance with organisational objectives.
Mr. Philip, Mrs. Archana, Mrs. Kamlesh and Mrs. Kavita are in direct contact with the workforce consisting of various employees and workers. They are responsible for the quality of work and providing good working conditions to workers.
(a) State the three level of management
(b) Name the persons who are involved in a different level from the above para.

(a) Top level, middle level, supervisory level
(b) Top level- Mr.RAjiv and Arun
Middle level- Mr. John and Singh
Supervisory level- Mr. Philip, Mrs. Archana, Kamlesh and Kavita


An organisation arranged Yoga Class for its employees to improve their concentration level. State the objectives of management it is trying to achieve.

The organization is trying to achieve the Personal objective. Different people with different personalities, backgrounds and experiences form an organization. The management needs to reconcile the personal goals with the organizational goals.


Mohan has retired from the post of a foreman in a factory. At what level management is he working?

He was at the lower level of management. He is responsible to follow the instructions of the middle level managers and supervise and get the job done by the workers. He is in the direct contact with the workers.


Explain Management as science.

Science is a systematized body of knowledge that explains general truth or the operation of general laws. Like science, management has a systematized body of knowledge and has principles based on experiments and observation. However, the outcome of these principles cannot be accurately predicted, since it deals with human behavior which is not constant. 


Define management.

Management is the process of designing and maintaining an environment in which individuals, working together in groups, efficiently accomplish selected aims. This definition was given by Harold Koontz and Heinz Weihrich.


One Mark Question:
Standards are set in quantitative as well as in qualitative terms. Identify the type of standards when it is set in terms of time to be spent.

Standards are the criteria against which actual performance would be measured. Standards can be set in both quantitative as well as qualitative terms. Some of the qualitative standards are—cost to be incurred, product units to be produced, time to be spent in performing a task etc. Improving goodwill and motivation level of employees are examples of qualitative standards.


Discuss the levels of Management.

Management is considered a three-tier activity. Top-level management focuses on the determination of objectives and policies. Middle-level management attempts to achieve these objectives through the effort of other managers. The supervisory or operational level management directly oversees the workforce and day-to-day activities.


Identify and state the force that binds all the other functions of management.

Coordination is the force that binds all the other functions of management is Coordination. It is neither a function nor an objective of an organization. Rather, it is intrinsic in all the operations and functions of the management. It is the very essence of management.


Explain Controlling.

Controlling is the management function of monitoring organizational performance towards the attainment of organizational goals. The function of controlling involves establishing standards of performance, measuring current performance, comparing this with established standards, and taking corrective action where any deviation is found.


"Directing and co-ordinations are very important functions in business management" how?

Directing refers to monitoring, supervising, guiding and leading the employees to work effectively and efficiently in order to achieve the common organisation objectives. 
Coordination refers to the synchronization of activities performed by several employees in the organisation so that there is no overlapping of work in the organisation and there is optimum utilization of resources. 


There are many theories and styles of influencing people's behaviour. Identify the style used by Sandhya which is based on the use of authority.

Sandhya uses Free Rein type of leadership. It involves complete delegation of authority, so that subordinates themselves take decisions. The free-rein leader avoids holding power and surrenders the authority to subordinates. One of the advantages of this method is that the employees will be more motivated and one of the disadvantages is that there could no specific direction of the company. 


Write short notes on the following.
Importance of co-ordinating.

The importance of co-ordinating are:
1. Unity of direction: Co-ordinating brings the efforts of the employees with different interests, the manner of working, tolerance level, objectives, etc. in one direction for the attainment of the organisational goals.
2. Functional differentiation: It integrates the functions of the various departments of the organisation.
3. Less disputes: It assesses the nature and scope of the work performed by the employees and helps in solving any disputes among them.
4. Goal reconciliation: It helps to reconcile the goals of the employees with that of the organisation.


Distinguish between the following.
Partnership firm and Co-operative society.

Partnership firm: It is governed by the Indian Partnership Act 1932. Partnership is a relation between two or more persons who agree to share the profits of a business carried on by all or any of them acting for all. All the partners of the firm have unlimited liability. The minimum number of partners is 2 and the maximum is 100. It is established with the motive to earn profit. It is not compulsory for the firm to get itself registered.
Co-operative Society: It is compulsory for it to get registered under the Co-operative Societies Act 1912. It is established with a motive of welfare of its members and elimination of the middlemen. The minimum number of member is 10. The capital is raised by the contribution made by the members.


Write only a word or a phrase or a term which can substitute the following statement.
An end function where the performance is evaluated in accordance with the plan.

Controlling is the end function of management where the evaluation of the performance is done in accordance with the plan. Controlling involves verifying whether everything occurs according to the planning adopted, directions issued and principles set. It measures the deviations of the actual performance from the standard performance and the reasons thereof. I t also consists of taking the corrective actions.


What is Management?

Management is a set of principles relating to the functions of planning, organizing, directing and controlling, and the application of these principles in harnessing physical, financial, human and informational resources efficiently and effectively to achieve organizational goals. 

Management is essential for organized life and necessary to run all types of organization. Good management is the backbone of successful organizations. Managing an organization means getting things done with and through other people to achieve its objectives.


The proper aim of financial management is wealth maximisation.

This statements is 'True' because of the following reasons:
(i)  According to Prof. Soloman Ezra, the ultimate goal of financial management should be the
maximisation of owner's wealth.
(ii)  Maximisation of profit is unreal and half motive.
(iii) Wealth maximisation is also known as "value maximisation"
(iv) It means maximising net present value of a firm.
(v) So the focus of financial management is on wealth management of its owners, i.e., suppliers of equity capital.
(vi) The market value of the shares reflects the wealth of shareholders.
(vii) So wealth maximisation means the maximnisation of market price of shares.
(viii) The wealth of equity shareholders is maximised only when market value of equity shareholders is maximised.
(ix) So the proper aim of financial management is wealth maximisation of owners wealth.


Write short note on the following:
Significance of Principles of Management.

The principles of management are the pre-determined solutions for the problems that occur repeatedly. Their significance is as follows:
1. Insight to managers: They provide timely guidance to the managers thereby avoiding wastage of resources. Also, it is a less expensive way of solving problems.
2. Effective utilization of resources: These principles help the managers to put the resources to the best possible use and avoid wastages. For example, the principle of Unity of Command states that there should be only one boss of an employee at one time. If an employee has to follow the instructions of more than one boss he will not be able to focus on work properly and thus he will not be efficient.
3. Scientific decisions: These principles help the managers to take scientific or balanced decisions. In their absence, the managers may have to follow trial and error method.
4. Social responsibility: They guide the managers to produce good quality products at reasonable prices. It is the social responsibility of the business to serve the public better.
5. Training, education and research: These encourage the managers and researchers to innovate and improve their products and upgrade their knowledge.


Write a word or a phrase or term which can substitute the following statement:
The principle of management which advocates that work should be divided into small sub-parts.

The Principles of Management are the essential, underlying factors that form the foundations of successful management. Unity of Command. This principle states that each subordinate should receive orders and be accountable to one and only one superior.
There are four functions of management that span across all industries. 
They include planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. You should think about the four functions as a process, where each step builds on the other. 
Performance management offers three basic phases or stages for employee development: coaching, corrective action, and termination. The first phase, coaching, involves the process of orienting, training, and encouraging employees.


State any one characteristic of coordination.

Coordination Integrates Group Effort:

The need for coordination is felt when group effort is needed for the accomplishment of an objective. In short, it can be said that coordination is related to group effort and not individual effort. The question of coordination does not arise, if the job is done by one person only.



Which function of management is known as essence of management?

'Coordination' function is the essence of management. Without coordination between employees and management, it is not possible for the organization to achieve organizational goals. The employees are required to understand and follow the directions of the management properly.


In order to be successful. an organisation must change its goals according to the needs of the environment. Which characteristic of management are highlighted in this statement?

In this statement, characteristic of dynamic functioning of management is highlighted. The management is supposed to take decisions based on the changing business environment in order to survive. For example, polythene is now getting banned in many states. the management of an organization producing polythene needs to find out another line of production in order to survive.


State any four functions of operational management.

 The operational management has the duty of supervising the operational activities of the organization. Its functions are:
1. To supervise the work of the workers.
2. To pass the instructions and decisions of the middle level management to the workers.
3. To ensure that the quantity required is produced, quality is maintained and material wastage is minimized.
4. To ensure the maintenance of safety standards.



Management of any organisation strives to attain different objectives. Enumerate any two such objectives.

The management of any organization strives to attain the following objectives
(i) Organizational objectives: The organizational objectives of an organization are profit maximization, attaining strong financial position, capturing maximum market share, building good reputation, etc.
(ii) Social objectives: The social objectives of business are production and supply of quality goods, adoption of fair trade practices, providing welfare amenities, etc.


Name the level of management involved in:
(i) Overseeing the activities of workers
(ii) Taking key decisions

(i) Operational level or Supervisory level: It is the responsibility of operational level management to supervise the work of the workers and employees.
(ii) Top level: It is the responsibility of the top level management to formulate the policies and take key decisions.


Give any two functions of middle level.

The middle level management implements the decisions taken by the strategic management. Thus, its functions are:
i) Implementation of policies framed by top level management.
(ii) Recruitment and selection of employees and get the job done by them.


Give any two characteristics of management.

The two characteristics of management are:
1. Goal-oriented: Every organization has different goals or objectives. Management unites and co-ordinates the efforts of all the employees to achieve these goals.
2. Dynamic function: It has to take decisions in order to adapt itself to the changing economic, social and political environment. 


Name the function of management which injects life in the organisation?

Staffing injects life in an organization. It involves selecting the right candidate for the right job. It involves recruitment, selection, placement and training of personnel.


Unique Ltd. is using Eco-friendly method of production. Identify the objective it is trying to achieve.

It is trying to achieve the social objective. It is trying to fulfill its social responsibility towards the society, country and the environment. It is trying to save the environment from pollution by using eco-friendly techniques.


Name the function of management, which ensures work accomplishment as per plan.

Controlling ensures that work is accomplished as per the plans. It involves making standards of performance, measuring the current performance and taking corrective actions in case of deviations.


Name the level of management the following posts belong to:
(i) Purchase manager  (ii) CEO
(iii) Superintendent

(i) Middle level because he manages the purchases and follows the directions of the top level. Also, he is not directly involved with workers. 
(ii) Top level because he is the one who is involved in the policy formulation
(iii) Supervisory level because he is the one who is directly involved with the workers and supervises their work.



"Management is considered as a full-fledged profession". Do you agree with this statement? Give reasons to support your answer.

No. I do not agree with this statement. Today management is not a full-fledged profession. This can be proved by comparing the features of a profession with that of the management:
(i) Professionals have a well-defined body of knowledge 
(ii) The entry into a profession is restricted.
(iii) Usually, the professionals work with the Service motive  
(iv)  There exists a code of ethics that every professional has to follow.
(v) Also, there is the presence of professional associations


Management is continuous activity.

Management is a series of continuous or never-ending functions. All the functions of management are performed simultaneously and continuously. Planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling are performed by all the managers all the time. One day a manager may be planning to do a work and next day he may be solving the issues of the employees.



Which aspect of management binds all the functions of management?

'Coordination' is the most important function of management. Without coordination between employees and management, it is not possible for the organization to achieve organizational goals. The employees are required to understand and follow the directions of the management properly. It thus binds all the other functions.


Which functions of management establish authority/responsibility relationship?

Organizing involves assigning duties, setting up authorities and allocating resources to execute a plan. It groups the tasks into manageable work units. Thus, it establishes the authority/responsibility relationship.


Name the framework within which managerial and operational activities are performed.

The managerial and operational activities are performed within the organisational structure. the organisational structure defines the authority and responsibility relationship. it defines the hierarchy in the organisation.


Bhuvan is the manager of northern division of a large corporate house. At what level does he work in the organisation? 
What are her basic functions?

Bhuvan works at the middle level of management as the top level is at the head office.  She is the link between the top and lower management level. She is responsible for implementing the plans, strategies and the decisions of the top level management. She is also responsible for controlling the lower level management and get the things done from them.


Bhuvan argues that management is required in all kinds of organisations where as Piyush feels that management is not required in non-business organisations such as school, club, hospitals, etc, who is correct?

Bhuvan is correct as management is pervasive.The functions of management are common to all the organizations whether commercial, social or political. A car showroom also needs to be managed and also a club. Managers in all the countries do the same thing. The only difference is in the manner they do it.


Success of (dubbawala who carry tiffins to offices) of Mumbai is example of which aspect of management? Explain the importance of that aspect.

It highlights the coordination aspect of the management. Coordination is the essence of management. It begins from the planning itself. It involves synchronisation of the actions of the various units and employees in order to acheive the desired objectives of an organization. 


Rishitose Mukerjee has recently joined AMV Ltd. a company manufaturing refrigerators. He found that his department was under-staffed and other departments were not cooperating with his department for the smooth functioning of the organisation. Therefore, he ensured that his department has the required number of employees and its cooperation with other departments is improved.
(a) Identify the level at which Rishitosh Mukerjee was working
(b) Also, state there were more functions required to be performed by Risitose Mukerjee at this level.

Rishitose works at the middle level of management. He is the link between the top and lower management levels. 
Functions to be performed by him are:
(1) Interpret the policies framed by the top management
(2) Implement the plans, strategies, and decisions of the top-level management.
(3) Ensure that their department has the necessary personnel
(4) Assign necessary duties and responsibilities to the employees of their respective departments for implementation of the plan.
(5) Motivate employees of their respective departments to achieve the desired objectives.


The task of management is to make people work towards achieving the organisational goals by making their strengths effective and their weakness irrelevant. Identify the dimension of management.

Management of people is the dimension of management where the task of management is to make people work towards achieving the organisational goals by making their strengths effective and their weakness irrelevant.


Is planning, organising, staffing, directing and controlling applied in organisations such as school, club, restaurant, hospitals, etc? 
If yes which characteristics of management does it signify? Explain that feature.

Yes, management applies to all the entities irrespective of whether they work for profit or not-for-profit. This signifies that management is pervasive. The functions of management are common to all the organizations whether commercial, social or political. A departmental store also needs to be managed and also a hospital. Managers in all the countries do the same thing. The only difference is in the manner they do it.



"An organisation is a collection of diverse individuals with different needs". Which characteristics of management are highlighted in this statement?

Management is a group activity


"A business needs to add to its prospects in the long run/" Identify the organisational objectives highlighted in this statement. Explain other two objectives under this categories.

Growth, Survival and Profit are the a business needs to add to its prospects in the long run.


Ashutosh Goenka was working in 'Axe Ltd.' a company manufacturing air purifiers. He found that the profits had started declining from the last six months. Profit has an implication for the survival of the firm, so he analysed the business environment to find out the reasons for this decline.
(a) Identify the level of management at which Ashutose Goenka was working
(b) State three other functions being performed by Ashutosh Goenka.

Ashutosh is working at the Top Level management. 
Functions performed by him are:
(i) Co-ordination of the activities of different departments
(ii) Formulation of the  overall organisational goals and strategies for their achievement
(iii) To be responsible for all the activities of the business and for its impact on the society 



A manager applies the various theories of management in his unique personlised way. What aspect of nature of management does this statement indicates?

Management as an art is the actual aspect of nature of management. A manager applies the various theories of management in his unique personalised way by using art of management.


Give any one point of difference between management principles and scientific principle.

Management principles are general, broad and essential guidelines for managerial operations in an organisation.
Whereas, scientific principle is derived from the concept of scientific management which deals with coordinating the enterprise for everyone's benefit.
If we talk about the difference between these two that will be the purpose. Management principles help in improving the overall administration but scientific principle helps in increasing productivity of an enterprise.


ABC Ltd., is facing a lot of problems these days. The company's profit margin is declining day by day. The production department for not maintaining the quality. Finance department is blaming both. What quality of manager do you think is lacking? Explain it briefly.

The quality which is lacking in coordination. The manager is able to execute all the functions but he is unable to coordinate these functions and coordination is not a mere function of manager but it is the essence of management.
Explain the topic: coordination an essence of management
To bring coordination
(1) Top level management must ensure integration in various departments and activities of the organisation
(2) Middle level management must develop balance in all the department by maintaining the timing for example whenever sales department gets order production department must be ready with production, purchase must have stock of raw materials etc
(3) Periodic meetings must be conducted to listen to the grievances and problems of employees and also to welcome their suggestions


Name the level of management engaged in:
(i) Selection of employees
(ii) Introducing new products
(iii) Design a suitable advertisement: campaign to sell a new product
(iv) Framing the capital structure of the company
(v) Preparing performance reports of employee
(vi) Hiring casual labourers

(i) Middle level, as it does the selection and recruitment of employees in order to achieve the set goals.
(ii) Top level, as this involves planning and designing of product as well as resources.
(iii) Middle level, as once the product is manufactured it is their responsibility to see how can it be sold.
(iv) Top level, as it involves financial planning.
(v) Middle level, as they are the link between the lower level and top level and are more in contact with the employees. Also, they have the reporting authority
(vi) Supervisory or lower level, as they come in direct contact with the workers.


At what level of management, managers are responsible for the welfare and survival of the organisation?

At top level of management, managers are responsible for the welfare and survival of the organisation.


Name the process of designing and maintaining an environment in which individuals work together in groups efficiently accomplishing selected aims?

Management is the process of planning and organizing the activities of the business. It is the function of management to coordinate the efforts of all the personnel towards the achievement of the targets or goals of the organization.


Your father wants you to do MBA before joining family business. What does this show about the nature of management?

This shows that today management is not a full-fledged profession. Thus, he wants me to be like a professional before joining the business. His point can be proved by comparing the features of profession with that of the management:

(i) Professionals have a well defined body of knowledge

(ii) The entry into a profession is restricted.

(iii) Usually, the professionals work with the Service motive 

(iv)  There exists code of ethics which every professional has to follow.

(v) Also, there is the presence of professional associations


"Management is the life-giving element in every business, without it the resources of production remain resources and shall never become production". Comment.

Yes, it is right to say that management is life giving element in every business because without proper management and planning growth and profit do not occur in any business.


An individual is working in an MNC as a Chief Operating Officer. At what level of management is he/she working? Also explain any five functions of that level.

He is working at the top level management. Functions performed by him at that level are:
(i) Co-ordination of the activities of different departments.
(ii) Formulation of the  overall organisational goals and strategies for their achievement.
(iii) To be responsible for all the activities of the business and for its impact on the society.

(iv) Fix the authority and responsibility in the organizational hierarchy.

(v) Directing all the other departmental heads regarding how to perform the work and get it done timely.



Hema is one of the most successful manager of her company. "Kobe Ltd.". She uses her creativity and initiative in handling challenging situations at work. The knoledge gained by her during her student days at a renowned management institute as well as through her observation and experience over the years is applied by Hema in a skillful manner in the context of the realities of a given situation. She often reads books and other literature in various fields of management to keep her knowledge updated.
(i) An aspect of the nature of management is being highlighted in the description. Identify the aspect
(ii) Explain any three features of the aspect  identified in part (i)

(i) The aspect of the nature of management used in the description is Management as science.
(ii) Any three features of management as science are: 
Management as science:
a) In management, there is the availability of systematic and organized study material.
b) Management principles are based on repeated experiments. Managers test and experiment with managerial principles under different conditions in different organizations.
c) Theories of management also have universal validity.


Name the function of management:
(i) Finding out deficiencies in implementation of plans.
(ii) Establishing authority responsibility relationship between superior and subordinates.
(iii) Instructing and ordering employees.
(iv) Deciding policies, procedures, objectives of an organisation.

i) Controlling, as this involves ensuring that the plan is properly implemented.
(ii) Organizing, as this involves determining the hierarchical structure of the organization.
(iii) Directing, as it involves giving instructions and orders on how to do a particular task efficiently and effectively.
(iv) Planning, as this is the job performed by the top level and involves policy and procedural aspects.



The director of Unique India Ltd. called for meeting of all the employees, in the meeting directors informed the employees that the main objective of company is to increase the sale 30%. Various plans were made to improve the potential and efficiency of employees as well as various operations. The sales manager suggested some changes in the product as per the latest demand in the market. As a result the company was able to achieve its target successfully at the end of the year. State the characteristics of management highlighted above, also identify the lines indicating their characteristics.

(i) Goal oriented 
Line: "main objective of company is to increase the sale by 30%
(ii) Multidimensional management of people and management of operation
Line: "Various plans were made to improve the potential and efficiency of employees as well as various operations
(iii) Dynamic
Line: "Sales manager suggested some changes


Directors of ABC Ltd. assigned the task of implementing the plans and policies framed by the board to all the departmental heads. Departmental heads appointed supervisors, superintendent, executives, etc so that work can be assigned to workers as per the plan supervisors kept a check on workers as per the plan. 
(1) Identify the feature of management highlighted in above para
(2) Explain that feature 

The feature highlighted in above para is "management is a group activity"


Mr. Rajiv, manager of Headlines Ltd., uses his creativity and practices management principles under different situations to manage the business. The employees are happy and satisfied as he every day rewards employees for their punctuality and efficiency.
(a) Identify the nature of management highlighted above.
(b) Name other two aspects of nature of management.
(c) Identify the values followed by Mr. Rajiv.

(a) Nature of management highlighted above is "Management as an Art"
(b) The other two aspects of nature of management are:
(i) Management as Science
(ii) Management as Profession
(c) Values:
(i) Motivating employees for discipline and punctuality.
(ii) Good and responsible behavior by rewarding employees.


The General Manager- GM of 'Alpha Kidswear Limited', the GM has divided all the employees of his company into three levels (Top level, Middle level and Lower level). At the Top level the General Manager and Board of Directors themselves work. The middle level work is looked after by the four Departmental managers like the Production Manager, Purchase Manager, Sales Manager and Finance Manager.
The LowerLevel is constituted of one supervisor of each of the four departments. These supervisors look after the daily activities of their subordinates
Often, it is observed that the managers of all Levels remain busy sometimes with the planning of their respective departments and sometimes with the comparison of the desired and actual results. Similarly, sometimes they are busy with the Recruitment , Selection and Training of the employees and sometimes with their motivation.
Mr. Sahil knows it very well that the job of management cannot be done by a single person alone, but when all joins to work together the meaning of management is realised. This is why he makes all his efforts to effect coordination in the activities of all his employees. All the employees are working with the team spirit.
In the above paragraph two special features of management have been described. Identify them by quoting the relevant lines and explain them.

(i) continuous process
(ii) group activities


Unique India Ltd. decided to synchronise all the activities of organisation. While deciding what is to be done, when it is to be done, they tried to bring harmony between organisational goal and individual goal. While hiring employees HR department made sure people with right qualification only joined the organisation and they are paid as per their qualification. Further the directors made arrangement that at the end of every three months performance of the employees is compared with planned performance so that steps can be taken to check the deviation.
(i) Identify the three functions of management highlighted in above para.
(ii) Also identify the concept of management gives importance in above para.

i) (a) planning is highlighted when the management decides what is to be done and when it is to be done.
(b) Staffing function is highlighted when they are hiring the employees as per their qualifications
(c) Controlling is when every three months the performance of employees is compared
(ii) Coordination is when they are trying to bring harmony between individual and organizational goals.



Dexter Circus is organizing shows internationally for the last thirty years. Their shows have been successful across the globe. Of late, their shows are not as popular as they were in past.
After analyzing, they are thinking of bringing necessary changes in their shows to gain popularity and get back their position of No.1.
(i) Identify which two characteristics of management are reflected in above situation.
(ii) Which two functions of management are identical here?

(i) (a) Dynamic   (b) Goal oriented
(ii) (a) Planning   (b) Controlling


Identify the nature of management when it is practiced as personalized application of existing knowledge to achieve desired result.

Management is both science and art.
Management as science: Use of logic, objectivity. Cause and effect relationships indicate management as science.
Management as science:
a) In management, there is availability of systematic and organized study material.
b) Management principles are based on repeated experiments. Managers test and experiment managerial principles under different conditions in different organizations.
Management as art: Use of theoretical knowledge in personal way. Regular practice and creativity indicate art. Management is an art because of: a) The process of management involves the use of know-how and skills
b) The process of management is directed towards the accomplishment of concrete results
c) Management is personalized in the sense that every manager has own approach to problems
Management as profession: Specialized knowledge, use of code of conduct, restricted entry and association indicate management as profession.


Management of Alpha Ltd. has installed a special recycling plant to recycle the waste instead of dumping the waste in ground. It is also providing employment opportunities to local residents. Company started a school nearby for the children of their employees.
(i) Identify the objectives company is fulfilling.
(ii) Quote the lines from above para which indicate those objective.

(i) Social and personal objectives
"Installed a recycle plant": Social objective
(ii) "Started a school for children of their employees": Personal objective


The marketing manager of Alpha Ltd fixed the target for al the sales executives and gave them all the possible authority to achieve it. They were asked to submit to him their performance report at the end of the month. All of them did the same on the receipt of report the expected and actual results of sales executives were compared on this basis future course of action was decided. The sales executives also wrote in their report what the expectations of the customers from the company where majority of them had written that they wanted the company to cooperate in the construction of Dharmashala going on the city. The marketing manager placed this demand before the Board of Directors. This was happily accepted.
(i) Identify the functions of management highlighted in above para by quoting relevant lines.
(ii) Which objective is being highlighted here?
(iii) Which two values are followed?

(i) (a) Organising- 'fixed target and gave them all authority
(b) Controlling - 'expected and actual results of sales executives were compared'
(c) Planning- 'future course of action was decided.'
(ii) Social
(iii) Concern for society
'Trust on employees.


Rohan, Sohan and Mohan are three friends they work in same company. One day they were having a conversation. When Rohan said I have purchased two new machines and it has become very difficult to motivate workers at shop floor to use these machines.
Sohan said I am facing problems in finding the exact number and types of employees for my department.
Mohan said I have to decide the long term plans of organisation and I am responsible for the overall welfare of the organisation
(i) Identify different levels of management these friends belong to
(ii) Explain two functions of each level 

1. Rohan: Supervisory level
2. Sohan: Middle level
3. Mohan: Top level

As,  Rohan said "he is going to I have purchased two new machines and it has become very difficult to motivate workers at shop floor to use these machines". This indicates that Rohan is responsible for worker level work that is supervising.

As, Sohan said "I am facing problems in finding the exact number and types of employees for my department". This indicates that Sohan is not directly dealing with workers, he is finding employees that is middle management work.

As, Mohan said I have to decide the long term plans of organisation and I am responsible for the overall welfare of the organisation this indicates that he have thoughts about future of the company which indicates top level management.


Management has evloved like a discipline. There are number of books on management Students are learning from there books various principles and theories of management. But all students of MBA do not become successful only by learning there principles. The success depend up creative application of there principles. Today many companies have started giving importance to corporate social responsibility and have started giving importance, etc., Business Ethics.
In the above para one feature of each Science, Art and Profession are given. Identify each one of them by quoting lines

(i) Management as Science systematic body of knowledge
Line: "There are number of books"
(ii) Management as an Art Based on Practice and Creativity
Line: "Success depend upon creative application"
(iii) Service motive - companies have started giving importance to corporate social responsibility


Name any two important characteristics of management.

Management is a dynamic process of getting things done by others with the aim of achieving common goals effectively and efficiently. For management to implement smoothly in an organisation, all the functions starting from planning to organizing then staffing  to directing and ending up with controlling is essential. Any two important characteristics of management are: 

1. Management is a Goal Oriented process.

2. Management is Pervasive in nature. 



'Management is considered to be both an art and science.' Explain.

Management is both science and art.
Management as science: Use of logic, objectivity. Cause and effect relationships indicate management as science.
Management as science:
a) In management, there is availability of systematic and organized study material.
b) Management principles are based on repeated experiments. Managers test and experiment managerial principles under different conditions in different organizations.
Management as art: Use of theoretical knowledge in personal way. Regular practice and creativity indicate art. Management is an art because of: a) The process of management involves the use of know-how and skills
b) The process of management is directed towards the accomplishment of concrete results
c) Management is personalized in the sense that every manager has own approach to problems


An educational institution, the business organisation, hospitals, clubs, etc, all needed to be managed,
Which characteristic of management is highlighted here?

Management is universal or pervasive


In an organisation sales department want to increase the sale by 20% so sales department planned to offer extra discounts to customers. Finance department raised objection on it as they say it will result in loss of revenue and company may face liquidity problem.
(1) Name the importance of coordination referred here.
(2) State other two importance of coordination.

(1) "Functional differentiation"
(2) Other two importance:
(a) Size (b) Specialisation


A group of people believe that management is a systematic body of knowledge that explain certain general truth and is based on logical observation.
Identify and explain the nature of management discussed in above case.

Management as a Science


Discuss the basic features of management as a profession.

The basic features of management as a profession are: 
1. Well defined body of knowledge:; Management has well defined body of knowledge as in profession.
2. Restrict entry: Management has restricted entry through an examination or degree as in profession. 
3. Presence of professional associations: All profession has some associations affiliated to it and even management has association affiliated to it. 
4. Existing of ethical code: For every profession there are some set of ethical codes fixed by the profession association. Management also has some ethical codes fixed by the concerned professional association. 
5. Service Motive: Management has some service motive as in a profession.  


The management of Amaira Ltd. strongly believes that the members of the organisation should work towards fulfilled the common organisational goals. This requires team work and the integration of all individuals departments and specialists. This is because all the individuals and departments depend on each other for information and resources to perform their respective activities. Manager needs to reconcile the difference in approach, timing, efforts, and interest. At the same time it should enable all its members to grow and develop. Thus, there is a need to harmonise individual goals and organisational goals.
(i) State the concept of management discussed above
(ii) State any three features of the concept identified in above para
(iii) State value referred in above para.

(i) Coordination
(ii) Give features of coordination
(iii) Value of Harmony between employees and management


Ritu is the manager of the northern division of a larger corporate house. At what level does she work in the organisation? What is her basic function?
She is working at middle level and her functions are:

She is working at middle level management and her functions are: 
1. Interpretation of policies framed by top management to lower level. 
2. Organizing the activities of their department.
3. Control and instruct the employees.
4. Coordinate with other departments like finance, marketing etc.


Company X is facing a lot or problems these days. It manufacturers white goods like washing machines, microwave ovens, air conditioners. The company's margins are under pressure and the profits and market share are declining. The production department blames marketing for not meeting sales target and marketing blames production department for producing goods, which are of not good quality meeting customers expectations. The finance department blames both production and marketing for declining return on investment and bad marketing.
What quality of management do you think the company is lacking? Explain briefly. What steps should the company management take to bring the company back on track?

Coordination is missing steps company should take to bring the company back on track
(a) Integrate the efforts of individuals and departments
(b) Reconcile differences in approach of different individuals
(c) Create balance between all the departments as they are inter-dependent
(d) Harmonise individual goal with organisational goal


Why management is considered pervasive?

Management is considered pervasive as it is required in all types of organizations whether it is profit-making, non-profit making, business or non-business, at all levels whether it is top-level management or middle-level management, or lower-level management. Management is considered a universal phenomenon. Management is even required in a hospital, school, club and house too. Therefore, it is pervasive in nature.


Describe management as a process.

Process refers to the series of steps or basic functions necessary to get the things done. Management is a process because it performs series of functions, like, planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling in a sequence.


Define the term coordination.

Coordination can be defined as " synchronization of efforts from the stand-point of time and sequence of execution". Coordination refers to bringing together the activities and resources of an organization and bringing harmony in them in order to achieve the organizational objectives.


A company wants to modify its existing product (any products) in the market due to decreasing sales. What decisions/steps should each level of management take to give effect to this decision? 

If the company wants to modify its existing product say mobile phone, to increase its sale company should take the following steps at each level of management. (Write functions of all levels)


Define the term management.

The word 'management' has its origin in the Greek word 'nomos' which means management. It is concerned with human beings whose behaviour is highly unpredictable. A group of people, who accept the responsibility to run an organization forms the management of that organization. Management can be described as a process of getting things done through the people in an effective manner.


Do you think management has the characteristics of a full-fledged profession?

Management as profession: Specialized knowledge, use of code of conduct, restricted entry and association indicate management as profession.The basic features of management as a profession are: 
1. Well defined body of knowledge:; Management has well defined body of knowledge as in profession.
2. Restrict entry: Management has restricted entry through an examination or degree as in profession. 
3. Presence of professional associations: All profession has some associations affiliated to it and even management has association affiliated to it. 
4. Existing of ethical code: For every profession there are some set of ethical codes fixed by the profession association. Management also has some ethical codes fixed by the concerned professional association. 
5. Service Motive: Management has some service motive as in a profession.  


A firm plans in advance and has a sound organisation structure with efficient supervisory staff and control system. On several occasions it finds that plans are not being adhered to. It leads to confusion and duplication of work. Advise remedy.

In this case plans are implemented properly. As the question says it has effective supervisory and control system is no problem at supervisory level and top level.
Problem is seen in middle level
Explain functions of middle level


Why is management not considered as a full-fledged profession like medical and legal profession? Explain.

Management is not considered as a full-fledged profession like medical and legal profession because:1. Restrict entry: Management has restricted entry through an examination or degree as in profession. 
2. Presence of professional associations: All profession has some associations affiliated to it and even management has association affiliated to it. 
3. Existing of ethical code: For every profession there are some set of ethical codes fixed by the profession association. Management also has some ethical codes fixed by the concerned professional association. 


'Management is a series of continuous interrelated functions.' Comment.

Management is a dynamic process of getting things done by others with the aim of achieving common goals effectively and efficiently. For management to implement smoothly in an organisation, all the functions starting from planning to organizing then staffing  to directing and ending up with controlling is essential and should be performed in a continuous manner. 



Management is a critical ingredient of a nation's growth. Comment.

Management is a critical ingredient of a nation's growth because of the importance of management which plays a crucial role in shaping the economy.Importance of management :-a) It enables the organization to survive in changing environment
b) It improves standard of living and increases the profit which is beneficial to business and society.
c) Management fills up various positions with right persons, having right skill, training and qualification.Management can be defined as a process of getting things done with the aim of achieving goals effectively and efficiently. In absence of management no organization can run successfully.


Briefly explain planning and organising functions of management.

Planning refers to deciding in advance what is to be done, when it is to be done, how it is to be done, where it is to be done and by whom it should be done so that to achieve organisational goals.
Organizing refers to identifying and grouping different activities in the organization and bringing together the physical, financial and human resources to establish the most productive relations for the achievement of specific goals. 


Explain the significance of management in running of a modern organisation.

The significance of management in running of a modern organisation are: 
1. Management helps in achieving group goal.
2. Management improves efficiency by minimizing the wastage of resources.
3. Management creates a dynamic organisation which adapt the changing business environment.
4. Management helps in achieving personal objectives.
5. Management helps in development of the society. 


Name the levels of management engaged in:
(a) Overseeing the activities of the workers
(b) Taking key decisions
(c) Liaison with outside world
(d) Selection of employees

a. Supervisory level as they supervise the activities of the workers
b. Top level as it is involved in strategic planning
c. Top level as it cracks the deals and signs contracts with the outsiders
d. Middle level as staffing and recruitment is their responsibility.


How is management a social science?

Management is considered as social science as:  
1. Management has a systematic body of knowledge as in science. 
2. Management principles are based on repeated experiments as in science. 
3. Scientific principles are derived on the basis of logical and scientific observation which is not present in management. 
4. Scientific principles have universal validity and application whereas management principles have personalized application. 
So, two of the features of science are present in management and two of them are not present in management. Therefore, management is considered an inexact science or social science. 



State any three functions of top level management.

The functions of top-level management are: 
1. Determining the objectives of the enterprise and framing long-term plans and policies according to it. 
2. Organizing the activities to be performed by the middle-level managers. 
3. Assembling all the resources such as finance, fixed asset, etc.


Who are considered as operating managers in an organisation?

The lower level managers are considered as operating managers because they look after the operations of the business that is the production of goods and services by guiding and supervising the employees. Operating managers pass on the instructions to workers and report to the middle level managers. They are also responsible for maintaining discipline among workers.


Explain briefly management as an art.

Management is an art because of :- a) The process of management involves the use of know-how and skills
b) The process of management is directed towards the accomplishment of concrete results
c) Management is personalized in the sense that every manager has own approach to problems


Comment on "Management as a Profession-A trend."

Management is not considered as a profession-A trend as: 

1. Well defined body of knowledge:; Management has well defined body of knowledge as in profession.

2. Restrict entry: Management in future will have restricted entry through an examination or degree as in profession. 

3. Presence of professional associations: All profession has some associations affiliated to it and even management has association affiliated to it by in future it will gain more power as the associations have in other profession.

4. Existing of ethical code: For every profession there are some set of ethical codes fixed by the profession association. Management also has some ethical codes fixed by the concerned professional association which is not legally followed right now but will be backed by statutory warning in future. 

5. Service Motive: Management has some service motive as in a profession.  




Coordination is needed at all the levels of management. Explain this statement.

Coordination is needed at all the levels of management as : 
1. Top level management requires coordination to integrate all the activities of the organization and lead the efforts of all individual to achieve a common goal.
2. Middle level management requires coordination to balance the activities of different department in one common direction. 
3. Lower level management requires coordination to integrate the activities of workers towards achievement of organization objectives. 


Management is a series of continuous interrelated functions. Comment.

Management is a series of continuous interrelated functions as management includes the following function which are connected to each other and are performed continuously in an organisation.
1. Planning; Planning refers to deciding in advance what is to be done, when it is to be done, how it is to be done, where it is to be done and by whom it should be done so that to achieve organisational goals.
2. Organizing: Organizing refers to identifying and grouping different activities in the organization and bringing together the physical, financial and human resources to establish the most productive relations for the achievement of specific goals.
3. Staffing: Staffing refers to manpower planning to find the right person for the right job and ensuring that the employees are performing efficiently through training and development programs. 
4. Directing: Directing refers to instructing, guiding, inspiring, and motivating the employees in the organisation so that their efforts results in the achievement of the organisation objectives. 
5. Controlling: Controlling is a managerial functions where the actual performance of a company is compared with the planned one and deviations are recorded there upon. After which corrective actions are taken in order to match the actual performance with  the planned one.


"Management is both science as well as an art. Explain this statement.

Management is both science and art.
Management as science: Use of logic, objectivity. Cause and effect relationships indicate management as science.
Management as science:
a) In management, there is availability of systematic and organized study material.
b) Management principles are based on repeated experiments. Managers test and experiment managerial principles under different conditions in different organizations.
Management as art: Use of theoretical knowledge in personal way. Regular practice and creativity indicate art. Management is an art because of: a) The process of management involves the use of know-how and skills
b) The process of management is directed towards the accomplishment of concrete results
c) Management is personalized in the sense that every manager has own approach to problems


In the absence of management all the resources of an organisation remain as resources only and never become production. Explain the importance of management in the light of this statement.

The significance of management are: 

1. Management helps in achieving group goal.

2. Management improves efficiency by minimizing the wastage of resources that is time, money and effort. 

3. Management creates a dynamic organisation which adapt the changing business environment.

4. Management helps in achieving personal objectives.

5. Management helps in development of the society.



"Management is a series of continuous interrelated functions.' Comment

Management is a series of continuous interrelated functions as management includes the following function which are connected to each other and are performed continuously in an organisation.
1. Planning; Planning refers to deciding in advance what is to be done, when it is to be done, how it is to be done, where it is to be done and by whom it should be done so that to achieve organisational goals.
2. Organizing: Organizing refers to identifying and grouping different activities in the organization and bringing together the physical, financial and human resources to establish the most productive relations for the achievement of specific goals.
3. Staffing: Staffing refers to manpower planning to find the right person for the right job and ensuring that the employees are performing efficiently through training and development programs. 
4. Directing: Directing refers to instructing, guiding, inspiring, and motivating the employees in the organisation so that their efforts results in the achievement of the organisation objectives. 
5. Controlling: Controlling is a managerial functions where the actual performance of a company is compared with the planned one and deviations are recorded there upon. After which corrective actions are taken in order to match the actual performance with  the planned one. 


"Coordination is regarded as an essence of management rather than a separate function of a manager." Do you agree with this statement? Give reasons.

Coordination is regarded as an essence of management rather than a separate function of a manager because of following reasons: 
1. Coordination is needed to perform all the functions of management starting from planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling.
2. Coordination is required at all levels from top-level management to middle-level management to lower-level management. 
3. Coordination is the most important function of management in order to endure and run successfully for a long period of time as it minimizes the wastage of resources in the organization.


Your father has retired as the purchase manager of a company. At what level of management was he working? What functions do you think he was performing at that level of management?

Your father has retired as the purchase manager of a company.

In this situation, he was working at middle-level management and his functions are: 
1. Interpretation of policies framed by top management to lower level. 
2. Organizing the activities of their department.
3. Control and instruct the employees.
4. Coordinate with other departments like finance, marketing, etc.



Enumerate any two functions of middle level management.

Any two functions of middle-level management are: 

1. Interpretation of policies framed by top management to lower level. 
2. Organizing the activities of their department and coordinating them with other departments in order to achieve the organizational objectives.  



Name the process of designing and maintaining an environment in which individuals working in groups efficiently accomplish selected aims.

Management is the process of designing and maintaining an environment in which individuals working in groups efficiently accomplish selected aims.


Name the process of working with and through others to effectively achieve organisational objectives by efficiently using its limited resources in the changing environment.

Management is the process of working with and through others to effectively achieve organisational objectives by efficiently using its limited resources in the changing environment.


Describe briefly any five features of management.

Any five features of management are:
1. Management is a goal oriented process as it leads to achievement 
of common goals. 
2. Management is pervasive in nature and has a universal phenomenon. 
3. Management is a multi-dimensional as it is required to manage work, people and operations,
4. Management is a continuous process because it is performed continuously in the organisation.
5. Management is a dynamic function as it keeps on changing according to the changes taking place in the environment.


Management creates a dynamic organisation. How?

Management creates a dynamic organisation as it includes goal, objectives and other activities which keeps on changing according to the changes taking place in the business environment.


What is meant by management?

Management is a dynamic process of getting things done by others with the aim of achieving common goals effectively and efficiently. For management to implement smoothly in an organization.
All the functions starting from planning to organizing then staffing to directing and ending up with controlling is essential. 



List any two functions of top management.

Any two functions of top management are: 
1. Determining the objectives of the enterprise: The top level managers formulate the main objectives of the organization.They form long term as well as short term objectives.
2. Organizing the activities to be performed by persons working at middle level: The top level management assigns the jobs to different individuals working at middle level.


Your grandfather has retired from an organisaton in which he is responsible for implementing the plans developed by the top management. At which level of management was he working? State one more function performed at this level.

Your grandfather has retired from an organization in which he is responsible for implementing the plans developed by the top management. In this situation, he is working at middle-level management since he implements the plans developed by top-level management.

One more function of the middle-level of management is:

a) Motivating the persons to perform to their best ability- The middle-level managers offer various incentives to employees so that they get motivated and perform to their best ability.



Management helps in the development of society. How?

Management helps in development of the society as efficient management in an organisation helps in meeting the social obligation of the organisation towards different groups like employees, customers, suppliers etc. It even helps in contributing a sufficient percentage in the Gross Domestic Product(GDP) of an economy. 



Volvo Ltd's target to produce 10,000 shirts per month at a cost of Rs. 100 per shirt. The Production Manager achieved this target at a cost of Rs. 90 per shirt. Do you think the 'Production Manager' is effective? Give one reason in support of your answer.

Volvo Ltd's target to produce 10,000 shirts per month at a cost of Rs. 100 per shirt. The Production Manager achieved this target at a cost of Rs. 90 per shirt. In this situation, Production manager is effective as the production manager did the right things to a required standard of quality.


At which level of management the managers are responsible for the welfare and survival of the organisation?

The level of management at which the managers are responsible for the welfare and survival of the organization is the Top Level of Management. Top-level management is responsible to make plans to run the organization smoothly and successfully.


How does management help an individual to develop team spirit. cooperation and commitment to group success? State.

Management is a dynamic process of getting things done by others with the aim of achieving common goals effectively and efficiently.
Management helps in integrating individual efforts towards group goals through coordinating the activities performed by individual towards a common direction which generates team spirit in them and help to achieve them their individual objectives as well. 


Your grandfather has retired as the Director of a manufacturing company. At which level of management was he working? Different types of function are performed at this level. State any one function.

Your grandfather has retired as the Director of a manufacturing company. In this situation, he was working at Top level management.
One function at this level:
1. Determining the objectives of the enterprise: The top-level managers formulate the main objectives of the organization. They form long-term as well as short-term objectives.


Name the level of management at which the managers are responsible for implementing and controlling the plans and strategies of the organisation.

The level of management at which the managers are responsible for implementing and controlling the plans and strategies of the organization is Top Level Management. The top level managers are responsible to formulate plans and policies to achieve the set of organizational objectives.


Justify how coordination is (a) a continuous process (b) an all pervasive function

(a) Coordination is a continuous function as it is never ending because manager works continuously to achieve coordination and maintain coordination because without it the organisation cannot function efficiently. 
(b) Coordination is an all pervasive function: Coordination is a universal function because it is required at all the levels of management, in all the departments and to perform all functions due to interdependence of various activities on each other. 


"Management does not have some features of a profession." Explain those features.

The features of profession which management does not have are as follows: 

1. Restrict entry: Management in future will have restricted entry through an examination or degree as in profession. 

2. Presence of professional associations: All profession has some associations affiliated to it and even management has association affiliated to it by in future it will gain more power as the associations have in other profession.

3. Existing of ethical code: For every profession there are some set of ethical codes fixed by the profession association. Management also has some ethical codes fixed by the concerned professional association which is not legally followed right now but will be backed by statutory warning in future.



One Mark Questions:
At which level of management directing takes place?

Directing takes place at all level as it is pervasive in nature because every manager has to supervise, guide, motivate and communicate with his subordinate to get things done. 


"Management is skillful and personal application of existing knowledge to achieve desired results". Explain

Management is skillful and personal application of existing knowledge to achieve desired results as: 

1. Management has a systematic body of knowledge as in  art.

2. Management requires personalized application as in art.

3. Management is based on practice and creativity as required in art.



Identify the nature of management are the managers responsible for maintaining the quality of output and the safety standards?

The level of management at which the managers are responsible for maintaining the quality of output and the safety standards is Middle level of Management. 


What is meant by 'Management as a Science'? Explain with the help of any three features.

Management is considered as a science means:  

1. Management has a systematic body of knowledge as in science. 

2. Management principles are based on repeated experiments as in science. 

3. Scientific principles are derived on the basis of logical and scientific observation which is not present in management. 



What is meant by 'Management as an Art'? Explain with the help of any three features.

Management as an art means:

1. Management has a systematic body of knowledge as in  art.

2. Management requires personalized application as in art.

3. Management is based on practice and creativity as required in art.



Justify how coordination is (a) continuous process (b) a deliberate function

(a) Coordination is a continuous function as it is never ending because manager works continuously to achieve coordination and maintain coordination because without it the organisation cannot function efficiently. 
(b) Coordination is a deliberate function as every manager tries to coordinate the activities of the organisation to avoid confusion and chaos in the organisation. 


What is meant by 'co-ordination' in management?

Coordination in management refers to bringing together the activities and resources of organisation and bringing harmony in them in order to achieve the organisation objectives. It is the orderly-arrangement of group efforts to provide unity of action in the pursuit of common purpose.



"Management is the systematised body of knowledge that explains certain general truths." Explain

Management is the systematized body of knowledge that explains certain general truths as management has well-defined body of knowledge which is backed by many theories and principles that is followed by every manager. 


"Management is a profession like medical or legal profession." Do you agree with this statement? Give any five reasons in support of your answer

No. I do not agree with this statement. Management is not a full-fledged profession. The points in support of my answer are:

(i) Professionals have a well-defined body of knowledge which is not there in the case of management

(ii) The entry into a profession is restricted

(iii) Usually, the professionals work with the Service motive 

(iv)  There exists a code of ethics which every professionals have to follow.

(v) Also, there is the presence of professional associations



"Coordination is not a separate function of management. It is the essence, of management." Explain with the help of a suitable example. 

Coordination is the essence of management as: 

1. Coordination is needed to perform all the functions of management starting from planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling. Example: Google mangers coordinate through these function to achieve the organisation.

2. Coordination is required at all the levels from top level management to middle level management to lower level management. Example: Pepsi co. has all the level of management who coordinate with each other in order to achieve the goals.




Is 'management a full-fledged profession'? Give any three reasons in support of your answer.

Management is not considered as a full-fledged profession as the following features of profession is not present in management: 


1. Restrict entry: Management in future will have restricted entry through an examination or degree as in profession. 

2. Presence of professional associations: All profession has some associations affiliated to it and even management has association affiliated to it by in future it will gain more power as the associations have in other profession.

3. Existing of ethical code: For every profession there are some set of ethical codes fixed by the profession association. Management also has some ethical codes fixed by the concerned professional association which is not legally followed right now but will be backed by statutory warning in future. 



'Art is concerned with personal application of knowledge.' In the light of this statement, compare all the features of art with management and prove that it is an art.

Management is considered as an art because all of the features of art are present in management:

1. Management has a systematic body of knowledge as in  art.

2. Management requires personalized application as in art.

3. Management is based on practice and creativity as required in art.



Rajat is working as 'Regional Manager' in Tifco Ltd. Name the level at which he is working. State any four functions he will perform as 'Regional Manager' in this company.

He is working at middle level management and the functions performed by him are: 

1. Interpretation of policies framed by top management to lower level. 

2. Organizing the activities of their department.

3. Control and instruct the employees.

4. Coordinate with other departments like finance, marketing etc



Raman is working as 'Plant Superintendent' in Tifco Ltd. Name the managerial level at which he is working. State any four functions he will perform as 'Plant Superintendent' in this company.

He is working at middle-level management and the functions performed by him are: 
1. Interpretation of policies framed by top management to lower level. 
2. Organizing the activities of their department.
3. Control and instruct the employees.
4. Coordinate with other departments like finance, marketing, etc.



Is management a 'Science'? Give any three reasons in support of your answer.

Management is considered as a social science and not science two of the features of science is present in management and two of them are not present in management:  

1. Management has a systematic body of knowledge as in science. 

2. Management principles are based on repeated experiments as in science. 

3. Scientific principles are derived on the basis of logical and scientific observation which is not present in management. 

4. Scientific principles have universal validity and application whereas management principles have personalized application. 



"Coordination is the orderly-arrangement of group efforts to provide unity of action in the pursuit of common purpose." In the light of this statement, explain the nature of coordination.

Coordination in management refers to bringing together the activities and resources of organisation and bringing harmony in them in order to achieve the organisation objectives. The nature of coordination are: 

(a) Coordination is a continuous function as it is never ending because manager works continuously to achieve coordination and maintain coordination because without it the organisation cannot function efficiently. 

(b) Coordination is an all pervasive function: Coordination is a universal function because it is required at all the levels of management, in all the departments and to perform all functions due to interdependence of various activities on each other. 

(c) Coordination is a deliberate function as every manager tries to coordinate the activities of the organisation to avoid confusion and chaos in the organisation. 



Dheeraj is working as 'Operation Manager' in Tifco Ltd. Name the managerial level at which he is working. State any four functions he will perform as 'Operation Manager' in this company.

He is working at the lower level of management and the functions performed by him are: 
1. Representing the problems ad the grievances of workers before the middle level management.
2. Maintaining good working condition and developing healthy relations between superior and subordinate. 
3. Looking to the safety of the workers in the organisation. 
4. Maintaining the precise standard of quality and ensure steady flow of output by the organisation. 


Is management an 'Art'? Give any three reasons in support of your answer.

Management is an art as all the following features of art is present in management: 

1. Management has a systematic body of knowledge as in  art.

2. Management requires personalized application as in art.

3. Management is based on practice and creativity as required in art.



"Coordination is synchronisation of group efforts to achieve organisaional objectives." In the light of this statement, highlight any five features of coordination,

Any five features of coordination are: 
1. Coordination integrates group efforts by integrating the activities performed by the individual towards a common direction. 
2. Coordination is a continuous function as it is never ending because manager works continuously to achieve coordination and maintain coordination because without it the organisation cannot function efficiently. 

3. Coordination is an all pervasive function: Coordination is a universal function because it is required at all the levels of management, in all the departments and to perform all functions due to interdependence of various activities on each other. 

4. Coordination is a deliberate function as every manager tries to coordinate the activities of the organisation to avoid confusion and chaos in the organisation. 

5. Coordination is the responsibility of all managers and not just the top level management in an organisation. 



Explain any five characteristics of co-ordination.

Five features of coordination are: 

1. Coordination integrates group efforts by integrating the activities performed by the individual towards a common direction. 

2. Coordination is a continuous function as it is never ending because manager works continuously to achieve coordination and maintain coordination because without it the organization cannot function efficiently. 

3. Coordination is an all pervasive function: Coordination is a universal function because it is required at all the levels of management, in all the departments and to perform all functions due to interdependence of various activities on each other. 

4. Coordination is a deliberate function as every manager tries to coordinate the activities of the organization to avoid confusion and chaos in the organization. 

5. Coordination is the responsibility of all managers and not just the top level management in an organisation. 



Explain any five features of management.

Any five features of management are:

1. Management is a goal-oriented process as it leads to the achievement of common goals. 

2. Management is pervasive in nature and has a universal phenomenon. 

3. Management is multi-dimensional as it is required to manage work, people, and operations,

4. Management is a continuous process because it is performed continuously in the organization.

5. Management is a dynamic function as it keeps on changing according to the changes taking place in the environment.



What is meant by 'Management'? Explain its any three features that establish it as an art.

Management is the process of getting things done with the aim of achieving goals effectively and efficiently.
Three features that establish it as art are:
(i) Existence of theoretical knowledge: As in art, in management too, there is a lot of literature available in various areas of management that the manager has to specialize in.
(ii) Personalised application: Like in any art, in management too, a manager applies his acquired knowledge in a personalized and unique manner. This gives rise to a different style of management.
(iii) Based on practice and creativity: Management satisfies this criteria as a manager gains experience through regular practice and become more effective.


Is Management concerned only with doing the right task, completing activities and achieving goals without taking into consideration the cost benefit? Give reason in support of your answer.

Management is not always concerned only with doing the right task, completing activities, and achieving goals without taking into consideration the cost-benefit. The objective of the management is to get things done in the least time and at the least cost.



Explain any five characteristics of management.

Following are the characteristics of management: 
a. Management is a goal-oriented process which unites the efforts of different individuals in the organization towards achieving these goals. 
b. Management is all pervasive as the activities involved in managing an enterprise are common to all organizations whether economic, social or political. 
 c. Management is multidimensional as it is a complex activity that has three dimensions: Management of work, Management of people, Management of operations. 
d. Management is a process consisting of continuous, composite, but separate functions. 
e. Management is a group activity which ensures team work and coordination of individual effort in a common direction.


Give the meaning of management and explain how it 'creates a dynamic organisation' and 'helps in the development of society.'

Management creates a dynamic organisation as it includes goal, objectives and other activities which keeps on changing according to the changes taking place in the business environment.

Management helps in development of the society as efficient management in an organisation helps in meeting the social obligation of the organisation towards different groups like employees, customers, suppliers etc. It even helps in contributing a sufficient percentage in the Gross Domestic Product(GDP) of an economy. 



XYZ  Power Ltd. set up a factory for manufacturing solar lanterns in a remote village as there was no reliable supply of electricity in rural area. The revenue earned by the company was sufficient day by day, so the company decided to increase production to generate higher sales. For this they decided to employ people from the nearby villlages as very few job opportunities were available in that area. The company also decided to open schools and creches for the children of its employees.
(i) Identify and explain the objectives of management discussed above
(ii) State any two values which the company wanted to communicate to the society.

(i) The objectives of the management discussed above are: 

A. Organisational objectives of management:

1. Survival and growth of the organisation.

2. Profit Maximization

B. Social objectives of management: 

1. Supply of quality products at a reasonable rate. 

2. Contribution towards desirable civic activities.


(ii) Any two values which the company wanted to communicate to the society are: 

1. Importance of education by opening schools.

2. Importance of eradicating poverty by employing people from village. 




"Success of every organisation depends upon its management." Explain any five reasons to justify the above statement.

Success of every organisation depends upon its management as: 

1. Management helps in achieving group goal.

2. Management improves efficiency by minimizing the wastage of resources that is time, money and effort. 

3. Management creates a dynamic organisation which adapt the changing business environment.

4. Management helps in achieving personal objectives.

5. Management helps in development of the society.



"Management is regarded as an Art by some, as Science or as an inexact Science by others. The truth seems to be somewhere in between." In the light of this statement, explain the true nature of management.

Management is considered both as an art as well as a science because: 

1. Management has a systematic body of knowledge as in science and art.

2. Management principles are based on repeated experiments as in science. 

3. Management requires personalized application as in art.

4. Management is based on practice and creativity as required in art. 



One Mark Question:
What is important while analyzing deviations in controlling?

While analysing deviations, it is important to determine the acceptable range of deviations/KRA (Key Result Areas)


Hina Sweets is a renowned name for quality sweets sinceHarsh, the owner of Hina Sweets was worried as the sales had declined during the last three months. When he enquired from the Sales Manager, the Sales Manager reported that there were some complaints about the quality of sweets. Therefore Harsh ordered for sample checking of sweets.
Identify the step taken by Harsh that is related to one of the functions of management.

 Measure Actual Performance:

Most organizations prepare formal reports of performance measurements both quantitative and qualitative (where quantification is not possible) that the managers review regularly. These measurements should be related to the standards set in the first step of the control process.
For example, if sales growth is a target, the organization should have a means of gathering and reporting sales data. Data can be collected through personal observation (through management by walking around the place where things are happening), statistical reports (made possible by computers), oral reporting (through conferencing, one-to-one meeting, or telephone calls), written reporting (comprehensive and concise, accounting information – normally a combination of all. To be of use, the information flow should be regular and timely.


Answer the following question.
Draw a neat diagram of level of management.






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Answer the following question in $$2$$ or $$3$$ sentences.
What is management?

 Management is a set of principles relating to the functions of planning, organizing, directing and controlling, and the application of these principles in harnessing physical, financial, human and informational resources efficiently and effectively to achieve organizational goals. 


Answer the following question in $$20$$ to $$30$$ sentences.
Explain the features of management.

Management is an activity concerned with guiding human and physical resources such that organizational goals can be achieved. Nature of management can be highlighted as: -

Management is Goal-Oriented: The success of any management activity is assessed by its achievement of the predetermined goals or objective. Management is a purposeful activity. It is a tool which helps use of human & physical resources to fulfill the pre-determined goals. For example, the goal of an enterprise is maximum consumer satisfaction by producing quality goods and at reasonable prices. This can be achieved by employing efficient persons and making better use of scarce resources.
Management integrates Human, Physical and Financial Resources: In an organization, human beings work with non-human resources like machines. Materials, financial assets, buildings etc. Management integrates human efforts to those resources. It brings harmony among the human, physical and financial resources.
Management is Continuous: Management is an ongoing process. It involves continuous handling of problems and issues. It is concerned with identifying the problem and taking appropriate steps to solve it. E.g. the target of a company is maximum production. For achieving this target various policies have to be framed but this is not the end. Marketing and Advertising is also to be done. For this policies have to be again framed. Hence this is an ongoing process.
Management is all Pervasive: Management is required in all types of organizations whether it is political, social, cultural or business because it helps and directs various efforts towards a definite purpose. Thus clubs, hospitals, political parties, colleges, hospitals, business firms all require management. When ever more than one person is engaged in working for a common goal, management is necessary. Whether it is a small business firm which may be engaged in trading or a large firm like Tata Iron & Steel, management is required everywhere irrespective of size or type of activity.
Management is a Group Activity: Management is very much less concerned with individual’s efforts. It is more concerned with groups. It involves the use of group effort to achieve predetermined goal of management of ABC & Co. is good refers to a group of persons managing the enterprise.


Answer the following question in $$2$$ or $$3$$ sentences.
What is meant by co-ordination?

Co-ordination is the unification, integration, synchronization of the efforts of group members so as to provide unity of action in the pursuit of common goals. It is a hidden force which binds all the other functions of management. According to Mooney and Reelay, “Co-ordination is orderly arrangement of group efforts to provide unity of action in the pursuit of common goals”. According to Charles Worth, “Co-ordination is the integration of several parts into an orderly hole to achieve the purpose of understanding”.


Answer the following question in a sentence or a word.
Give an example for top level management.

The board of directors, president, vice-president, and CEO are all examples of top-level managers. These managers are responsible for controlling and overseeing the entire organization. They develop goals, strategic plans, company policies, and make decisions on the direction of the business.


State the basic features of management as a profession.

The features of management as a profession are:
1. Well-defined body of knowledge: Management has a well-defined body of knowledge as in the profession.
2. Restrict entry: Management has restricted entry through an examination or degree as in profession.


Das is the Managing Director of Gamut Ltd., manufacturing different varieties of cheese. He has an efficient team working under him consisting of Rajat - the Production manager, Vinay - the Marketing manager and Adit - the Finance manager. They understand and interpret the policies made by Das, ensure that their departments have adequate manpower, assign them the necessary duties and motivate
them to achieve the desired objectives.
State one more function other than those mentioned above, that this
team may perform at the level they are working.

The team belongs to Middle Level Management. Their function can include - Participation in employment and training program of lower level management as per the objectives set by Das.


What is the meaning of Psychology?

Psychology is the science that seeks to measure, explain, and sometimes change the behavior of humans and other animals. Today's managers confront both a diverse customer base and a diverse set of employees. Psychologists' efforts to understand gender and cultural diversity provide managers with a better perception of the needs of their changing customer and employee populations. Psychology courses are also relevant to managers to have a better understanding of motivation, leadership, trust, employee selection, performance appraisals, and training techniques.


Answer the following question.
Assuming that you are the manager, of an organisation, draw the neat diagram of different levels of management to specify that authority responsibility relationships create different levels of management.



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Name any two important characteristics of management.

Two important characteristics of management are-
 1. Management is a continuous process- It is a never-ending process. It is concerned with constantly identifying the problem and solving them by taking adequate steps. It is an ongoing process.
 2. Management is pervasive- Management is required in all types of organizations whether it is political, social, cultural, or business because it helps and directs various efforts towards a definite purpose. 


Answer the following question in $$20$$ to $$25$$ sentences.
Management is considered to be both an art and a science. Explain.


Management is a Science as well as Art
Science teaches us to know while art teaches us to do.

In order to be successful, managers have to know and do things effectively and efficiently. This requires a unique combination of both science and art of managing in them.

It may, however, be said that the art of managing begins where the science of managing stops.

Since the science of managing is imperfect, the manager must turn to the artistic managerial ability to perform a job satisfactorily.

Thus, it may be said that managing in practice is definitely an art but the body of knowledge, methods, principles, etc. underlying the practice is science.

Even some people might have a different opinion regarding this matter. But as a matter of fact, the art and science of managing are not so much conflicting as complementary


Explain the meaning of coordination.

Coordination is the force that binds all the other functions of management. It is the common thread that runs through all activities such as purchase, production, sales, and finance to ensure the continuity of the organization. Coordination is sometimes considered a separate function of management.


What is the meaning of Anthropology?

Anthropology is the study of societies, which helps us learn about human beings and their activities. Anthropologists' work on cultures and environments, for instance, has helped managers to better understand differences in fundamental values, attitudes, and behavior between people in different countries and within different organizations.


What is the meaning of Sociology?

Sociology is the study of people in relation to their fellow human beings. Here are a few sociological issues that have relevance to managers. How are societal changes such as globalization, increasing cultural diversity, changing gender roles, and varying forms of family life affecting organizational practices? What are the implications of schooling practices and education trends on future employees' skills and abilities? Answers to questions such as these have a major impact on how managers operate their business.


What is the meaning of philosophy?

Philosophy courses inquire into the nature of things, particularly values and ethics. Ethics are standards that govern human conduct. These ethics have shaped today's organizations by providing a basis for legitimate authority, linking rewards to performance, and justifying the existence of business and the corporate form.


What is meant by co-ordination? State its any four features.

Coordination is the orderly arrangement of the efforts  of the group or a department to provide unity of action in pursuit of common goal or objective of the company 
The importance of Coordination are:
(1) Growth in Size:
 As the organization grows, the number of people in the organization also increases. coordination helps to unify the objectives of these individuals working for the organization.
(2) Functional Differentiation :
Different departments int he organization have their own policies and objectives, coordination helps to integrate various efforts and activities of the departments.
(3) Continuous process:
Coordination is a continuous process and not a one time task to keep the smooth functioning of the organization.
(4) All persuasive function:
Coordination is an all persuasive function as there has to be a sense of coordination in all the functions of the business be it planning or controlling.



Describe any four characteristics of 'co-ordination'. 

The following are the characteristics of co-ordination:
(a) Co-ordination integrates group efforts: Coordination unifies unrelated or diverse interests into purposeful work activity. It gives a common focus to the group efforts to ensure that performance is the same as it was planned and scheduled.
(b) Co-ordination ensures the unity of action: The purpose of co-ordination is to secure unity of action in the realization of a common purpose. It acts as the binding force between different departments and ensures that all action is aimed at achieving the goals of the organization.
(c) Co-ordination is a continuous process: Coordination is not a one-time function but a continuous process. It begins at the planning stage and continues till controlling.
(d) Co-ordination is a pervasive function: Co-ordination is required at all levels of management due to the interdependent nature of activities of various departments. It integrates the efforts of different departments and different levels.


Class 12 Commerce Business Studies Extra Questions