Class 8 General Knowledge - World History

How was a socialist state established by Lenin? Explain.
Or
How were women perceived in Nazi Germany? Explain.

A socialist state was established by Lenin in the following ways:
(i) Centralized planning with a system of five years plan.
(ii) Private property were abolished and property was socially controlled.
(iii) An extended schooling system was developed.
Or
The ways women perceived in Nazi Germany were as follows:
(i) Children in Nazi Germany were told that women were radically different from men.
(ii) The fight for equal rights for men and women that had become part of democratic struggles everywhere was wrong and it would destroy society. While boys were taught to be aggressive, masculine and steel hearted, girls were told that they had to become good mothers and real pure-blooded Aryan children.
(iii) Girls had to maintain the purity of the race, distance themselves from Jews, look after the home, and teach their children Nazi values. They had to be the bearers of the Aryan culture and race.
(iv) In Nazi Germany, women who bore racially desirable children were rewarded with concession in shops, on theatre tickets and railway fares. They were also given favoured treatment in hospitals. Women those who produced racially undesirable children were punished.
(v) All 'Aryan' women who deviated from the prescribed code of conduct were publicly condemned and severely punished.

Fill in the blanks.

The government introduced the __________ reforms in 1909.

The Government introduced the Morley-Minto Reforms or Minto-Morley Reforms in 1909.

The Indian Councils Act 1909 or Morley-Minto Reforms or Minto-Morley Reforms was passed by British Parliament in 1909 in an attempt to widen the scope of legislative councils, placate the demands of moderates in Indian National Congress and to increase the participation of Indians the governance. This act got royal assent on 25 May 1909.

Name the major island groups lying in the Arabian Sea. Explain any two major features of it.

Lakshadweep Island group is located in Arabian Sea.
Features:
(i) This group of Islands is made up of small corals.
(ii) Earlier they were known as Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindive.

Why did Japan surrender to the allied powers in 1945?

By the middle of 1945, the war in Europe was over, and it was clear that the Japanese could hold no reasonable hope of victory. After years of grueling battle, fighting island to island across the Pacific, Japan’s Navy and Air Force were all but destroyed.

The production of materiel was faltering, completely overmatched by American industry, and the Japanese people were starving. A full-scale invasion of Japan itself would mean hundreds of thousands of dead GIs, and, still, the Japanese leadership refused to surrender.But in early August 66 years ago, America unveiled a terrifying new weapon, dropping atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. In a matter of days, the Japanese submitted, bringing the fighting, finally, to a close.

Explain the role played by women in France during the revolutionary years.

The role of women in France during the revolutionary years were:
(i) Women started their own political clubs and newspapers.
(ii) They demanded the right to vote.
(iii) They demanded to be elected to the Assembly and to hold political office.
(iv) The revolutionary Government introduced some laws for women.
(v) During the 'Reign of Terror', new Government ordered to close women's clubs and ban political activities.
(vi) women's movement for voting right continued through next two hundred years.
(vii) Women's struggle for equal political rights continued during the 'Reign of Terror'. The government banned their clubs and political activities. Many women got arrested. It was in 1946 that many women got the right to vote.

What would have happened in South Africa if the black majority had decided to take revenge from the whites for all their oppression and exploitation?

Violence would have erupted in South Africa. Bloodshed would have taken place. A great loss of life and property would have taken place.

Walesa soon emerged as a leader of the striking workers in Poland. Identify three qualities that helped him to lead the strike.

The values that helped Lech Walesa to lead the strike in Poland were:
(i) His ability to win the trust and confidence of the people.
(ii) His love for freedom and democracy.
(iii) His determination to provide justice to the people.

Who imposed martial law in Poland in 1981?

General Jaruzelski.

What changes were seen in Russia after October Revolution of 1917?
Or
Explain any five measures adopted by Hitler to establish dictatorship in Germany.

Changes were:
(a) Most industries and banks were nationalised in November 1917.
(b) Land was declared social property.
(c) In cities, Bolsheviks enforced the partition of large houses according to family requirements.
(d) Banned the use of the old titles of aristocracy.
(e) New uniforms were designed for the army and officials.
Or
Five measures are:
(i) After acquiring power, Hitler set out to dismantle the structure of democrat rule.
(ii) The Fire Decree of 28th February 1933 suspended the civic rights like freedom of speech, press and assembly.
(iii) Then he packed off the communists to newly established concentration camps.
(iv) On 3rd March 1933, the famous Enabling Act was passed which established dictatorship. It gave him all powers to sideline Parliament.
(v) All political parties and trade unions were banned. He controlled media, army and judiciary.

Examine the three common features of democratic countries.

Following are the features of democratic countries:
(i) Freedom of speech, expression and thought is another feature of democracy.
(ii) Elections are held at regular intervals and are fair and free.
(iii) The dignity of the individual is recognized.

Describe the status of the nobles in France before the revolution.

(i) The clergy and the nobles led a life of luxury and enjoyed numerous privileges.
(ii) On the other hand, the peasants and workers lived a wretched life.They groaned under heavy taxes and forced labour.
(iii) The middle-class comprising of lawyers, doctors, teachers, etc., also suffered humiliation at the hands of the clergy and the nobles. This state of social inequality was the chief cause of the French Revolution.

How did philosophers influence the thinking of the people of France?

Philosophers influenced the thinking of the people of France as :-
(i) They believed that mans' destiny was in his own hands.
(ii) Criticized the divine and absolute rights of rulers.
(iii)Idea of formation of government based on social contract between people and their representatives.
(iv) All powers should not be concentrated.

What was the vision of Robert Owen and Louis Blanc related to co-operatives? Explain.
Or
Explain the circumstances under which Nazism became popular in Germany.

View of Robert Owen:

(i) He sought to build a co-operatives community called New Harmony in Indiana (USA)
View of Louis Blanc:
(i) In France, Blanc wanted the government to encourage co-operative and replace capitalist enterprises.
(ii) These co-operatives were two associations of people who produced goods together and divided the profits according to the work done by members.
Or
(i) Mass movement during the Great Depression.
(ii) Hitler was a great orator.
(iii) Promised to build strong nation.
(iv) Restore dignity of the Germans.
(v) Weed out all foreign influence.
(vi) Nazis held massive rallies, Public meetings as to show strength and confidence for Hitler.
(vii) Red banners, applause, Nazi salute were part of spectacle of power.
(viii) Hitler projected as Messiah or Savior.
Detailed Answer:
Circumstances under which Nazism became popular were:
(i) Hitler was a great orator. His passion and words moved people.
(ii) He promised to build strong nation.
(iii) He promised to restore dignity of the Germans and to undo the injustice of the Treaty of Versailles.
(iv) He promised employment for those looking for work and a secure future for the youth.
(v) He promised to weed out all foreign influences and resist all foreign conspiracies against Germany.
(vi) Hitler devised a new style of politics. Nazis held massive rallies and public meetings as to show the strength and confidence for Hitler.
(vii) The Red banners with the Swastika, ritualized rounds of applause and the Nazi salute after the speeches were all part of this spectacle of power.
(viii) Nazi propaganda projected Hitler as a Messiah or a Savior.

Evaluate the importance of the following years in concern with French Revolution, 1774, 1789, 1791, 1804 and 1815.

The importance of the following years in concern with French Revolution:

(i) 1774 - Louis XVI ascended the throne of France. He believed in the Divine Right Theory of Kings, had no respect for freedom of liberty, because of his empty treasure he began to impose heavy taxes which were disliked by his own people also.

(ii) 1789 - French Revolution started and storming of Bastille. Estates Generals were called together by Louis XVI to pass proposals for new taxes.

(iii) 1791 - The Third Estate, which assumed the name of the National Assembly framed a new Constitution for France in 1791. Abolished the rights of the privileged classes, declaration of the rights of man and the citizen.

(iv) 1804 - Napoleon became the Emperor of France. He set out to conquer neighbouring European countries. He conquered Europe and saw his role as a modernizer of Europe.

(v) 1815 - Napoleon was defeated in the battle of Waterloo. Many of his measures, that carried the revolutionary ideas of liberty and modern laws to other parts of Europe, had an impact on people long after Napoleon had left.

"Robespierre's rule in France was known as the Reign of Terror." Justify the statement.

This statement justifies:
(i) The period from 1793 to 1794 is referred to as the 'Reign of Terror'. Robespierre followed a policy of severe control and punishment.
(ii) All those whom he saw as being 'enemies' of the republic-ex-nobles and clergy, members of other political parties, even members of his own party who did not agree with his methods were arrested, imprisoned and then tried by a revolutionary tribunal.
(iii) If the court found them 'guilty' they were guillotined.
(iv) Robespierre's government issued laws placing a maximum ceiling on wages and prices. Meat and bread were rationed. Peasants were forced to transport their grain to the cities and sell it at prices fixed by the government.
(v) Churches were shut down and their buildings converted into barracks or offices.

How has Japan become a developed country despite being poor in natural resources? Explain.

Japan became a developed country despite being poor in natural resources:
(i) They have invested in human resources.
(ii) They import the required resources for their industries.
(iii) Efficiency of the people has made the country rich.
(iv) The latest technology has helped in the development.
(v) They have invested in the field of health and education.

State one different idea each of liberals, radicals and conservatives.
Or
Name the country that defeated Germany in the First World war. State two effects of defeat in Germany.

Different ideas are as follows:
(i) Liberals believed in changing society, thought that only propertied men should have right to vote.
(ii) Radicals believed in rule of majority, supported women's right to vote.
(iii) Conservatives approved both liberals and radicals, accepted the change but believed that past has to be respected.
Or
US joined the Allies in 1917 and defeated Germany and the Central Powers.
(i) The defeat of Germany resulted in the abdication of German Emperor. This gave an opportunity for the parliamentary parties to bring a change in German politics.
(ii) A democratic constitution with a federal structure was formed by the National Assembly, which met at Weimar and the Weimar Republic came into existence.

Who led the military coup in Chile on 11th September 1973?

General Augusto Pinochet.

Describe the circumstances that led to the outbreak of revolutionary protest in France.

Social factors:
(i) Division of French Society into three Estates.
(ii) 60% of land owned by nobles, church and rich members of the First and Second Estate.
(iii) All taxes paid by the members of the Third Estate and the first two Estates, i.e., clergy and nobility exempted from taxes.
Political factors:
(iv) Louis XVI, an Autocratic ruler.
(v) Depleted treasury by extravagant living and financial help to 13 American colonies.
(vi) To meet the regular expenses of administration started taxing the Third Estate and even increased the taxes.

Explain the economic and social conditions of Russia before the Revolution of 1905.
Or
State any three major effects of the First World War in Germany.

Socio-economic condition of Russia before the Revolution of 1905:
(i) About 85 percent of the Russian population earned their living from agriculture.
(ii) Industry was found in pockets and craftsman took much of the production.
(iii) Most industries were the private property of industrialists.
(iv) In craft units and small workshops, the working day was sometimes 15 hours.
(v) Accommodation varied from rooms to dormitories.
(vi) Workers were divided in social groups.
(vii) Women made up 31 percent of the factory Inborn and were paid less.
Three major effects of the First World War in Germany are:
(i) World War I, ended with the Allies defeating Germany and the Central Powers in November 1918. The Peace Treaty at Versailles with the Allies was a harsh and humiliating Treaty. Germany lost its overseas colonies, a tenth of its population, 13 percent of its territories, 75 percent of its iron and 26 percent of its coal to France, Poland, Denmark and Lithuania.
(ii) The Allied Powers demilitarized Germany to weaken its power. Germany was forced to pay compensation amounting to 6 billion.
(iii) The Allied armies also occupied the resource-rich Rhineland.

Which freedoms are usually taken away when a democracy is overthrown by military?

Following freedoms are usually taken away when a democracy is overthrown by military:
(i) People have no right of freedom of speech. For example, women of Calama in Chile.
(ii) People have no right to form associations or trade unions. For example, a case of crane operator and electrician in Poland.
(iii) The people do not have freedom to organize protests and express opinions.
(iv) People have no right to have free elections. For example, a case of Poland before the dawn of democracy.
(v) The life of the people is at the mercy of the ruler. In Chile, about 3,000 people were killed by the military.

Describe how did abolition of slavery become possible in France?

Abolition of slavery became possible in France by the following ways:
(i) The slave trade began in the 18th century The National Assembly held long debates about whether the rights of man should be extended to all French subjects including those in the colonies.
(ii) Convention in 1794 legislated to free all slaves in the French overseas possessions.
(iii) However, Napoleon reintroduced slavery.
Finally slavery was abolished in 1848.

Can the citizens of the country turn a simple democracy into a good democracy? Give five reasons in support of your arguments.

The citizens of the country can turn a simple democracy into good democracy by the following ways:
(i) What we do as citizens can make a difference in making our country more or less democratic.
(ii) This is the strength and weakness of democracy.
(iii) The fate of our country depends on not only what rulers do but also on what we as citizens do.
(iv) Citizens can take part in politics.
(v) Democracy depends on active political participation of all citizens.

State any five causes for the empty treasury of France under Louis XVI.

Five causes for the empty treasury of France under Louis XVI are:

(i) Long years of war had drained the financial resources of France.
(ii) High cost of maintenance of immense palace of Versailles and court.
(iii) Under Louis XVI France helped the thirteen American colonies to gain independence.
(iv) War added to a debt.
(v) Lenders began to barge high interest on loans.

Describe the views of Radicals.
Or
What is Nazism? How did it become popular in Germany? Explain.

The views of Radicals are as follows:
(i) The group who wanted to bring about immediate social change in Russia were radicals.
(ii) They wanted a government on the majority of country's population.
(iii)They were against private properties.
Or
Nazism was a political system started by Hitler in Germany akin to dictatorship and fascism. It propagated hatred for the Jews.
Reasons for popularity:
(i) Unstable political condition after World War-I.
(ii) Unjust Treaty of Versailles.
(iii) Hitler's charismatic personality.

What are the main objectives of Liberals in Russia?

The main objectives of Liberals are as follows:
(i) They expected a nation which tolerated all the religions.
(ii) They opposed the uncontrolled powers of dynastic rules.
(iii) They wanted to safeguard the right to individual against government.
(iv) They did not believe in universal adult franchise as they were not democrats.
(v) Liberals argued for a representative elected by the government. They were subjected to laws interrupted by a well-trained judiciary that was independent of rulers and officials.
(vi) In the parts of Europe, where independent nation states did not yet exist. For example, Germany, Italy, etc.

Evaluate the status of women in France before the revolution.

Most women of the Third Estate had to work for the living.
(i) They worked as seamstresses or laundresses, sold flowers, fruits and vegetables at the market or were employed as domestic servants.
(ii) They did not have access to education or job training.
(iii) Only daughters of Nobles or wealthier members of the Third Estate could study at a convent.
(iv) Working women had also to care for the families.
(v) Their wages were lower than those of men.

Analyse three reasons to prove the popularity of solidarity in Poland.

The three reasons to prove the popularity of solidarity in Poland were:
(a) Solidarity was the first trade union formed in any communist state with one crore members within a year.
(b) Strikes were organized in 1988 as many members were put in prison.
(c) During free elections 1989, it contested for 100 seats of the Senate and won 99 of them.

Describe the importance of Battle of Stalingard in the Second World War.
Or
Mention five important consequences of Nazism in Germany.

Importance of Battle of Stalingard in the Second World War:
(i) The battle of Staling&rd was fought between Russia and Germany on Russian territory.
(ii) This battle is considered important because it marked the defeat of Germany and Hitler along with Nazi party.(iii) Hitler had signed a non-aggression treaty with Russia in August 1939 A.D. Since he did not have faith in Russia, he considered Russia as a vital threat to Nazi Germany.
(iv) Hitler also had imperial designs on the fertile Ukraine Basin and its mines.
(v) He also wanted to Europeanize the area of the Asian Steppe.
(vi) Due to the above mentioned reasons, Hitler violated the Pact of 1939 and attacked Russia from three sides.
(vii) This led to a battle in Stalingard near Moscow.
(viii) The Germany failed to capture Stalingard due to lack of preparation of German soldiers against heavy rains and frosts in the month of October.(ix) This led to failure of Hitler's campaign.
(x) In all, Hitler exposed the German Western front to British aerial bonding. Eastern front was exposed to powerful Soviet Army. In this battle, Germany suffered a lot and Soviet hegemony was established over entire Eastern Europe.
Or
Consequences of Nazism:
(i) All schools were cleansed and purified. Teachers who were Jews were dismissed.
(ii) Children were segregated, i.e., Germans and Jews could not sit or play together. Undesirable children-Jews, handicapped were thrown out of the schools.
(iii) School text books were re-written and social science was introduced. Children were taught to be loyal and submissive, hate Jews and worship Hitler.
(iv) Jews were the worst sufferers as they were treated very badly.
(v) They were classified as undesirable. They were considered as racial inferiors.
(vi) They were widely prosecuted. They were stereotyped as killers of Christ and usurers.
(vii) They were banned from owing land. They lived in separately marked areas.

Why were images and symbols used in the eighteenth century France?

The majority of men and women in the eighteenth century France could not read or write.

So images and symbols were frequently used instead of printed words to communicate important ideas.

What happened in France on 21 September 1792?

On 21 September 1792, the newly elected assembly called the convention, abolished the monarchy and declared France a republic.

Mention two characteristics of the middle class who emerged in the eighteenth century.

(I) They were educated.
(ii) They believed that no group in society should be privileged by birth.

Why Pakistan under General Musharraf cannot be called a democracy? State any five reasons.

Reasons why Pakistan under General Musharaff cannot be called a Democracy:
(i) People in Pakistan have elected representatives to the National and Provincial Assemblies but those elected representatives are not the real leaders.
(ii) The power to take final decisions rests with army officials and General Musharraf.
(iii) They formally have an elected Parliament and government The work of the Civilian Cabinet is supervised by the National Security Council which is dominated by military officials.
(iv) The real powers in Pakistan are with military officers and not with locally elected representatives.

When was slavery finally abolished in French colonies?

Slavery was finally abolished in French colonies in 1848.

What did Robespierre's government do to bring equality in France?

(i) The use of more expensive white flour was forbidden, all citizens were required to eat the pain d'egalite (equality bread), a loaf made of whole wheat.
(ii) All French men and women were now Citoyen and Citoyenne (citizen).

What consequences did Louis XVI and his queen face after France became a republic in 1792?

Louis XVI was sentenced to death by a court on the charge of treason.

On 21 January 1793, he was executed publicly at the Place de la Concorde.

The queen Marie Antoinette met with the same fate shortly after.

What was one of the most revolutionary social reforms of the Jacobin regime?

One of the most revolutionary social reforms of the Jacobin regime was the abolition of slavery in the French colonies.

When was censorship abolished in France? What was its immediate effect?

Censorship was abolished in 1789.

Soon afterwards, newspapers, pamphlets, books and printed pictures flooded the towns of France from where they travelled rapidly into the countryside.

Which period is known as the Reign of Terror in the history of France?
Give reasons.

After the execution of Louis XVI and his queen Marie Antoinette in 1793 started the reign of terror which continued till 1794. Its leader was Maximillian Robespierre.

He followed a policy of severe control and punishment. All those whom he saw as being 'enemies' of the republic ex-nobles and clergy, members of other political parties, even members of his own party who did not agree with his method were arrested, imprisoned and then tried by a revolutionary tribunal. If the court found them guilty, they were guillotined.

Thus, in Robespierre's policies there was no scope of moderation. Even his supporters got tired of them in due course. Finally, he was convicted by a court in July 1794, arrested and on the next day sent to the guillotine.

What role did the philosophers play in the French Revolution?

(i) The philosophers played an important role in the French Revolution. They inspired the common mass of France with their revolutionary ideas and prepared them to fight against injustices.
(ii) They did not believe in the doctrine of the divine and absolute right of the monarch. In his Two Treatises of Government John Locke refuted this doctrine strongly.
(iii) Rousseau carried the idea forward proposing a form of government based on a social contract between people and their representatives.
(iv) In The Spirit of the Laws, Montesquieu proposed a division of power within the government between the legislative, the executive and the judiciary.
(v) The ideas of these philosophers were discussed intensively in salons and coffee-houses and spread among people through books and newspapers. These were frequently read aloud in groups for the benefit of those who were illiterate. Thus, the philosophers contributed a lot in bringing of the French Revolution.

Why were images and symbols used in the eighteenth century France? What do the following symbols stand for?
(i) The broken chain
(ii) The eye within a triangle radiating light
(iii) The Law Tablet
(iv) The bundle of rods of fasces

Literacy was very low in the 18th century France. Majority of men and women could not read or write. So images and symbols were frequently used instead of printed words to communicate the content of the Declaration of Rights. The following symbols conveyed different ideas :
(i) The broken chain: Chains were used to fetter slaves. A broken chain stands for the act of becoming free.
(ii) The eye within a triangle radiating light: The all-seeing eye stands for knowledge. The rays of the sun will drive away the clouds of ignorance.
(iii) The Law Tablet: The law is the same for all and all are equal before it.
(iv) The bundle of rods or fasces: One rod can be easily broken, but not an entire bundle. This implies that strength lies in unity.

What was subsistence crisis? Mention two factors responsible for this crisis.

Subsistence crisis is an extreme situation where the basic means of livelihood are endangered. The Factors Responsible for this Type of Crises were:
(i) The population of France rose from about 23 million in 1715 to 28 million in 1789. This led to a rapid increase in the demand for foodgrains. Production of grains could not keep pace with the demand. So the price of bread which was the staple diet of the majority rose rapidly. Most worker were employed as labourers in workshops whose owner fixed their wages. But wages did not keep pace with the rise in prices. So, the gap between the poor and the rich widened.
(ii) Things became worse whenever drought or haul reduced the harvest. This led to a subsistence crisis.

What did the revolutionary government do to improve the condition of women in France?

The revolutionary government in the early years introduced several laws to improve the condition of women in France:
(i) State schools were created and schooling was made compulsory for all girls.
(ii) Women could no longer be forced to marry against their wishes.
(iii) Marriage was made into a contract, entered into freely and registered under civil law.
(iv) Divorce was made legal and could be applied for by both women and men.
(v) Women could now train for jobs, could become artists or run small businesses.

How can you hold Louis XVI responsible for preparing the background of the French Revolution?

(i) Louis XVI ascended the throne of France in 1774. He was just twenty years old at that time and was quite unaware of the problems of the common mass.
(ii) Upon his accession, the royal treasury was empty. Instead of curtailing his own extravaganza, he increased taxes. This brought severe dissatisfaction among the French people. Being pleasure-loving, he misused money on wasteful festivities.
(iii) His wife Marie Antoinette constantly interferred in the administration but the king never objected her. He lacked far-sightedness. This drawback of his personality made him a quite unpopular king.
(iv) He never took heed to the common man's demands. As a result, the French Revolution occurred and he and his wife were guillotined.

Describe in brief about Napoleon's rise and downfall in the history of France.

After Napoleon became the emperor of France in 1804, he set out to conquer neighbouring European countries, dispossessing dynasties and creating kingdoms where he placed members of his family.

He introduced several laws such as the protection of private property and a uniform system of weight and measures provided by the decimal system.

Thus, he began to be viewed as a liberator in the beginning. But very soon the Napoleonic armies lost their trust in people. They came to be regarded as an invading force and in 1815, he was finally defeated at Waterloo.

What was the condition of women in France before the Revolution?
Describe briefly.

Women in France did not avail respectable status in society. They were considered much inferior to men before the Revolution. Most of them of the third estate had to work for a living.

They worked as seamstresses or laundresses, sold flowers, fruits and vegetables at the market or were employed as domestic servants in the houses of wealthy people.

Most women did not have access to education or job training. Only daughters of nobles or weathier members of the third estate could get education.

Working women had to take care of their families. They had to cook, fetch water, queue up for bread and look after the children. Their wages were always lower than those of men.

What was the impact of the French Revolution on the colonised people in different countries of the world?

They reworked the idea of freedom from bondage into their movements to create a sovereign nation state.

Give a brief description of the third estate.

(i) The third estate was on the last rung of the French society. This estate was constituted of 'big businessmen, merchants, court officials, lawyers, peasants, artisans, landless labour and servants.
(ii) However, peasants made up about 90 per cent of the population and only a small number of them owned the land they cultivated.
(iii) The members of this estate had no political rights and social status. They were always under the burden of taxes. Here, it is worth mentioning that within this state one could see gross disparities. Some were very rich while others were very poor.
(iv) The rich, i.e. big businessmen, merchants, professionals etc. had access to education but the poor were always worried about their existence. They were victims of food scarcity.

Which were prominent industrial areas in Russia?

Prominent industrial areas in Russia were Petersburg and Moscow.

What changes came to be seen in the attitude of the conservatives by the nineteenth century?

By the nineteenth century, they accepted that some change was invitable but believed that the past had to be respected and change had to be brought about through a slow process.

What was the importance of the 'Tennis Court Swearing' in the French Revolution?

This was an important event in the French Revolution
(i) On 20 June, the representatives of the third estate assembled in the hall of an indoor tennis court in the grounds of Versailles.
(ii) These representatives declared themselves a National Assembly and swore not to disperse till they had drafted a constitution for France that limit the powers of the Monarch.
(iii) The National Assembly completed the draft of the constitution in 1791 as a result of which France finally became a republic in 1792. Monarchy was abolished for ever.

How was slavery finally abolished in France?

(i) In order to overcome the shortage of labour on the plantations, a triangular slave trade between Europe, Africa and the Americas began in the 17th century.

(ii) French merchants sailed from the ports of Bordeaux or Nantes to the African coast, where they bought slaves from local chieftains. Branded and shackled, the slaves were packed tightly into ships for the three-month long voyage across the Atalantic to the Caribbean. There they were sold to plantation owners. Thus, slave trade was deeply rooted in France.

(iii) Throughout the 18th century there was little criticism of slavery in France. The National Assembly held long debates about whether the rights of man should be extended to all French subjects including those in the colonies. But it did not pass any laws, fearing opposition from businessmen whose incomes depended on the slave trade. It was finally the Convention which in 1794 legislated to free all slaves in the French overseas possessions. This, however, did not last for long. After a decade, Napoleon reintroduced slavery in 1804 which was finally abolished in French colonies in 1848.

Which laws were introduced by revolutionary government to improve the condition of women in France?

Name the religion practised by the majority of Russians at the time of the Revolution.

Russian Orthodox Christianity

How did the Revolution affect everyday life of the people of France?

(i) The revolutionary ideas of the French Revolution i.e. equality and liberty changed the clothes people wore, the language they spoke and the books they read. Laws were passed to translate these ideals into everyday practice.
(ii) One important law that came into effect soon after the storming of the Bastille in 1789 was the abolition of censorship. In the Old Regime all written material and cultural activities could be published or performed only after they had been approved by the censors of the king.
(iii) Now the "Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen" proclaimed freedom of speech and expression to be a natural right. As a result, newspapers, pamphlets, books and printed pictures flooded the towns of France from where they travelled rapidly into the countryside. They all described and discussed the events and changes taking place in France.
(iv) Freedom of press also meant that opposing views of events could be expressed. Each side sought to convince the others of its position through the medium of print.
(v) Plays, songs and festive processions attracted large numbers of people. The visual and oral art forms became very popular among the common mass which could not read and write in the 18th century.
(vi) The majority of men and women could now easily understand the ideas ofequality, liberty and justice.
Thus, the everyday life of the French people was deeply affected by the revolution.

Discuss the effects of the abolition of censorship in France.

(i) The Declaration of the Rights of Man and citizen proclaimed freedom of speech and expression to be a natural right.

(ii) Newspapers, pamphlets, books and printed pictures flooded the towns of France from where they travelled rapidly into the countryside. They all described and discussed the events and changes taking place in France

(iii) Freedom of press also meant that opposing view of events could be expressed. Each side sought to convince the others of its position through the medium of print.

Describe the triangular slave trade that was carried on in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

(i) In order to overcome the shortage of labour on the plantations, a triangular slave trade between Europe, Africa and the Americas began in the 17th century.
(ii) French merchants sailed from the ports of Bordeaux or Nantes to the African coast, where they bought slaves from local chieftains. Branded and shackled, the slaves were packed tightly into ships for the three-month long voyage across the Atlantic to the Caribbean. There they were sold to plantation owners. Thus, slave trade was deeply rooted in France.
(iii) Throughout the 18th century there was little criticism of slavery in France. The National Assembly held long debates about whether the rights of man should be extended to all French subjects including those in the colonies. But it did not pass any laws, fearing opposition from businessmen whose incomes depended on the slave trade. It was finally the Convention which in 1794 legislated to free all slaves in the French overseas possessions. This, however, did not last for long. After a decade, Napoleon reintroduced slavery in 1804 which was finally abolished in French colonies in 1848.

France abolished monarchy and became a republic finally. How did it all happen? Describe in brief.

(i) Although Louis XVI signed the Constitution of 1791, he entered into secret negotiations with the King of Prussia. Rulers of other neighbouring countries too were worried by the developments in France and made plans to send troops to suppress the events that had been taking place since the summer of 1789.
(ii) But before this could happen, the National Assembly declared war against Prussia and Austria in 1792. Thousands of volunteers came from the provinces to join the army. They saw this as a war of the people against the king and aristocrats all over Europe.
(iii) The revolutionary war brought losses and economic difficulties to the people. Despite that large sections of the population were convinced that the revolution had to be carried further, as the Constitution of 1791 gave political rights only to the richer sections of society.
(iv) As a result, political clubs emerged. The most successful of these clubs was that of the Jacobins, who belonged to the less prosperous sections of society. Their leader was Maximillian Robespierre.
(v) In the summer of 1792 the Jacobins planned an insurrection of a large number of Parisians who were angered by the short supplies and high prices of food.
(vi) On August 10 they stormed the palace of the Tuileries, killed the king's guards and held the king himself as a hostage for several hours. Later the Assembly voted to imprison the royal family.
(vii) Elections were held. The newly elected assembly, called the Convention, abolished the monarchy and declared France a republic on 21 September, 1792.
(viii) Louis XVI was executed publicly at Place de la Concorde. The queen Marie Antoinette met with the same fate shortly after.

Mention two achievements of the Bolshevik Revolution of October 1917.

(i) Most industries and banks were nationalised.
(ii) Land was declared social property and peasants were allowed to seize the land of the nobility.

Mention two important events that took place in Russia in 1917.

(i) Abdication of the Tsar.
(ii) Bolshevik uprising in Petrograd.

The Bolsheviks introduced a process of centralised planning in Russia.
Mention two of its achievements.

(i) Centralised planning led to economic growth in Russia. Industrial production increased.
(ii) New factory cities came into being.

Mention one difference between Bolsheviks and Mensheviks.

Bolsheviks thought that the party should be disciplined and should control the number and quality of its members.

But Mensheviks thought that the party should be open to all.

What were the two causes that made the Russian autocracy unpopular?

(i) The Tsarina Alexandra's German origins.
(ii) Her poor advisers, especially a monk called Rasputin.

Who was the ruler of Russia in 1914?

In 1914, Tsar Nicholas II was the ruler of Russia.

How did socialists view private property?

(i) Socialists were against private property. They saw it as the root of all social ills of the time.

(ii) They argued that individuals owned the property that gave employment but the propertied were concerned only with personal gain and not with the welfare of those who made the property productive.

(iii) So, if society as a whole rather than single individuals controlled property, more attention would be paid to collective social interests.

(iv) Socialists wanted this change and campaigned for it.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION
Why did the Kerenskii government fall in Russia?

(i) There was severe conflict between Kerenskii's provisional government and the Bolsheviks. Lenin feared that Kerenskii would set up a dictatorship. In September, he began discussions for an uprising against the government. Bolshevik supporters in the army, soviets and factories were brought together.

(ii)On 16 October 1917, Lenin persuaded the Petrograd Soviet and the Bolshevik Party to agree to a socialist seizure of power. A military revolutionary committee was appointed by the Soviet under Leon Trotskii to organise the seizure. The date of the event was kept a secret.

(iii)The uprising began on 24 October. Military men loyal to Kerenskii's government seized the buildings of two Bolshevik newspapers. They were sent to take over telephone and telegraph offices and protect the Winter Palace.

(iv)The Military Revolutionary Committee acted swiftly. It ordered its supporters to seize government offices and arrest ministers. Late in the day, the ship Aurora shelled the Winter Palace Other vessels sailed down the Neva and took over various military points. By nightfall, the city was under the committee's control and ministers had surrendered.

(v)The Bolshevik action was approved by the All Russian Congress of Soviets in Petrograd. Uprisings took place in other cities too. And by December, the Bolsheviks controlled the Moscow-Petrograd area.

Who was the ruler of Russia at the time of the Bolshevik Revolution of October?

Kerenskii was the ruler of Russia at the time of the October Revolution.

What was the status of political parties in Russia before 1914?

All political parties were illegal in Russia before 1914.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION
Why was an International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg set-up at the end of the Second World War?

(i) At the end of the Second World War, an International Tribunal at Nuremberg was set up to persecute Nazi war criminals for crimes against peace, for war crimes and crimes against humanity.

(ii) Germany's conduct during the war, especially those actions which came to be called Crimes Against Humanity, raised serious moral and ethical questions and invited worldwide condemnation.

(iii) However, the Nuremberg Tribunal sentenced only eleven leading Nazis to death. Many others were imprisoned for life.

People in the early nineteenth century Europe wanted transformation of society. But not all of them wanted a complete transformation. Some thought that some change was necessary but wished for a gradual shift. Some wanted to restructure society radically. Thus, some were conservatives, others were liberals or radicals.
Which values are associated with these three terms?

Conservatives: They accepted that some change was inevitable but believed that the past had to be respected and change had to be brought about through a slow process. Thus, conservatives believed in a gradual shift.
Radicals: They wanted a nation in which government was based on the majority of a country's population. They were against the concentration of property in the hands of a few.
Liberals: They opposed the uncontrolled power of dynastic rulers. They wanted a nation which tolerated all religions.

Briefly trace process of Germany unification.

1) The process of unification of Germany: ... The middle-class Germans had tried to fight for a united nation governed by an elected parliament in 1848 but were repressed by the monarchy and military.

(ii) They united in 1848 to create a nation-state out of the numerous German states.

(iii) Prussia soon became the leader of German unification movement.

(iv) Chief Minister Otto von Bismarck was the architect of the process with support from Prussian army and Prussian bureaucracy.

(v) The unification process was completed after Prussia won wars with Austria, Denmark and France over seven years time.

vi) In January 1871, the Prussian king, William I, was proclaimed the German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles.

Describe two different kinds routes through which federation has been formed.

The two routes by which federations have been formed are as follow:-

The first route involves Independent States coming together to form a bigger unit, so that by pooling sovereignty and retaining identity they can increase their security. Ex: USA, Switzerland and Australia.
A large country divides its power between the constituent States and the national government. Ex: India, Spain and Belgium.

Explain what changes came to be seen in dress codes and how they expressed the idea of equality.

After the French Revolution there came concrete changes in dress codes. From now on,
(i) Both men and women began wearing clothing that was loose and comfortable.
(ii) The colours of France - blue, white and red - became popular as they were a sign of the patriotic citizen.
(iii) Other political symbols too became a part of dress: the red cap of liberty, long trousers and the revolutionary cockade pinned on to a hat.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION
How did the world come to know about the holocaust?

(i) Information about the Nazi practices came out of Germany during the last years of the regime. But, it was only after the war ended and Germany was defeated that the world came to realise the horrors of what had happened.
(ii) The Jews wanted the world to remember the killings and sufferings they had endured during the Nazi killing operations also called the Holocaust.
(iii) The documents left behind by ghetto and camp inhabitants, who wrote diaries, kept notebooks and created archives became the source of knowledge about the Holocaust.

Why did the US and its allies invade Iraq?

They suspected that Iraqis possessed secret nuclear weapons which posed a big threat to the world security.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTION
What was the global impact of the Russian Revolution?

(i) Russia became the first country to establish a communist state. Soon after it, communist parties were formed in many countries.

(ii) The Bolsheviks encouraged colonial peoples to follow their experiment.

(iii) Many non-Russians from outside the USSR participated in the Conference of the Peoples of the East (1920) and the Bolshevik-founded Comitern, an international union of pro-Bolshevik socialist parties. Some received education in the USSR's Communist University of the Workers of the East.

(iv)Socialism became popular by the time of the outbreak of the Second World War. By the end of the twentieth century, the international reputation of the USSR as a socialist country had declined though it was recognised that socialist ideals still enjoyed respect among its people. But in each country the ideas of socialism were rethought in a number of ways.

Which values were associated with the Swadeshi movement?

In 1905, Lord Curzon decided to partition Bengal to control the growing opposition to British rules. The Swadeshi movement developed in reaction to measure. Values associated with this movement:
i) British goods were boycotted.
ii) The use of Khadi was made patriotic duty.
iii) Women were urged to throw away their silks and glass bangles and wear simple shell bangles.
iv) Rough homespun was glorified in songs and poems.
v) People were urged to start their own industries for the manufacture of goods such as matchboxes and cigarettes.

What was the contribution of South Indian women in the novel writing?

The literacy rate of women from south India is high as compare to other part of the country. Due to high education and interest in reading and writing they started writing novels. Women were very practical and familiar with the problems faced by women, so they started writing novel about the problem of women and after reading the novels the general women became known to their problems and rebelled against the mens they break down all those restriction laid by men on womens and started sitting together with the mes.

What were the four pillars of Fascism?

Pillars of Fascism: Fascism rests on four pillars of charismatic leadership, Single party rule under dictator, terror and economic control.

Explain the role of opposition party in a democracy.

1. The opposition Party :The parties which do not get majority seats are called opposition parties.
2. Recognised opposition Party:The party which gets, majority seats in the Loksabha next to the ruling party is called the recognised opposition party.
3. Work of the opposition Party:The opposition party also functions in an effective manner. Their works is no less important than that of the ruling parties.
4. Role inside the Legislature:In a democracy, it is the responsibility, of the opposition party to check the functioning of the Government. The main duty of-the opposition party is to criticize the policies of the government. During the question hour, the opposition parties criticize, the government generally. Thus the opposition parties try to restrain the government from abusing its power.
5. Role outside the Legislature:The opposition parties attract the attention of the press and report their criticism of the government policy in the newspaper. Thus the role played by the opposition party outside the legislature prevents the government abusing and misusing the power.

Why did America declare war on Japan?

During Second World War, Japanese attacked American fleet stationed at Pearl Harbour on December $$7$$, $$1941$$. This disastrous attack forced the Americans to enter into the war. The very next day the USA declared war on Japan.

Write any five causes for the outbreak of Second World War.

1. Treaty of Versailles :
a. According to the treaty, Germany was stamped as an aggressor and levied a huge war indemnity.
b. She had been deprived of several territories which included Alsace and Lorraine.
c. The rich Saar coal mine was given to France for 15 years under free lease license.
d. German army was reduced. All these humiliating terms against Germany resulted in the Second World War.
2. Spirit of Nationalism :
a. The concepts like Germany for Germans, Italy of Italians led to tension.
b. Germany boosted superiority of German race on the earth.
c. When this crossed all limits it assumes alarming proportion.
3. Failure of League of Nations :
a. The big powers which dominated the league of Nations did not obey the terms and conditions of the League.
b. The League failed to prevent the race for the armament and preserving peace.
4. Rise of Japan:
a. Japan emerged as a world power after the first world war and followed the policy of imperialism.
b. It signed Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis and sowed the seeds for second world war.
5. Problem of Minorities:
a. After the first world war a number of new nations had been created but the principle of nationality was not followed.
b. Several countries like Poland, Austria and Czechoslovakia were formed by neglecting the interests of the minority groups.These are the causes for the outbreak of second world war.

Franklin D. Roosevelt.
(a) When was the Presidential Election held?
(b) How was Franklin D. Roosevelt commonly known as?
(c) What was his election manifesto?
(d) Name the policy formulated by him.

(a) In $$1932$$.
(b) Commonly known as FDR.
(c) "His election manifesto was "I pledge you, I pledge myself to a new deal for the Americans".
(d) The policy formulated by F.D. Roosevelt is known as 'New Deal'.

What were the causes for Imperialism ?

The following are the causes for the rise of Imperialism.
1. Industrial revolution :
Industrial revolution in European countries resulted in a great increase in production. They could not find market in Europe as they followed "Protective Trade Policy". The purchasing power of the people was also low due to capitalism. It also introduced a great progress in the means of transport and communication. The telegraph system linked the whole world and reduced great distances. The development or railways speeded up the movement of goods between colonies and the mother country so it was easier to bring raw materials and to take the finished goods to the markets in the interior parts of the colonies in Asia and Africa.
2. National security :
The sense of National Security and self sufficiency among the European political groups instigated colonial imperialism. The Presidents or Prime Ministers worked towards colonial imperialism owing to the influence of business or some other interest.
3. Nationalism :
The later part of the 19th Century saw extreme nationalistic ideals in Europe. Many nations developed pride over their race, culture and language and started feeling superior to other countries. They felt that acquisition of colonies would enhance the prestige of their nations. Imperialism became the fashion of the age. The Europeans felt that it was 'white man's burden' to civilise the backward and uncivilised native people of African and Asia.
4. Balance of Power :
The concept of Balance of power was one of the driving factors. European Nations were forced to acquire new colonies to achieve a balance with their neighbours and competitors.
5. Discovery of new routes :
The discovery of new routes of African and Asian continents promoted the spirit of imperialism. The discovery of sea routes paved the way for the traders and soldiers to exploit the abundant wealth of the countries.
6. Growth of population :
The population growth which resulted in unemployment and forced the Europeans to emigrate in search of new lands and careers abroad.
7. State of Anarchy :
There was no international organisation to enact and enforce laws for nations to maintain peace and security among countries before the First World War. This state of anarchy supported the colonial race.

Ambition of Germany:
(a) Who was the ruler of Germany during the First World War?
(b) What did he believe?
(c) What could not be tolerated by him?
(d) Where did he station a fleet?

(a) Kaiser William II
(b) Kaiser William II of Germany believed that his country alone was competent to rule the whole world.
(c) He could not tolerate the British saying that the sun never sets in British Empire.
(d) He stationed a fleet at Heligoland.

Fill in the blank with appropriate word to complete the sentence.
The name India was given by the Iranians and the ___________.

The name India was given by the Iranians and the greek.

Have you recently read or heard about any country attacking or going to war with another country?

Yes, recently I heard that United States has attacked Iraq.

What is the impact of industrial development in nineteenth century on European society

I simply wrote for you a few key points, please vote as the brainliest :
A structural change in the economy as the contribution of the agrarian sector to the economy reduced and that of the industrial and commercial sector increased;
Use of new sources of power which revolutionized production;
Shift to manufacturing on a large scale-in factories;
Technological innovations and;
New types of investment.

Why was Vicksburg key to the Union's Anaconda Plan?

Anaconda Plan was to encircle the Confederacy and squeeze the Confederacy to death by cutting off all outsides trade.
The union Navy set up a blockade all along the Atlantic Coast to block trade. The Union conquered the gulf ports of New Orleans and Mobile to block trade along the Gulf of Mexico.
The Confederacy till was able to trade through Mexico across the Mississippi River. Vicksburg was the key to controlling the Mississippi River. As long as the South held the fortress of Vicksburg the south retained control of a least part of the River.
When Vicksburg fell enciclement of the Confederacyby the Anaconda plan was complete.
The fall of Vicksburg combine with the defeat at Gettysburg sealed the fate of the Confederacy

Why was the Tet Offensive a turning point in the Vietnam War?

Before Tet American government and public were being told by the military that aggressive search and destroy tactics were winning the war.
When the Vietcong launched Tet, during the Chinese New Year in January $$1968$$, they switched their offensive to South Vietnam's cities.
Militarily Tet was a defeat for the communists but psychologically it was a victory. The imaged shown on American televisions including the Vietcong occupying the US embassy in Saigon, the destruction of the ancient city of Hue and the impact of napalm on civilians undermined everything the US public had been told about imminent success. It also raised serious moral issues about the impact and conduct of the war on innocent civilians.
It also raised doubts in the minds of key American administrators. The newly appointed Defence Secretary Clark Clifford tried to get clear answers to basic questions he asked the Pentagon. Having failed to get satisfactory responses he advised Johnson to get out of Vietnam as it was a real loser.

Why were Americans outraged when a German submarine torpedoed the British ship Lusitania?

In May $$1915$$, the Lusitania was sank by a German $$U-$$Boat (submarine) off the coast of lreland. About $$1200$$ lives were lost, many hundreds of whom were American Naturally, the Americans becomes angry that the German sank a ship full of passengers withour provocation. War seemed imminent, but for the time being. President Woodrow Wilson kept his campaign promise and did not ask Congress for a declaration of water.
Germany's navel strategy at this time was to sink any ship the $$U-$$Boats saw. The international rules of engegement prohibited this behavior, but who cares, said the Germans, this is war! Unifortunately, their indiscriminate destruction of virtually every enemy ship led to their sinking of the Lusitania. The Germans though it was best to let up on this policy, lest they make America even more furious, so they ceased the sink on sight policy.
However by $$1917$$, Germany was getting desperate. They were forced to resume the policy, making America very one more. On top of they attemped to enlist the help of Mexio- in exchange for fighting the U.S the Mexicans would be rewarded with the territory they had lost $$70$$ years earlier. Of course, Mexico gave not a though to this proposal. fighting a powerful country like America would be sucide. What the Germans did succeed in doing was provoking the beast and America soon declared war.
The lives on the Lusitania were not lost lost in vain, though. Germany's brief abolition of sink on sight allowed Britain to breadth a sight of relief, as much needed materials could now cross the Atlantic in relative safety.

Why was waging war in Vietnam difficult for $$U.S$$ soliders?

Culture shock: Vietnam is a country which has a tonal language like Chinese and a unique culture. It would take an average American a lot of time to start to be culturally sensitive. Most soldiers had difficulty identifying with the general Vietnamese population.
Cold War rules of engagement. The Army could not finish the war by invading the North and destroying the enemy at his base because the nuclear standoff of the Cold War. American could not hold ground because that was considered a South Vietnames job. Consequently they might hold a place for long months of hard fighting and then abandon it. This created a sense of futility about the fighting. Often the average soldier not understand basis goals of the war.
Lack of reaction: On returning home there was little fanfare and sometimes a lot of criticism of a soldier sacrifice. Later in the War (after $$1968$$) this got worse as the US tried to exit the War.
Racial divide and social class; Increasingly over the war personal at the bottom were black skinned and more politicized by the radical confilict at home. Black Americans had fewer ways to avoid the Draft than While Americans. This ied to friction between Black and White. The assassination of Martin Luther King was a turning point for many. A disproportionate number of Blacks were in combat units and combat deaths had a larger statistical amount then would expected. Working class individuals were also disproportionately represented often from the American South.
Constant change of personnel: the Average $$G.I$$ spent a year of combat service in the Army because statistical analysis of World War $$2$$ soldiers revealed that most soldiers were at their best in the first year of combat and then become increasingly less effective. The soldiers were only there until there tour ws up and then they went home there places taken by soldiers. Officers were rotated out every $$6$$ month so the maximum number of offers could get combat experience. The constant changing of soldiers in a unit could be damaging to the unit.
High casualties: Dead and wounded exceeded $$200,000$$. American. This is frighteningly high number when compared to modern warfare.
Morale issues: Drugs and Venereal disease,Fragging of Offers becomes significant problems in the Army that were signs of morale problems.
The $$NVA$$ Viet Cong we're actually a very effective, well armed, motivated, and resourceful they had decades of experience fighting in their own backyard. They had the support of many Vietnamese.

Why was Lyndon Johnson important to John F.Kennedy's victory in $$1960$$?

Kennedy was the first and to date the only Catholic President. He was form the liberal north-east, lrish American and fighting a very tight race against Richard Nixon.
Johnson's support was vital in securing enough of the south, which was necessary for Kennedy to get into the White House be a very slim margin.
Kennedy's victory however was probably more the result of Sam Giancana the head of the Chicago mafia, fixing the vote in llinois.

Why was the Montgomery bus boycott a tremendous victory for African Americans?

The Montgomery Bus boycott was launched in $$1955$$ right after the arrest of Rosa Parks who refused to give her seat to a white man. Martin luther King organized a boycott to have the bus company yield and this act of peaceful resistance was finally successful.

What was the Battle of Bluge important?

Explanation:
The Battle of the Bulge was the result of a last ditch effort by the Germans to turn the tide of battle back in their favor in the West.
The German plan was to drive through the Ardennes and capture the port of Antwerp vital to the Allied war effort. If successful the American and British forces would have to bring supplies all the way from Normandy crippling the Allied war effort.
The American forces defending the area were unprepared for the massive assault of the German forces. The Germans made rapid advances and threatened to achieve a decisive breakthrough.
The stubborn defense of Bastogne by the $$101$$ airborne, the rapid response of Patton's armored units, and the break in the weather allowing the impact of American air superiority combined to stop the German offensive.
The Battle left a large bulge in the Allied lines, but did not break the Allied forces as hoped. The German offensive cost the Germans armored units and elite infantry. The Germans would not able to launch another offensive after the Battle of the Bulge.

Why did many Americans want to settle in the Oregon Territory?

The rich farmlands of Oregon drew thousands of settlers. The land was free to those who could make it the Oregon Territory. People who were farming on marginal lands in Indiana, illinois and Missouri found the lure of rich farmland in the Willamette valley irresistible.
Also the British, Russians and Americans all claimed the Oregon Territory. The US put out a patriotic plea for American settlers to move to the Oregon Territory to establish the claims of the United States to the Oregon Territory. So many people from the states settled in the Oregon Territory that most of the Oregon Territory went to America.

Why did Nikita Khrushchev order the construction of the Berlin Wall?

People fled Eastern Germany in order to escape Communism. It is the reason behind the building of the Berlin wall.

Why did President Franklin D. Roosevelt give Britain 50 battleships?

Roosevelt was convinced by Churchill that there was a strong possibility that Germany in partnership with Italy could gain control of the Atlantic threatening the United States.
Explanation:
Churchill sent multiple messages to Roosevelt requesting naval support. British destruction of the French fleet helped persuade Roosevelt that the British with help might prevent the German fleet from winning the battle for control of the Atlantic.
Roosevelt did not want to become part of World War II. Neither did Roosevelt want to contend with a Nazi Germany that controlled the Atlantic Ocean. Roosevelt found a way to trade 50 US destroyers for access to British naval bases. The destroyers were declared to be unnecessary for the defense of the United States this made it legal for Roosevelt to trade them to the United Kingdom.
By trading 50 US destroyers to the UK Roosevelt was able to stave off a British defeat in the Atlantic without becoming engaged in the war or causing Germany to declare on the US.

Why was Inchon significant to the Korean War?

The North Korean army was winning the war. The Soviet Union had supplied the North Korean army with modern tanks, planes, artillery and automatic rifles. The well armed and well trained North Korean army had driven the South Korean army down the paeisula and were near complete victory.
The US and United Nations armies executed a daring amphibous landing at lnchon behind the North Korean lines. The allied troops reconquered Seoul and cut the North Korean army off from their supply lines. Without fuel, ammunition, medical supplies and food, the North Korean army was effectively destroyed.
After the landing at lnchon the US and United Nations forces rapidly captured most of North Korean. Only the intervention Chinese troops prevented the complete collapse of North Korean.

Why did Louis XIV change the capital of France from Paris to Versailles?

When King Louis XIV was 5, a revolt broke out in Paris. The rebels were led by the disenfranchised aristocracy who believed their power was being threatened. Although this revolt and another after it were put down, it became clear that the aristocracy had to be controlled.
Louis had this in mind when he became king. Versailles before the reign of Louis was mostly used as a royal hunting lodge; but Louis had other plans for it. In 1661, he began expanding it into his personal palace. Upon its completion in 1682, Louis moved in, and changed the capital from Paris to Versailles to escape the turmoil Paris was subject to. He invited all of the aristocracy to live with him on the grounds, not because he liked them, but because he could control them.
The magnificence of the palace is incredible; acre upon acre of gardens, parks, fountains, and walkways stretch across the palace grounds. So it's no surprise that when invited to live there, most of the aristocracy accepted. In this way, Louis was able to keep himself safe and make sure the powerful aristocrats were unable to overthrow him.
Of course, a more obvious reason why the capital was moved is simply because Versailles is so beautiful. Louis could stroll along the palace paths and enjoy the beauty (though he usually didn't have enough time for anything but work).

What was the ground war in Vietnam so difficult to fight?

Explanation:
Firstly most of the war was fought as a guerrilla war. This is a type of war which conventional forces such as the US army in Vietnam, find notoriously difficult to flight. Conventional forces are easy to identify, guerrillas are not. In Vietnam the Vietcong were peasants by day and guerrillas by night.
Secondly a guerrilla force only needs the support of a small $$\%$$ of the population to sustain its war. In Vietnam although a significant $$\%$$ of the population opposed the $$VC$$, their support amongst the population was easily enough to keep the war going.
Much of the terrain was suited to a guerrilla not conventional war. Again this favoured the $$VC$$. The Americans, laden down with conventional weapons and uniform were not equipped to fight in the paddy fields and jungles.
Although at a distinct disadvantage in terms of military hardware, the VC were ingenious in their use of booby traps such as punji stake traps and improvised explosives. This added to the psychological pressures faced by the US soldiers.
The organisation of American involvement was very poor. Almost $$1$$ in $$5$$ Americans were killed by their own side. Again this had a detrimental impact on morale and opposite to the war not only in the $$USA$$ itself, but within the ranks of the common grunts mounted.
These factors combined, led to a feeling to optimism at the start to one where an American withdrawal became inevitable.

Why was the Battle of Coral Sea a victory for the United States?

The Japanese navy sent a fleet of ships to the Coral Sea where they met up with small group of American ships, only one of which was a carrier, the aging USS Lexington which was severely damaged and scuttled early on had and the USS
Yorkown, and no battleships like the Japanese had.
The US cruisers however, were able to outmaneuver the Japanese navy and inflicted severe enough damage upon it to cause its retreat.

What was the outcome of the Korean War?

The Korean War was an attempt by the Northan to annex the South, but also a test by Joseph Stalin of the resolve of the World South Korea remans and no general world war occured inthe

1950s1950s.
Explanation:
The end of the Second World was sawe Korea more or less arbitrarily divided along the

38th38th Parallel between the US and the Soviets. Stalin, as he did in Europe, used the opportunity to establish a satellite state in North Korea under his influence. The Americans -- more interested in getting their troops home - left a constabulary force and encouraged South korea to stabilize and become more modernized.
Kim

IIII Sung, stalin's client, hoped to forcibly unite Korea; and by

19481948 sensed his own military was greatly superior to that of South Korea and the US Constabulary Force. Stalin wanted to see if rest of the World was too weary after the Second World war to stand up to aggression, and also wanted to be in easy reach of Japan (Russia and Japan had fought each other four times between

19051905 and

19451945).
The initial North Korean invasion of June

19501950 went very well, capturing almost all of South Korea in a few weeks, but then the Americans (with help from UN member states) mounted an amphibious landing at Inchon and by November had over-run almost all of North Korea. This resulted in a Chinese intervention, but by the Spring of

19511951, the frontlines had more or less stabilized along the current North-South Korean border.
The Chinese and what was left of the North Korean military (backed with Soviet equipment and supplies ) didn't have the strength to overrun the south again, while the UN allies feared an escalation of the war if they got up to the frontiers of China again. The deadlock remained while the Pyongyang talks went on for two years; largely because the Russians and the Chinese continued to test the resolve of South korea and its Allies to continue the conflict.
Stalin's death in early

19531953 and the continuing resolve to defend South Korea brought an armistice -- although North Korea has yet to formally agree to an end of the conflict. Only now, is Kim

IIII Sung's grandson, Kim Jung On, showing signs of actually recognizing formal existence of South Korea.

Which President established the custom of not seeking a third term?

Although there was no law that said you can only serve 2 terms until 1947, George Washington wanted to retire to Mount Vernon after his 2nd term. If Washington did run for a third term, historians say that the stress could have killed the already elderly Washington. A president dying in office wouldn't have been so good for a newly formed nation.
It was custom and tradition for the next century and a half that the President only serve 2 terms. Theodore Roosevelt tried to run for a third term under the Bull Moose Party but ended up not winning and split the Republican vote and a Democrat won (Woodrow Wilson) because of it.
The only president to serve more than 2 terms was FDR. First elected in 1932, FDR is considered one of the best presidents in modern American history. He led the country out of the Depression, and led us through WW2 as well. He decided to run for a third term in the 1940 Presidential election. His Republican opponent, Wendell Willkie tried to use him running for a third term against him but it didn't work out so well. Willkie's campaign made these pins.Roosevelt won that election overwhelmingly. He collected 449 electoral votes and 54% of the popular vote compared to Willkie's 44%.
After Roosevelt was again overwhelmingly elected to a 4th term, Roosevelt died less than a year later. VP Harry Truman took office was was elected in his own right in 1948. Shortly after Roosevelt's death, the Republican Congress passed legislation to make running for more than 2 terms illegal. It passed in 1947 and the states adopted it in 1951.

Who were Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti? Why was their execution controversial?

The early 20th century in the United States was a period of political upheaval. Movements such as the resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan, the labor movement, the Red Scare, immigration reform, and agitation for women's rights were just some of the forces of change in this period.
Another of these movements was anarchism. Anarchism is the belief that everyone would be better off with no government at all. Many of the theorists of the anarchist movement were foreign-born (such as Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman). In that time period, the idea of anarchy was frightening to most Americans; America had been founded on the idea that the best government was one made by the people.
Anarchists believed in the concept of "propaganda of the deed." This meant that committing some act (often what we would call a terrorist act) was an example to others of the best actions to take. Sacco and Vanzetti were followers of an Italian anarchist who advocated violent revolutionary action.
On the night of April 15, 1920, two men transporting payroll for a shoe company were set upon by armed robbers and killed. Sacco and Vanzetti came to the attention of the police during the investigation and were arrested. In the ensuing trial, Sacco and Vanzetti were found guilty of first-degree murder and sentenced to death
Much of the evidence against them was circumstantial, and they were denied a retrial when someone else confessed. The presiding judge was obviously not impartial during the trial. Many people believed that they had been convicted for being anarchists and foreigners rather than because they were guilty and that their civil rights had been violated. The campaign for a retrial included such celebrities as Albert Einstein, John Dos Passos, and Edna St. Vincent Millay. The effort failed and they were executed in 1927.
Most modern scholars believe that Sacco was guilty and Vanzetti was innocent of the murders.

What was Abraham Lincoln's message in " The Gettysburg Address"?
What point was he trying to make?

Lincon's Gettysburg Address was given during the dedication and consecration of the Soldires' National Cementery in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, in

18631863. The Civil War was still going on, and Lincoln centers his speech around this, referring to the founding of America " four score and seven year ago" before explaining that the war is a fight to preserve America's existence as a republic ( and possibly the existence of America itself).
Lincoln explains that they ( the living ) cannot consecrate the ground of the battlefield with their words; rather, the dead have done that through their actions.
It is the job of the living to continue their fight, Lincoln explains, " that these dead shall not have dies in vain " in their efforts to give America " a new birth of freedom " and so that the government " of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth".

What was Vietnamization?

It was Richard Nixon's plan to phase out US troop involvement in the Vietnam War.
Explanation:
Richard Nixon's plan for ending American involvement in the Vietnam War was to increases troop levels of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam, train and equip them, and have them replace American troops which would be phased out over a two-year period (although air support would remain in place).the plan called "Vietnamization". was put into place in

19691969.
The plan ran into a number of setbacks including the expansion of the war into Cambodia and the unavailability of more suitable conscripts from South Vietnam. The Nixon administration stopped using the term entirely by

1972

What was the result of the Anschluss?

The absorption of Austria into a Greater Germany.
Explanation:
The Anschluss was part of Hitler's expansion of Germany. he himself had been Austrian.
Encourage by Germany, Austrian Naziz seize drew power and sewt up a government led by Seyss-Inquart an Austrian Nazi lawyer.
Immediately widespread persecution against political opponents and Jews began.
Hitler's arrived in Vienna to an ecstatic welcome from hundreds of thousands of Austrians who supports the Anschluss.

What was the purpose of the Freedmen's Bureau Bill, and why did Johnson veto it?

Johnson was opposed to Civil Rights and The FB was meant to protect them.
Explanation:
The U.S. Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands, popularly known as Freedmen's Bureau, was established in

18651865 by Congress to help former black slaves and poor whites in the South in the aftermath of the U.S. Civil War (

1861−65.1861−65.)
The Freedmen's Bureau provided food, housing and medical aid, established schools and offered legal assistance. It also attempted to settle former slaves on Confederate lands confiscated or abandoned during the war. However, the Bureau was prevented the fully carrying out its programs due to a shortage of funds and personnel, along with the politics of race and Reconstruction.

1872.1872. Congress, in part under pressure from white Southerners, shut the bureau.
From the start, the Bureau faced resistance from a variety of sources, including many White Southerners. Another leading opponent was President Andres Johnson (

1808−75.1808−75.), who assumed office in April 1865 following the assassination of Abraham Lincoln (

1809−65.1809−65.)
When Congress introduced a bill in February

18661866 to extend the bureau's tenure and give it new legal powers. Johnson vetoed the proposed legislation on the grounds that it interfered with states' rights, gave preference to one group citizens over another and would impose a huge financial burden on the federal government, among other issues.
In July of that same year. Congress overrode the president's veto and passed a revised version of the bill. However, Johnson became embroiled in a bitter fight with Radical Republicans in Congress, who viewed the president Reconstruction policies as too lenient, and the Freedmen's Bureau suffered as a result. Johnson's actions, which included pardoning many former Confederates and restoring their land. as well as removing bureau employees he thought were too sympathetic to blacks, served to undermine the bureau's authority.

Which program started when President Johnson was in office?

The Great Society was Johnson's way to end poverty in America. In his own words...
"The Great Society rests on abundance and liberty for all. It demands an end to poverty and racial injustice, to which we are totally committed in our time...
"But that is just the beginning. The Great Society is a place where every child can find knowledge to enrich his mind and to enlarge his talents. It is a place where leisure is a welcome chance to build and reflect, not a feared cause of boredom and restlessness. It is a place where the city of man serves not only the needs of the body and the demands of commerce but the desire for beauty and the hunger for community."

Who appeared to be winning the war in Europe at the end of 1940?

Germany had successfully conquered Poland, Norway, Holland Belgium, and France.
Hitler had made a non-aggression Pact with the Soviet Union and had Italy enter the War on Germany's side.
Britain had been defeated on mainland Europe and had evacuated her troops. London had been bombed. Although the British had stopped Germany from getting Air superiority over Britain the British were on the ropes as far as the War was going. They were being blockaded by U-boats.
The United States had not entered the War and would not for another year.
The Italians lost badly in North Africa and would soon get German support.
Hitler had moved on to planning the Invasion of Russia.

What was the purpose of the Navigation Acts?

The purpose of the Navigation Acts was to keep the wealth and trade within the British Empire.
Explanation:
The Navigation Acts passed in

1651, 16611651, 1661 and

16631663 were passed to regulate trade between English colonies and England. These acts remained in force for

200200 years for the colonies that remained in the English Empire. This form of economy is called mercatilism.
Under the acts the American colonies were forbidden to trade with any other nations or colones controlled by other nations. The colonies could only sell their products to England. The colonies could only purchase products from England or English colonies.
English merchants could only purchase tobacco, lumber and other producrs produced in the colonies from the colonized. Mercantilism was designed to keep the wealth of the English Empire completely within the Empire. It also allowed England to control prices to its advantage and to collect taxes.
The Navigation Acts and economic system of mercantilism was all to the benefit of the government of England. The colonies lost potential income having to set all of their products to England. The colonies remained dependent on England. All manufactured good had to be purchased from England. Manufacturing in the colonies was restricted, leaving the colonies as a source of raw materials to be shipped and processed in England.

What is the melting-pot theory?

The melting pot theory is the idea that different cultures and ideas will blend together.
Explanation:
The melting pot theory is the idea that different cultures and idea will blend together and create one ultimate culture or idea.

What were the roles and rights of women in the West?

The West remains famous for having been a laboratory for women's rights, indeed for instance women's right to vote was granted in 1869 in Wyoming.
The 19th Amendment, granting suffrage to women, was approved by Congress in 1920. It was over fifty years previously, however, that Wyoming had entered the Union as the first state to grant women full voting rights. The next eight states to grant full suffrage to women were also Western states: Colorado (1893); Utah and Idaho (1896); Washington (1910); California (1911); and Oregon, Kansas, and Arizona (1912).
Women held many responsibilities during the westward expansion, such as managing the movement of households overland, establishing social activities in pioneer settlements, and sharing the hard labor of farming new land.
Frontier life was highly social, and women participated in many activities with their neighbors such as barn raising, corn husking, and quilting bees.
Some women found work in the sex trade in early mining towns.
Eventually, frontier towns attracted women who worked as laundresses and seamstresses, and organized church societies and other reform movements.
The western frontier also gave rise to many famous women who countered traditional gender roles, such as Annie Oakley, Pearl Hart, and Nellie Cashman.

What is federalism?

It is a form of government where power is distributes at local/regional as well as national level
Explanation:
If we look at the American system, the Constitution and the creation of the USA very much reflected the struggle faced by the Americans in their quest for independence from Britain.
Thus power is spread out so that no one area of government becomes too powerful.
There is therefore the Federal Government in Washington DC. This comprises the Legislature- Congress, Executive- President and Judiciary- Supreme Court. The intention was to create a balance of power through the Separation of Powers. For example no member of the legislature can be a member of the Executive, unlike the British system.
As well as this each of the now

5050 states has its own government structure in the form of Governors, state legislatures and state judicial systems. States' Rights and the independence of state powers is still a very important and sensitive part of the American political system.

What is a major flaw in the electoral college system?

he candidate who wins the popular vote (Total votes in america) may NOT win the presidency
Explanation:
There are quite a few
1: The candidate who wins the popular vote may not win the election due to the electoral college. This was seen in the most recent US election, with Clinton leading by over 3 million popular votes, but Trump won by 70+ electoral college votes.
2: The college creates the possibility for a 269-269 tie vote, and in that case the House of Reps decides who will be the president.
3: It makes it very hard for third-party candidates to win, but third party candidates can still tip the scales.

What NATO? Why NATO is important to the United States?

NATO stands for the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, and was created in

19491949 after the Berlin Blockade failed.
NATO is important to the US because it helped to secure Europe and North America during the Cold War, it was an alliance based on the concept that an attack on one, is an attack on all which meant if one nation was attack (presumably by the

USSRUSSR) then it'd count as an attack on all the members and war would occur.
The

USUS saw it as a defensive alliance during the Cold War, but the

USSRUSSR/Stalin saw it as an aggressive alliance against the USSR, and was frightened by the thought of war. Especially the

USUS due to them having the atomic bomb.
The Soviet Union in

19551955 created the Warsaw Pact, where all of the countries behind the Iron Curtain joined, and was in direct response to West Germany joining that year due to his paranoia at an 'enemy on the doorstep'.

What was the destination of most Dust Bowl migrants?

Most migrants from the Dust Bowl in the mid-American States went west to California.

There was much publicity during the Dust Bowl about the "Eden" of California and the opportunities there for hard-working people. Many of the people who migrate to California did not find an Eden.

However, after the Great Depression end California did become a place of huge opportunity for many people.

What group of people did Stalin target?

Critical thinkers, jews, writers and intellectuals were especially vulnerable

Explanation:

Joseph Stalin, the leader of Russia in WW2, enforced communism onto the citizens all across the country. He targeted many to be executed, exiled or sent to the gulag (a soviet labour camp). In the communist society, there were three classes: the aristocracy, the bourgeoisie, and the proletariat (the aristocracy being the highest and the proletariat being the lowest class). Stalin targeted people of the higher classes especially as they were a potential threat to his power. Therefore, people who had prestigious jobs such as university lecturers, teachers, lawyers, doctors, military officers and academics were notably targeted by Stalin.

What were the causes and effects of the Tai Ping Rebellion?

Before the rebellion occured, two things were happening. One, the market was highly exclusive- Cohongs and the British East India Company (with their opium, which everyone wanted to buy) were practically in control of the market.

A key idea in world history is that when the rich get too rich and the poor get too poor, change will happen.

Around this time, Hong Xiuquan believed that he was the brother of Jesus and formed his own group of people called the Society of God Worshippers (the Taiping tianguo). He led them to revolt, and it failed because they were mostly everyday people and not warriors.

However, it did cause a lot of havok, and so as a result, the Self Strengthening movment (attempt to westernize) and Guangxu's 100 days of reform were put into place. These allowed new technology and industry to be incorporated into Chinese culture.

What group came to power as a result of the Russian Revolution of $$1917$$?

The Bolsheviks wanted to introduce a communist revolution in Russia in order to transform both its society and its economy.

They were inspired by Karl Marx, this latter had indeed been a major inspiration for Lenin. The Bolsheviks were part of the Russian Social Democartic Party. Bolshevik means (those who are the majority), they were indeed opposed to the Mensheviks(which means those who are a minority). The Bolsheviks were far more radical.

The Tsarist regime had been toppled in February 1917, in October 1917(in Julian calendar, in November in Gregorian calendar) the provisional government was arrested by the Bolsheviks in the Winter Palace.

Their victory led to the introduction of communism in Russia, private property was abolished and the economy was collectivized. In 1922 the USSR was created. It lasted until 1991.

What were the effects of the Napoleonic Wars on the United States?

n the earliest part of the

1800s1800s, America had two main political parties: The Federalists and the Democratic Republicans. The Federalists, founded by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams, favored trade and friendly relations with Great Britain over France. The Democratic Republicans, founded by Thomas Jefferson, favored France, especially revolution-era France (Jefferson was, if not one of the Revolution's architects, certainly an abetter of them during his time in Paris as the American ambassador)
Jefferson's nuanced relationship with Napoleon kept communication channels between them open. When Napoleon needed to raise some money quickly, he considered Jefferson's offer to buy New Orleans for $1 million and countered with an offer to sell the entire Louisiana Territory for $10-15 million (about $250 million in modern dollars), doubling the US's size and giving it an arguable claim to a port on the Pacific coast (Louisiana Territory's western frontier was very hazily defined).Federalists in Congress asserted that Jefferson had no constitutional authority to make this purchase; Jefferson countered that the Constitution gave him authority to make treaties, this was a treaty, and in 1803, the deal was done.
Nine years later, the US entered into the War of 1812 with Britain. England's primary military effort at the time was its ongoing war with Napoleon, but they had enough ships and Canadian troops to wage both wars simultaneously. The Federalists strongly opposed America's entry into this war, but popular sentiment prevailed and the Federalist party's influence in Congress dwindled; they never had a majority in the House or Senate again after

18001800, or a Federalist president after John Adams. They had less than a quarter of the votes in each chamber after

18121812.
The Federalist Party dissolved in

18241824, and while relations with England were generally good, America avoided military entanglements with England until

19171917.

What factors led George W. Bush to victory in $$2000$$?

he 2000 presidential election is the most controversial in US History, the result was contested because it was uncertain who won in Florida, a swing state.

Al Gore won the popular vote but the Supreme Court granted the victory to Bush by putting an end to the recount. Allegations of fraud have been cast on the Bushes as Jeb Bush was governor of Florida.

Bush had a similar program than Gore, he put forward "compassionate conservatism", his stance on the economy was quite similar to Gore's. He also favored a more humble foreign policy and blamed the Democrats for policing the world.

What action did president John F. Kennedy take in support of civil rights?

He spoke in favor of it
Explanation:
Kennedy spoke in favor of the Civil Rights. He did go as far as his successor with a new Civil Rights Act nevertheless it was brave action since his electorate was keen on keeping segregation especially in the South.

What events led up to the Bataan Death March?

After Pearl Harbor, Japan successfully attacked many areas in Asia. The defense of the Philippines went badly, including the defense of the Bataan Peninsula. The survivors were force-marched into captivity.

Explanation:

The plan for the defense of the Philippines included a plan for holing up in the Bataan Peninsula as a last stand. The plan was to hold for up to 6 months. Vital supplies to accomplish this had been diverted to other areas. Although the defense lacked sufficient supplies it managed to hold out for 3 months.

The survivors were rounded up and marched to distant POW camps. Lack of food and water, abuse, neglect, and massacre caused the deaths of many POWs. Many died in the camps afterward.

What event in $$1956$$ threatened the flow of Middle Eastern oil to Europe?

The Suez canal which ha been built and controlled by the British and French was nationalized by the Egyptian leader President Nasser.

The British and French were furious. They also perceived Nasser as a threat. The British PM Anthony Eden drew comparisons between Nasser and Hitler and felt that the mistake of the policy of appeasement to the latter should not be repeated.

The problem was they were still living in a pre-war imperialist culture, in this case sustaining the British and French empires. What they failed to realize was the extent of change which had taken place. In particular it was the Soviet Union and even more so the USA which now called the shots.

The British, French and Israelis drew up a secret agreement whereby the Israelis would attack Egypt across SInai. The British and French would use this as an excuse to invade and retake control of the canal.

The plan was carried out but proved to be a disaster. It was widely condemned both domestically and internationally. It finished Eden's career.

The USA was furious and Eisenhower forced a humiliating withdrawal by not supporting a run on the pound. Suez reflected the changes which had taken place after 1945 and even more so the failure of imperialist European powers to appreciate these changes.

What impact did the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom have on the U.S. government ?

The First Amendment has an establishment clause that states the government can not establish a religion or favor one religion or belief system over another. This idea comes from Thomas Jefferson's writings in The Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom.

The First Amendment also has a Free Exercise Clause that the government may not pass any laws restricting the free exercise of religion on the part of the citizens. This ideas also comes from Thomas Jefferson's writings.

The principles established in the First Amendment thanks to the Virginia Statue of Religious Freedom has protected people of faith from the tyranny of the government for the first two hundred years of America democracy.

Thomas Jefferson wrote" that to compel a man to furnish contributions of money for the propagation of opinions which he disbelieves is sinful and tyrannical". This means that the government shall not use public moneys to promote any system of faith or belief. {The establishment clause}

Jefferson goes on to say "all men shall be free to profess by argument to maintain their opinions in matters of religion and that same shall in no wise diminish , enlarge or affect their civil capacities. " This means that people are free to express their beliefs without fear of reprisal or punishment by society or the government.{The Free exercise Clause}

The Separation of Church and State was intended to protect people of faith from the actions of the government, and to prevent people of faith from using the government to promote their faith. Today Political Correctness is a threat to the protections Jefferson indented with the Virginia Stature for Religious Freedom and promised in the First Amendment.

What idea was the major justification for U.S. foreign policy during the Cold War era?

During the Cold War, Communism was seen as a threat which was to be thwarted. Thus intervention abroad was justified, Harry Truman invented the "containment doctrine" which was based on the claim that "communism" had to be contained

What act was passed in the late $$1800$$'s to exclude an entire ethnic group?

The act that was passed in the late

18001800's to exclude an entire ethnic group would be the Chinese Exclusion Act of

18821882 passed by then President Chester A. Arthur.
Explanation:
The act was passed in response to the huge concentration of Chinese workers arriving on the US west coast. In California by

18701870, almost one in every

1010 people in California were Chinese. At the time, Chinese workers represented

2525% of the workforce in the state.
The Chinese Exclusion Act was the first to be passed in America that banned an entire ethnic group. While it was originally enacted to expire in ten years, the act was extended on its termination, and was not repealed until

19431943.
The act originally was written to counter the threat of the Chinese worker influx that would endanger the good order of certain localities within the US territories.

What idea from the Mayflower Compact influenced the Declaration of Independence?

The Pilgrims or Puritans came to America in order to escape from the Church of England. England was in the hands of a select group of people who were in charge because of their wealth or lineage. They did not put the common good of all the people as their priority, and even if they attempted to, it was because they would benefit from it.

That's why the Puritans signed the Mayflower Compact before leaving the Mayflower. They promised that the government in America (although not totally independent from English rule) would be for the common good of all individuals.

The Declaration of Independence was influenced by this idea and therefore emphasized the importance of the common good:

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among men......

Consequently, because of the Mayflower Compact which then influenced the Declaration of Independence, every person has a right to a government that is for their good and the good of every other individual in the country.

What action by Adolf Hitler demonstrated the weakness of the League of Nations?

Territorial expansion which went unchallenged.
Explanation:
Hitler's first move was to re-occupy the Rhineland in direct violation of the Treaty of Versailles. If the West had moved against him he did not have the resources to resist. However they did nothing.
The same was true in the annexation of Austria, the Sudetenland and then the rest of Czechoslovakia. The non-membership of the USA and the inability of the League to respond militarily reflected its inherent witnesses.

What impact did Baron de Montesquieu have on the creation of the Constitution ?

he Articles of Confederation was based on Rousseau philosophy of Enlightenment. The Rousseau's ideal was that people would do what is good for the community because people are basically good.

Rousseau felt that only the government and society caused people to be bad. So the Articles of Confederation allowed for least amount of government possible. The Articles of Confederation did not work.

The writers of the Constitution were open to a different philosophy of Enlightenment. Montesquieu's philosophy was that power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely. The only way to prevent people and government from becoming corrupt is to limit the amount of power, any one person or part of government has.

The Constitution applied Montesquieu's philosophy in the principles of checks and balances. Each branch of government has limited power and its power can be checked or blocked by either of the other two branches of the government. Montesquieu's philosophy is the base of the American Constitution.

In the early $$1900s$$, what did it mean for cities to be "dry"?

A "dry" city or country is a community where alcohol cannot be legally sold.
Explanation:
A "dry" city or country is a community where alcohol cannot be legally sold. The Temperance movement of the late

1800s1800s and early

1900s1900s fought for and won the passage of the

18th18th Amendment to the United States constitution (Prohibition of Intoxicating Liquors) in

19191919 and went into effect the next year.
The

21st21st Amendment passed in

19331933 repealed the

18th18th Amendment. Some states still maintained Temperance law ans remained "dry"
Even today there are some jurisdictions at the country and local level where it is illegal to sell "intoxicating liquors".
the period between

19201920 and

19331933 was known as "Prohibition". This period saw a huge escalation in crime as illegal syndicates smuggled in alcohol from countries where alcohol could still be made and sold. In addition to smuggling in alcohol these crime syndicates also ran illegal bars called speakeasies.
When Prohibition ended at a national level many of this crime syndicates had become so wealthy the continue to conduct other types of illegal activities.

What groups made up the Red Army and the White Army ?

The Red Army was made up of people who supported Lenin and the establishment of socialism in Russia whereas the White Army was composed of Tsarists who remained faithful to the Imperial family and refused the victory of Bolsheviks.

What happened as a result of the Treaty of Greenville ?

The Treaty of Greenville was signed in 1795 after the Battle of Fallen Timbers and ended the Northwest Indian War. The Native Americans lost land in the present day Ohio area to the American settlers.

What happened during the antiwar protests at Kent State University ?

Students were protesting at the US invasion of Cambodia which seemed to contradict Nixon and Kissinger's assertions that they were committed to an American withdrawal.

The National Guard opened fire killing 4 students and wounding several others. The imagery of the shootings and the impassioned speech by one of the victim's fathers at her funeral gave considerable weight to the growing opposition to continued American involvement in Vietnam.

In $$1964$$, what issue did the Students for a Democratic Society $$(SDS)$$ focus on?

They focused on the Civil Rights
Explanation:
Before start of the Vietnam War, the activistis of the

SDSSDS were focused on the Civil Rights. The Port Huron Statement of

19621962 by Tom Hayden clearly shows that motive.
Port Huron
It is one of the key documents of the New Left which introduced a shift in political grievances from labor struggle to minorities' rights and other new issues.
In

19641964, after the Gulf of Tonkin incident the students opposed immediately the escalation. Todd Gitlin depicted this movement very accurately in his book "The Sixties:Years of Hope, Days of Rage"

What happened at Dien Bien Phu in 1954?

Dien Bien Phu was a fortified military base in the north east of Viet Nam. At the time of the Indochina War it was defended by soldiers of the foreign legion and paratroopers (in particular) led by French general Christian de Castries and sieged by the Viet-Minh troops of general Vo Nguyen Giap.

The battle may possibly be considered as one of the worst military blunders of the French army because they basically placed themselves in the perfect spot to be massacred by the Viet-Minh. In fact the fortress of Dien Bien Phu was surrounded by hills that offered a perfect location to place artillery with which pummel the French.
The French army underestimated the Viet-Minh thinking that they would never be able to amass the artillery necessary to endanger their position.

The French garrison soon found itself surrounded by the enemy and with no possibility of escaping or receiving help.

The fortress also had an airstrip that "tempted" the French to flow in more troops to reinforce the besieged garrison resulting in an increase of the number of potential targets for the Viet-Minh!

The effect of the defeat at Dien Bien Phu was so hard that the French government decided to abandon the north of Viet Nam to the Viet-Minh (setting the boundary on the 17th parallel).

1950761_1883005_ans_9153ac7cfb3541feaf2b809918a55828.png

What happened as a result of the so-called Intolerable Acts ?

They were laws enforced by the British after the Boston Tea Party. They were meant to punish the massachusetts colonists for what they had done.

Impartial Administration of Justice Act, which allowed the royal governor of a colony to move trials to other colonies or even to England if he feared that juries in those colonies would not judge a case properly

Massachusetts Bay Regulating Act made all law officers subject to appointment by the royal governor and banned all town meetings that were not approved by the royal governor

Boston Port Act, which closed the port of Boston until the price of the dumped tea was paid back, moved the capital of Massachusetts to Salem, and made Marblehead the official port of entry for the Massachusetts colony.

Quartering Act, which allowed royal troops to stay in houses or empty buildings if barracks were unavailable

What happened as a result of the US invasion of Iraq in $$2003$$ ?

US invasion of Iraq led to the end of Saddam Hussein but about a million people died resulting from the war. Many more were left orphans, crippled, widows or widowers. Hundreds of millions of dollars were spent for a war that led to chaos.

World History - Class 8 General Knowledge - Extra Questions

How was a socialist state established by Lenin? Explain. OrHow were women perceived in Nazi Germany? Explain.

Fill in the blanks.The government introduced the __________ reforms in 1909.