The organisms first to colonize a bare rock, during ecological succession, are:
 
  • Annual plants
  • Lichens
  • Mycorrhiza
  • Green algae
After the primary producer level in an ecosystem:
 
  • less and less amount of new chemical energy is added at successive trophic levels
  • no new chemical energy is added at successive trophic levels
  • more and more amount of new chemical energy is added at successive trophic levels
  • less amount of new chemical energy is added at primary consumer level and then the amount of new chemical energy added to successive levels becomes more and more
Identify the correct statements:
I. Primary succession is faster than the secondary succession
II. Both hydrarch and xerarch successions lead to mesic conditions
III. Rooted submerged plants are pioneers in primary hydrarch succession
 
  • Only II
  • Only III
  • Only II and III
  • Only I
Match each item in Column I with one in Column II and select the correct match from the codes given:
Column I Column II
A Eagle P tertiary consumer
B Cyanobacterium Q primary producer
C Fungus R decomposer
D Grasshopper S primary consumer

Codes:
A B C D
1. P Q R S
2. Q P S R
3. R S Q P
D. S R P Q
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
Match each item in Column I with one in Column II and select the correct match from the codes given:
COLUMN I COLUMN II
A Standing crop P Mass of living material at each trophic level at a particular time
B Standing state Q The amount of nutrients present in the soil at any given time
C Net primary productivity R The rate of formation of new organic matter by consumers
D Secondary productivity S Available biomass for the consumption to heterotrophs

Codes:
A B C D
1. S P Q R
2. P Q R S
3. P Q S R
4. R P Q S
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
In primary hydrarch succession, the seral stage just before the climax forest is likely to be:
 
  • Submerged free floating plant stage
  • Scrub stage
  • Marsh meadow stage
  • Reed swamp stage
Identify the correct statement:
I. PAR designates the spectral range of solar radiation from 400 to 700 nanometers
II. PAR is less than 50% of the incident solar radiation
III. Plants capture only 2 to 10% of PAR
 
  • Only I and II
  • Only I and III
  • Only II and III
  • I, II and III
The trophic level of an organism is the number of steps it is from the start of the food chain. The Level 2 typically will be occupied by:
 
  •     Primary producer
  •     Herbivore
  •     Carnivore
  •     Apex predator
If plants convert about 1% of the sunlight they receive into chemical energy, the total energy originally present in the incident sunlight that is finally embodied in a tertiary consumer is about:
 
  •     0.1%
  •     0.01%
  •     0.001%
  •     0.0001%
Consider the following facts regarding nutrient cycling:
I. Carbon cycle Atmosphere only contains 10 % of total global carbon.
II. Phosphorus cycle Respiratory release of phosphorus into atmosphere is absent.
III. Nitrogen cycle Only prokaryotes are capable of carrying out biological nitrogen fixation.

 
  • Only I and II are correct
  • Only I and III are correct
  • Only II and III are correct
  • I, II and III are correct
Which of the following seral stages represents the stage that is seen in a typical primary hydrarch succession just before the establishment of final forest stage?
 
  •     Marsh-meadow stage
  •     Scrub stage
  •     Reed-swamp stage
  •     Submerged free-floating plant stage
Of the total cost of various ecosystem services, the cost of climate regulation and habitat for wildlife is about:
 
  •     6 %
  •     10 %
  •     12 %
  •     50 %
What would be true for the phosphorus cycle in an ecological ecosystem?
 
  •     A considerable amount of phosphorus enters the biosphere through the primary producers
  •     Fossil fuels represent the major reservoir of phosphorus
  •     Phosphorus cycling occurs through atmosphere, ocean and through living and dead organisms.
  •     There is no respiratory release of phosphorus into the atmosphere
Detritus food chain:
 
  •     begins with primary producers like grass
  •     is the major conduit for energy flow in an aquatic ecosystem
  •     is not made up of any decomposers
  •     may be connected with grazing food chain at some levels
Which of the following statements regarding ecological succession is/are true?
I.    The change in communities during ecological succession is orderly and sequential, parallel with the changes in the physical environment.
II.    Secondary succession is faster than the primary succession.
III.    Usually, lichens are pioneer species during primary xerarch succession
 
  •     Only I
  •     Only II
  •     Both I and III
  •     I, II and III
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