Manufacturing Industries - Class 10 Geography - Extra Questions

The real beginning of modem iron and steel industry was made in 1907 only when Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO) were set up at Jamshedpur (Sakchi at that time). The Indian Iron and Steel Company (IISCO) were set up in 1919 at Bumpur followed by the setting up of Mysore Steel Works at Bhadravati (now Visveswaraya Iron and Steel Works) in 1923.

Iron and steel Industry witnessed rapid growth after Independence. India produced 16.9 lakh tonnes of pig iron in. 1950-51. The development of iron and steel industry was envisaged during the first Five-Year Plan, but it was during the Second Five-Year Plan that the three integrated steel projects were started at Bhilai, Rourkela and Durgapur.

Jute Textile Industry is one of the major industries in the Eastern India, particularly in West Bengal. Jute supports around 40 lakh farm families and provides direct employment to 2.6 lakh industrial workers and 1.4 lakh in the tertiary sector. The production process in the jute industry goes through a variety of activities, which include cultivation of raw jute, processing of jute fibers, spinning, weaving, bleaching, dyeing, finishing and marketing of both, the raw jute and its finished products. So, jute industry is labor intensive and as such its labor-output ratio is also high in spite of various difficulties being faced by the industry. Capacity utilization of the industry is around 75 per cent. Jute industry contributes to the export earnings in the range of Rs. 1,000 to Rs. 1, 200 crore annually.

Cities provide markets and also provide services like banking, insurance, transport, labour, consultants, etc. Many industries tend to come together to make use of the advantages of an urban centre. Such centre is then called as agglomeration economy.

Iron and Steel Industry is often called the backbone of the modern industry. Almost everything we use is either made of iron or steel or has been made with the tools and machinery of these metals. 

Ships, trains, trucks, and autos are made largely of steel. Even the safety pins and the needles we use are made from steel.

Physical factors responsible for the location of industry include:

• Availability of raw material
  
• Suitable climate
  
• Water and power supply
  
• Availability of suitable transport facilities.
  

Three human factors which affect the industrial location are availability of cheap labour, availability of services such as consultants and financial advice and availability of market.

• Mineral-based - Copper, Iron.
• Agro-based - Silk, Sugar.
• Forest-based - Paper, Matchbox.

After partition of Bengal into East Pakistan which is now Bangladesh, all the jute growing areas went over to Bangladesh and India was left with jute mills. Due to this partition there was a tremendous shortage of raw material for the jute mills.

1. Tractors
2. Power weeders
3. Threshers
4. Fertilizer spreaders
5. Ploughs
6. Tillers
   

1. Cement - Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Rajasthan.
   
2. Paper- Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh.
   

(i) Two problems faced by sugar industry are:

(1) The sugarcane cultivated in India is of poor quality giving low yield per hectare and low sucrose content.

(2) Old and obsolete machinery is used in sugar production.

 (ii) Two by-products of the sugar industry are:

 (1) Bagasse

(2) Molasses

(i) The changes in prices of raw silk badly affect both the weavers and the silk industry.

(ii) Two products of the jute industry are upholstery and carpets.

(iii) Synthetic fibres are popular because they are cheaper than jute.

(i) Cotton textile is called an agro­-based industry because it uses raw materials produced by the agricultural sector.

(ii) Jute industries are mainly located in the Hoogli region as jute is mainly produced in this region. On the contrary, cotton is grown almost all over India and thus cotton industries are most widespread in the country.

Three problems faced by the cotton textile industry are:

1. There is a shortage of raw material, particularly of long staple cotton, which is imported from other countries.

2. We use old and obsolete machinery.

3. The cotton industry is facing tough competition from the fibre industry.

1. Textile industry
2. Sugar Industry
3. Edible Oil industry

Integrated steel plants are large plants which handle everything from putting together of raw material to steel making.

Mini steel plants are small industries which are involved in making mild and alloy steel of given specifications.

Problems faced by iron and steel industry:

• High cost of investment
  
• Limited availability of coking coal that is used in smelting of iron
  
• Low productivity of labor
  
• Poor infrastructure
  
• Irregular power supply.
  

Cotton textile rapidly expanded in Mumbai because of the following reasons:

• The city has humid, warm climate which supports the growth of cotton. 
  
• The raw material is easily available. 
  
• Port is located in Mumbai which is helpful in import and export of products. Apart from these, availabilities of skilled labor also helped in the expansion of cotton industry. 
  
• The first modern textile mill was established in 1854 in Mumbai itself.
  

1. Proximity to water bodies or rivers
2. Uninterrupted power supply
3. Availability of capital for investment
4. Entrepreneurship
5. Proximity to market
   

Jute is the second most important textile industry in India after cotton textile industry. Raw jute is largely produced in India and most of jute mills are located on the banks of Hooghly river in West Bengal. Small and marginal farmers are engaged in the production of jute. Almost all the procedures in jute product making involves the raw fibres of jute. Hence, jute industry is basically called a raw-material oriented industry.

• 100 kg of sugarcane is needed to produce 1 kg of sugar.
• So, 100x1000=100,000 kg of sugarcane is needed to produce 1 ton of sugar.
  

• Mass rapid transportation and connectivity to National Capital Region (NCR).
  
• Availability of labor from the neighboring states.
• Entrepreneurship availability.
• Land availability outside Delhi region.
  
• Satellite towns.
• Immediate market for goods.
  

 This industry has close links with agriculture and provides a living to farmers, cotton boll pluckers and workers engaged in ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing, designing, packaging, tailoring and sewing. The industry by creating demands supports many other industries, such as, chemicals and dyes, mill stores, packaging materials and engineering works. The handspun khadi provides large scale employment to weavers in their homes as a cottage industry. India exports yarn to Japan.  Other importers of cotton goods from India are U.S.A., U.K., Russia, France, East European countries, Nepal, Singapore, Sri Lanka, and African countries.

Cotton textile factories are concentrated near well-connected markets. The existence of market is the ultimate requirement of quick sale of the finished goods. This reduces transportation costs enabling consumers to buy at cheaper rates thereby resulting an increase in the sale.

• In early twentieth century, Indigo plantation was declining due to loss of business.
• Indigo planters started selling their units to sugar planters.
• Viceroy Curzon and Coventry had encouraged sugar plantation in Bihar.
  

Sugar mills have to be located near the sugarcane fields because of factor that it is perishable. Sugarcane contains sucrose and once you cut the sugarcane, the sucrose content starts to decline. Hence, raw material must be quickly transported. Sugarcane is the main source for sugar in India. Sugar industries is set up in the sugarcane producing areas generally for ease of transport storage and maintenance and also since sugarcane is a perishable agricultural product.

The following are the factors responsible for the location of Jute industry in the Hooghly River basin:

• Proximity to the jute producing areas, jute is abundantly grown in the adjoining regions of West Bengal, Bihar and Assam.
  
• Hooghly River provides for inexpensive water transport and also for washing jute and jute related goods.
  
• There is good network of railways, roadways and waterways to facilitate movements of raw materials and labour to the mills.
  
• There is an abundant water supply for processing raw jute.
  
• Cheap labour is available from West Bengal and adjoining states of Bihar, Odisha.     
  
• Capital facilities are available from the local capitalist.
  
• Cheap and adequate hydel power is obtained from DVC in Bihar and West Bengal.
  
• Kolkata provides market and port facilities to the Industry.
  

Calcutta (now Kolkata) had the raw material close by as the jute growing areas were mainly in Bengal. There was an abundant supply of labor, ample coal for power, and the city was ideally situated for shipping to world markets. The first jute mill was established at Rishra, on the River Hooghly near Calcutta in 1855 when Mr. George Acland brought jute spinning machinery from Dundee. Four years later, the first power driven weaving factory was set up.

By 1869, five mills were operating with 950 looms. Growth was rapid and, by 1910, 38 companies operating 30,685 looms exported more than a billion yards of cloth and over 450 million bags. Until the middle 1880's, the jute industry was confined almost entirely to Dundee and Calcutta. France, America, and later Germany, Belgium, Italy, Austria, and Russia, among others, turned to jute manufacturing in the latter part of the 19th century.

In the following three decades, the jute industry in India enjoyed even more remarkable expansion, rising to commanding leadership by 1939 with a total of 68,377 looms, concentrated mainly on the River Hooghly near Calcutta. These mills alone have proved able to supply the world demand.

Though India is an important producer of iron and steel in the world, we are not able to perform to our full potential largely due to:

• a) High cost: Limited availability of coking coal as the amount of coking coal is limited, its cost in India is high therefore the industry faces difficulty in buying it.
  
• b) Low productivity of labour.
  
• c) Irregular supply of energy: There is an irregular supply of  electricity in India, so that work becomes more difficult.
  
• d) Poor infrastructure: The technological development in India is less as compared to other countries.
  
• e) There is a need to allocate resources for research and development to produce steel more competitively to raise their standards to meet international levels.
  

• Bihar - Gaya
  
• Orissa - Cuttack
  
• Uttar Pradesh - Kanpur
  
• Andhra Pradesh - Guntur
  

Mumbai has humid, warm climate which supports growth of cotton. Raw material is easily available. Port is located in Mumbai which is helpful in import and export of products. Apart from these availability of skilled labour also helped in expansion of cotton industry. First modern textile mill was established in 1854 in Mumbai itself.

The process of converting raw materials, components, or parts into finished goods that meet a customer's expectations or specifications. Manufacturing commonly employs a man-machine setup with division of labor in a large scale production. 

example- silk is a raw material and silk suit is a finished product manufactured from the silk obtained from silk worm.

Mumbai, the capital of Maharastra is premiere Centre of cotton textile industry of India. Mumbai is known as Lancashire of India because it is the premier center of cotton textile and also has 63 cotton mills in and around the city.

Main reasons are:-

1.       Availability of raw cottons

2.       Transport Facilities

3.       Humid Climate

4.       Cheap hydel Power

5.       Abundant labor supply

6.       Market

• Manufacturing industries help in modernizing agriculture.
• The utilization of huge volume of natural resources has become possible with the development of industries in the country.
• Increasing volume of investment in industries has led to enhancement in the rate of capital formation in the country.
• Organized and unorganized industries are jointly contributing a good portion of the total national income of the country.
  
• These modernize agriculture.
• These eradicate unemployment and poverty.
• They help in earning foreign exchange.
• They help in bringing down regional disparities.
  
• They help in reducing the pressure from agriculture by setting up of industries in rural areas.
  

• Manual labor
• Interrupted power supply
• Low quality cotton inputs
• Heavy competition in exports
• Labor strikes
  

Main problems faced by sugarcane industry in India are:

• Low yield of sugarcane: India’s yield is only 64.5 tonnes/hectare as compared to 90 tonnes in Java and 121 tons in Hawaii.
  
• Short crushing season: Cropping season of sugar cane is 4 to 7 months. Because of this short crushing season farmers remain idle without any work for months.
  
• High cost of production: High cost of sugarcane, inefficient technology, uneconomic process of production and heavy excise duty result in high cost of manufacturing.
  
• Small and uneconomic size of mills: Most of the industries in India have 1000 to 1500 tonnes capacity which is small and uneconomic.
  
• Regional imbalances in distribution of industry: 60% of production comes from two states Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh.
  
• Low per capita consumption: Per capita consumption of sugar cane is very less which is 16.3 kg when compared to 48.8 kg in USA.