Collection Of Data - Class 11 Commerce Economics - Extra Questions

The weights of new born babies (in kg) in a hospital on a particular day are as follows:
$$2.3, 2.2, 2.1, 2.7, 2.6, 3.0, 2.5, 2.9, 2.8, 3.1, 2.5, 2.8, 2.7, 2.9, 2.4$$
Determine the highest weight.

In Descending order: The large no. will come first
$$3.1, 3.0,2.9,2.9, 2.8, 2.8, 2.7, 2.7,2.6, 2.5,2.5, 2.4,2.3, 2.2,2.1$$
$$3.1$$ kg is the highest weight among given weights.


Imagine that you interviewed India's first Civil Engineer. Mokshagundam Vishweshwarayya. Construct the interview accordingly.

Interviewer: Dear Audience, today we are going to Interview a renowned personality of India. Mr Mokshagundam Vishweshwarayya, the first civil engineer of Indian country. Sir, it's indeed a pleasure to have you here. We warmly welcome you. How are you Sir?

Mokshagundam Vishweshwarayya : I am good. Thanks for inviting me here.

INTERVIEWER : Sir how did you decided to go into civil field?

Mokshagundam Vishweshwarayya : When I was a kid, the structures, buildings used to excite me. I started wondering how these were made. Eventually my interest In civil field aroused so much that I decided to pursue civil engineering.

INTERVIEWER : What challenges did you face in the earlier times?

Mokshagundam Vishweshwarayya: Well ,there was no concept of civil education. I had to go abroad to get my basic education. Then after getting some professional experience I returned to India and kicked off a new chapter in my country. I am happy to see now that Civil engineering is being so much promoted by the Indian government


Complete the following dialogue appropriately.
Teacher: ____________________ ?
Student: We can see them in the zoo, Sir.
Teacher: ____________________ ?
Student: Yes Sir, I have visited it in Chennai.
Teacher: ____________________ ?
Student: I visited it last year.
Teacher: ____________________ ?
Student: I visited it with my uncle.
Teacher: Did you see the zebra there?
Student: ____________________ .

Where can we see wild animals?
Have you visited the zoo?
Who did you visit it with?
Yes, I saw the zebra there. 



List the methods of collecting primary data?

(i) Direct Personal Investigation.
(ii) Indirect Oral Investigation.
(iii) Questionnaire Method


Dishtinguish between Deliberate Sampling and Random Sampling.

Sr.No.Deliberate SamplingSr.No.Random Sampling
(1)Under deliberate sampling, the selection of items is made by choice.(1)Under random sampling, the selection of items is made by chance.
(2)It is useful for a small population.(2)It is useful for a large population.
(3)In this method, selection of items may be biased.(3)In this method, there is no possibility of bias since the sample are selected at random.
(4)This method has no further categories.(4)This method is further divided into lottery method, serial arrangement method, etc.


What are the methods of collecting secondary data?

When the investigator himself does not make any investigation and rather uses the data which has been collected by by some other researcher such data is known as secondary data. The sources of collecting secondary data are:
(i) published sources like newspapers, articles, blogs etc. 
(ii) unpublished sources like unpublished news, etc. 


Write short note on collection of data

The data collected may be :
(A) Primary Data
(B) Secondary Data

(A) Primary Data : Primary data is the data which is collected by the investigator for the first time.
It includes the following types:
1) Direct Personal Investigation- when researcher conducts experiment or survey and collects data himself/herself. 
2) Indirect Oral Investigation- this may be done by researcher collecting data through a telephone or hiring an Investigator to do it for him/her.
3) Questionnaire Method- when required data is obtained by sending a questionnaire to selected people. This can be done by Post or sending an Ennumerator to collect the answers and record them.

(B) Secondary Data :  When the investigator himself does not make any investigation, but he uses the data which has been collected by someone else, then such data is known as secondary data. He/She can get such data from published or unpublished sources. They do not have to put in much effort for data collection and thus save time, money and energy.

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Distinguish between Census Method (survey) and Sample Method. 

Sr.No.Census Method (survey)Sr.No.Sample Method
(1)In census survey, information is collected from each and every unit of the population.(1)In sample survey, information is collected from a few selected unit of the population.
(2)It is very expensive and time-consuming.(2)It is less expensive and less time-consuming.
(3)It is suitable where the field of investigation is small.(3)It is suitable where the field of investigation is large.
(4)It is more accurate and reliable.(4)It is less accurate and less reliable.
(5)It rules out the possibility of any personal biases.(5)It holds the chance of personal biases in the selection of samples.


Explain/define the following concept.
Deliberate sampling

Deliberate sampling: When the samples are selected by the investigator on the basis of the purpose, thinking that they will form the true representative of the population, it is called deliberate sampling.The selection of items under this sampling method is made by choice, which may lead to biased sampling. It is useful for a small universe of population.


Explain/define the following concept:
Primary Data

Primary data:  Primary data is the data which is collected by the investigator for the first time. The data collected is first-hand data, which is collected keeping in mind the objective of the research being conducted.


Do you agree or disagree? Give Reasons.
Primary data is raw data.

Primary data is the data which is collected by the investigator for the first time. Therefore, they are original and first hand data collected by the investigator for the first time. Then it is classified and arranged for further statistical analysis. As this data is large, it needs to be reduced for further analysis. Hence this data is considered raw data. 


Define/explain the following concept.
Secondary data

When the investigator himself does not make any investigation, but he uses the data which has been collected by someone else, then such data is known as secondary data. There are many sources to collect secondary data, which are  
  • Official Publications of central, state and Local Governments.
  • Reports published by Government Organisation like CSO, RBI, NCAER, etc.


Do you agree or disagree? Give Reasons.
Utmost care has to be taken while using secondary data.

When the investigator himself does not make any investigation, but he uses the data which has been collected by someone else, then such data is known as secondary data. Therefore, while using secondary data the investigator should select official sources so that there are less chances of error. 


Do you agree or disagree? Give Reasons.
Secondary data can be collected only through publication of education institutions.

When the investigator himself does not make any investigation, but he uses the data which has been collected by someone else, then such data is known as secondary data. There are many sources to collect secondary data, which are  
  • Official Publications of central, state and Local Governments.
  • Reports published by Government Organisation like CSO, RBI, NCAER, etc.
  • Publications of Private Organisation, like Economic Times, Economic and Political Weekly, etc.
  • Data Published by the international organisation like IMF, WTO, WHO, UNO, etc.
  • Unpublished Sources like the personal records of scholars, trade union, etc


Do you agree or disagree? Give Reasons.
There is a possibility of bias element in deliberate sampling.

When the samples are selected by the investigator on the basis of purpose, it is called deliberate sampling. It is a sample by choice. So there is a possibility of bias element on part of the investigator. Hence, this statements is true


Dishtinguish between Inclusive Method and Exclusive Method.

Sr.No.
Inclusive Method
Sr.No.Exclusive Method
(1)In the inclusive method, the upper limit of a class interval is included in the class itself.(1)When the upper limit of the class is excluded from the class and is included in the next class, it is called exclusive method.
(2)It is suitable for discrete variables.(2)It is suitable for continuous variables. 
(3)In this, class interval does not overlap e.g.10-19, 20-29, 30-39,etc.(3)In this, class interval overlaps e.g.10-20, 20-30, 30-40,etc.


Do you agree or disagree? Give Reasons.
Secondary data is more reliable as compared to primary data.

No.
When the investigator himself does not make any investigation, but he uses the data which has been collected by someone else, then such data is known as secondary data whereas primary data is itself collected by the investigator. Therefore, primary data is more reliable than secondary data. 


Do you agree or disagree? Give Reasons.
Census method in more reliable.

When the data is collected from the entire population so that to study each and every unit of the population, it is called census method. It is mainly used for census survey, official enquiry etc. Census survey is done once in every ten years like birth rate , death rate etc. Therefore, it is a more reliable source than any other source of collecting data. 


Explain/Define the following concept.
Exclusive method

Exclusive method: 
When the upper limit of the class is excluded from the class and is included in the next class, it is called exclusive method.In the exclusive method, the upper limit of one class becomes the lower limit of the next class. It is suitable for continuous variables. In this, class interval overlaps e.g.10-20, 20-30, 30-40,etc.


Explain/Define the following concept:
Range

Range: While organising the data, it is necessary to find out the highest (maximum) and the lowest (minimum) value from the observations. The differences between these two extreme values is called range. 
It can be expressed as: $$Range = Highest\ value - Lowest\ value$$


Explain/Define the following concept.
Random sampling

When all the unit of population have equal chance to be selected as sample, it is known as random sampling. In random sampling, there is an equal probability of every unit of the population to get selected.


Define the following concept:
Inclusive method

Inclusive method: When the upper limit of the class is included in the same class itself, it is called inclusive method. It is suitable for discrete variables. In this, class interval does not overlap e.g.10-19, 20-29, 30-39,etc.


Giving reason, comment on the shape of production possibilities curve based on the following schedule:
Good-X (Units)$$0$$$$1$$$$2$$$$3$$$$4$$
Good-Y (Units)$$30$$$$27$$$$21$$$$12$$$$0$$



Giving reasons, comment on the shape of production possibilities curve based on the following table:
Good-X (Units)$$0$$$$1$$$$2$$$$3$$$$4$$
Good-Y (Units)$$4$$$$3$$$$2$$$$1$$$$0$$

Good-X (Units)Good-Y (Units)Marginal Opportunity Cost
$$0$$$$4$$-
$$1$$$$3$$$$\dfrac {1}{1} = 1$$
$$2$$$$2$$$$\dfrac {1}{1} = 1$$
$$3$$$$1$$$$\dfrac {1}{1} = 1$$
$$4$$$$0$$$$\dfrac {1}{1} = 1$$
The schedule shows that the marginal opportunity cost of producing more of Good-X in place of Good-Y is constant. Accordingly, production possibility curve is to be a downward sloping straight line.


Name the different methods of collecting primary data.

1. Direct personal investigation
2. Indirect investigation
      $$\cdot $$ Schedules to be filled in by enumeration. 
      $$\cdot $$ Information through questions are to be filled by informants.
      $$\cdot $$ Information through local sources.
     $$\cdot $$ Indirect oral investigation through experts.


$$ \text{In a group frequency data class interval are 0-20,  20-40,  40-60,...., then find the } \\ \text{class width.}$$

$$\textbf{Step-1: Find class width for first interval}$$  

                 $$ \text{So, Class width = 20 - 0 = 20, 40 - 20 = 20  } $$

$$\textbf{Step-2: Find width for second interval}$$

                 $$ \text{So, Class width =40 - 20 = 20, 60 - 40 = 20  } $$

$$ \textbf{Hence, In each case, class width = 20 } $$


_____is a person who helps the investigator in collecting the data? (informants/enumerator).

 Enumerators are the persons who help the Investigators in the collection of data.
The person who collects data by conducting an enquiry or an investigation is called enumerator. Often the enumerator is a trained person for field work


Discuss three methods of primary data collection.

Methods of collecting primary data:

1) Direct personal investigation-In this method the investigator personally take the interviews of the respondents and gets the first hand information. If the field of enquiry is not large this method is considered better.In this method the investigator must be trained,well aware about the topic and capable of making everything clear to respondent and he must be enough tactful to handle difficult situations.

2)Indirect oral investigation-This method is used where the informants are hesitant to pass on the information for any reason.If the data is complicated enough to get any answer from the informants then this is used. Investigators appointed by the government apply this technique of collecting the data.The indifferent attitude of people ,the investigator take interviews few other persons who are directly or indirectly related with the information.

3)schedules filled by enumerators-In this method enumerators are given some performa with standard set of questions .In this method enumerators visit respondents personally with questionnaires and tell them to get these filled

4)Mailed questionnaires method-Under this method a questionnaire is prepared containing simple and easy objective type question .These questionnaires are sent by post to the persons capable of giving answers to the questions.



Match the items from List I with the items in List II..

  • Probability sampling refers to a statistical method of sampling where a random selection is done from a set of samples given to analyse it and giving the result for the whole set.
  • Hypothesis testing is a statistical method that is used in making statistical decisions using experimental data. Therefore, it is also known as beta error test.
  • Questionnaire test refers to a statistical method of sampling where a common questionnaire is given to a large part of the population to take their opinion and suggestion on the related issues. 
  • Parametric test is a branch of statistics which assumes that sample data comes from a population that follows a probability distribution based on a fixed set of parameters. Therefore, it is also known as t-test. 



Class 11 Commerce Economics Extra Questions