Class 11 Medical Biology - Morphology Of Flowering Plants

Tick the correct set.

Citrus exhibits polyembryonic seed development, an apomictic process in which many maternally derived embryos arise from the nucellus surrounding the developing zygotic embryo.
Apospory: It is the development of a gametophyte directly from a sporophyte without the occurrence of meiosis or spore formation.
Rhizome: It is a modified subterranean stem of a plant that is usually found underground, often sending out roots and shoots from its nodes.
Far red light will induce dormancy in the seed. That is, it will cause the seed not to germinate.

What are monocarpic and polycarpic plants?

Monocarpic plants	Polycarpic plants
Monocarpic plant flowers only once in their lifetime	Polycarpic plant flower every year.
Monocarpic plants are annual or biennial	Polycarpic plants are perennial.
Monocarpic plants die after flowering & fruiting	Polycarpic plants do not die after flowering.

Quiescent centre theory for demonstrating apical organisation in root was proposed by.

Quiescent cell theory was given by Claws in 1961 in maize. These are the cells that are present in roots is a region of apical meristem that does not multiply or is divide very slowly but these cells are able to restore division where it is required or when the cells around them get damaged.

Read the names of following plants.
(ii) Gloriosa
(ii) Aloe barbadensis
(iii) Atropa belladonna
(vi) Colchicum autumnale
(v) Asparagus
(vi) Withania somnifera
Which of these belong to the family Liliaceae?

From above given these only belong to family Liliaceae

i) Gloriosa L

v) Asparagus L

vi) Colchicum autumnale L

Define perianth.

In some flowers, the calyx and corolla are not distinct and combined it is called as perianth. For example, members of Liliaceae family.

Primary reproductive parts and accessory reproductive parts in a flower

Primary reproductive parts are those that are responsible for producing gametes. In a flower they are the Androecium and Gynoecium that produce the male gametes (pollen grain) and female gamete (egg) respectively.

The other two whorls of a flower namely the Calyx and corolla aid in pollination and protect the inner primary reproductive whorls. Therefore these are reffered to as the accessory reproductive whorls.

Define the terms monoecious and dioecious with respect to sexuality in plant mentioning examples for each.

Monoecious plants are plants that have both male and female sexual organs or flowers. These male and female parts are located at different locations on the plant. For example, corn, oak, pine, etc.
Dioecious plants have sperate male and female plants. They do not have the male and female flowers on the same plant. For example, plum pine, osage orange, cottonwood, etc.

Rearrange the following in a proper logical sequence.
Epidermis, Cortex, Root Hair, Xylem, Endodermis.

The sequence in order from outer to the inner side in the transverse section of a plant root will be root hair, epidermis, cortex, endodermis, xylem.
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Name the species of plant that flowers one in life time.

Century plant, or Agave americana and:
Bamboo species have one life cycle and generally flowers only once in its lifetime.

What is the type of fruit found in mango ? How does it differ from that of coconut ?

1) The type of fruit found in mango is drupe.
2) The mesocarp of mango is fleshy and edible, where as the mesocarp of coconut is fibrous

Give appropriate biological/ technical terms for the following.
The mode of arrangement of flowers on the axis of the plant.

The arrangement of flowers on the floral axis is termed as inflorescence.

Inflorescence is defined as the arrangement of a cluster or a group of flowers in the main branch of the stem.

The small green leaves at the base of flowers are known as _______.

The small green leaves at the base of flowers are known as $$\underline {sepals}$$

Sepals are the the members of the outermost whorl called the calyx and is green in colour.

Stem has a two way transport mechanism. Justify.

In plants, transport of water and minerals through xylem in upward direction takes place in one way and transport of food through phloem in both upward and downward direction takes place in another way.

Thus, it justifies that stem has a two way transport mechanism.

In swampy areas like the Sunderbans in West Bengal, plants/trees bear special kind of roots called:

In swampy areas, like the Sunderbans in West Bengal, plants bear special kind of roots called Pneumatophores

These are negatively geotropic, breathing roots that come above the surface of the ground to take in oxygen essential for the respiration process in plants.

Name various parts of stamen.

Stamen is the male reproductive unit of a flower. The stamen has two parts:

(i) Anther

(ii) Filament

Stilt root occur in

These roots arise from lower nodes and grow obliquely downwards and penetrate the soil and provide mechanical support to plan. In maize. jowar, these roots grow in whorls and provide support.

Give one word/term for the following :
Arrangement of flowers on a twig/stem

An inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of the main branch or a complicated arrangement of branches.

Very short answer type.
Give the exact location and function of passage cells.

In roots, some cells of the endodermis, usually the ones opposite to protoxylem, remain thin walled. These cells are called passage cells. They help in radial diffusion of water.

Fill in the blank with appropriate words.
Parachute mechanism of fruit and seed dispersal is due to the presence of a structure called ..........

pappus

Very short answer type :
What do you call a fruit which develops from an entire spike inflorescence? Give an example.

When a fruit develops from an entire spike inflorescence, it is known as Sorosis. E.g. mulberry.

Define the following term with regard to flower.
Pentamerous

Pentamerous flowers are those flowers which are having the parts of flower arranged in groups of five. A flower which has calyx , corolla as 5 or its multiple are called as pentamerous flowers. For example; Solanum , Chinarose etc

Define the following term with regard to flower:
Actinomorphic

Actinomorphic flowers are the flowers which can be divisible into 3 or more identical parts which are related to each other by rotation about the centre of flower. Example; mustard, datura and chilli.

Mention any three types of inflorescence in Euphorbiaceae with example

An inflorescence can be defined as the group of cluster of flowers having a characteristic arrangement. In the family Euphorbiaceae, the following types of inflorescence can be seen:

Cyathium inflorescence, e.g., Euphorbia pulcherrinla.
Spikes, e.g., Acalypha.
Racemes, e.g., Ricinus

Differentiate between
(a) Racemose and cymose inflorescence
(b) Fibrous root and adventitious root
(c) Apocarpous and syncarpous ovary

(a)

Racemose inflorescence	Cymose inflorescence
Younger flowers are present at the tip while older flowers are arranged at the base of this inflorescence. Such an arrangement is called acropetal succession.	Younger flowers are present at the base of the inflorescence, while older flowers are present at the top. Such an arrangement is called basipetal succession.
The main axis in racemose inflorescence continues to grow and produce flowers laterally.	The main axis in cymose inflorescence has limited growth, which later terminates into a flower.

(b)

Fibrous root	Adventitious root
In monocots, the primary root which develops from the radicle of the seed is short-lived and is replaced by a large number of roots arising from the base of the stem.	These roots arise from any part of the plant other than the radicle of seeds.
It is found in wheat and other cereals.	It is found in banyan, Monstera, and other plants.

(c)

Apocarpous ovary	Syncarpous ovary
The flowers with apocarpous ovary have more than one carpel. These carpels are free.	The flowers with syncarpous ovary have more than one carpel. However, these carpels are fused
It is found in lotus and rose flowers.	It is found in the flowers of tomato and mustard.

Define fruit.

A fruit is an senescent ovary, it's development is stimulated by fertilization. It forms a protective covering for the seeds and also possesses various mechanisms for their dispersal.

What are Mangroves?

Mangroves are trees and shrubs that have adapted to life in a saltwater environment. There are about 80 different species of mangrove trees. All of these trees grow in areas with low-oxygen soil, where slow-moving waters allow fine sediments to accumulate. Mangrove forests only grow at tropical and subtropical latitudes near the equator because they cannot withstand freezing temperatures. The main contribution of mangroves to the larger ecosystem comes from litter fall from the trees, which is then decomposed by primary consumers.

Legume is the characteristic fruit of ____________ family.

Legume is the characteristic fruit of Leguminosae or Fabaceae family

What are sepals? What are their functions?

Sepals are small, green-colored, leaf-shaped structures found on the outermost part of the flower. They are considered to be modified leaves. Sepals protect the flower when they are in the stage of bud and support the petals when flowers blooms.

The outer coat of seed is called ___________.

The protective covering of seed is called seed coat and is made up of two layers. Outer layer which is usually hard is called testa and the inner layer which is thin and papery is called tegmen.

Hence, the answer is $$testa$$.

What are the three groups of fruits?

The groups of fruits are

1. Simple - example, lomentum, berry

2. Aggregate (etario) - etario of berries, drupes, achenes or follicles- example custard apple

3. composite fruit - Entire inflorescence forms the fruit. Example- sorosis, synconus

Explain the different types of calyx.

Different types of calyx are as follows,

Persistent calyx: the calyx does not wither off after fertilization or during fruit development but is present attached to the fruit

Example: Brinjal, Solanum nigrum etc

Caducous: deciduous, the calyx withers off much before the formation of fruit example, poppy

Pappus calyx: feathery calyx, non green in color

Example: members of family Asteraceae

Petalloid calyx: The sepal are non-green usually of a different color, appearing like petals.

Example: Michelia (sepals are yellow in color)

What is a flower? Describe the parts of a typical angiospermic flower.

A flower is a shoot which is specialized in taking part in the sexual reproduction of angiosperms.
Parts of Angiospermic Flower: A flower has a stalk called pedicel. The base of the flower is thick. It accommodates all the components. It is called thalamus. It has nodes and internodes. The various parts of the flower are called floral organs. They are of four types, namely Sepals, petals, stamens and carpels.
Sepal or Calyx: They are green outermost and lowermost floral organs. They can be free (polysepalous) or fused(gamosepalous). An extra whorl of green bracts called epicalyx may occur in some flowers. Sepals aids in protection and support other floral organs.
Petals or Corolla: They are brightly coloured flat leaf-like floral organs which lie inside to sepals and outside the stamens. They may be free (polypetalous) or fused (gamopetalous). Their major function is to attract pollinating animals.
Stamens or Androecium: They are male reproductive organs of a flower. They may be borne directly over the thalamus or attached to petals (epipetalous). Stamens can be free or fused by their filaments (adelphous condition), anthers (syngenesious) or both (synandrous). Each stamen has a thread like a stalk and knob-like anther. Anther is bilobed and has four sporangia. Pollen grains are formed inside the sporangia of the anther.
Carpels or Gynaecium: They are female reproductive organs of a flower. Carpels may be free (apocarpous) or fused (syncarpous). A free unit is called pistil. It has three parts, namely stigma, style and ovary. Stigma is the terminal part of the pistil which receives and nourishes the pollen grains. A style is a stalk that raises the stigma above the ovary. An ovary is a basal swollen part which bears ovules over the placentae. Ovules later ripen to form seeds while ovary develops into a fruit.

Define the term inflorescence. Explain the basis for the different types of inflorescence in flowering plants.

An inflorescence is arrangement and distribution of flowers over an axis of the plant called peduncle.
(i) Growth: Growth of the peduncle is indefinite in racemose inflorescence and definite in cymose inflorescence.

(ii) Branching of Peduncle: Peduncle is unbranched in simple racemose inflorescence. It is branched in compound racemose inflorescence.

(iii) Number of Branches: Cymose inflorescence is differentiated into uniparous (monochasial), biparous (dichasial) and multiparous (polychasial) depending upon the number of branches.

(iv) Pedicel: Presence or absence of pedicel in racemose inflorescence.

(v) Length of pedicel.

(vi) Condensation: Condensation of groups of flowers results in special inflorescence types.

(vii) Sex of Flowers: Certain types have unisexual flowers. For example, Catkin.

Draw labelled diagram of the following (i) Gram seed (ii) V.S. of maize seed.

Image result for diagram of v.s of maize seed

Gram seed is shown in the above portion and the maize seed is shown in the below portion.

Differentiate between the following.
(a) Racemose and Cymose inflorescence
(b) Fibrous root and Adventitious root
(c) Apocarpous and Syncarpous ovary

Racemose inflorescence	Cymose inflorescence
1)It is indefinite inflorescence in which flowers are arranged acropetally that is a younger flower at the center while older flower at the base.	1)It is definite inflorescence with an older flower at center and younger flower at the base.
2)Example-pea, wheat	2)Example-petunia, chili

Fibrous Root	Adventitious Root
1)It is the primary root that is short-lived and replaced by lateral roots and mainly found in monocots.	1)The root that arises from a part of a plant other than radicle.
2)it is found in plants like wheat, rice etc.	2)It is found in Banyan, Dahlia etc.

Apocarpous Ovary	Syncarpous ovary
1)More than one carpel is present but fused.	1)More than one carpel is present but free
2)These are found in lotus and rose.	2)These are found in mustard and tomato.

What is the type of origin of root branches?

Origin of root branches is endogenous. The root branches originate withing the cell.

Take one flower each of the families Fabaceae and write its semi-technical description. Also, draw its floral diagram.

Vegetative Characters

Root:- taproot system with root nodules present.
Stem:-erect or climber.
Leaves:-alternate, pinnately compound or simple: leaf base, pulvinate; stipulate; reticulate venation.

Floral Characters

Inflorescence: the racemose inflorescence
Flower: bisexual, zygomorphic.
Calyx: sepals five, gamosepalous, imbricate aestivation.
Corolla:Petals five,polypetalous, papilonaceous, vexillary aestivation.
Androecium: stamens 10, diadelphous, anthers dithecous.
Gynoecium: monocarpellary; superior ovary, unilocular, placentation is marginal with many ovules.
Fruits: legume.
Seeds: Many, non-endospermic.
Floral formula:
Economic Importance:-

Medicinal plants:-Mulaithi.
Ornamentals:-lupin, sweet pea
Food plants:-all the pulses belongs to this family.
Edible oil:-Soybean, groundnut.
Fodder:-Sesbania, Trifolium.
Dye:-Indigofera.

Can the sepals be caducous? At what stage?

Caducous is a condition of detaching or falling off of sepals. Yes, septals can be caducous immediately after the opening of flower. For example, Poppy.

What is cyathium? Give an example.

Cyathium is a type of inflorescence in which a cup-like cluster of modified leaves encloses a female flower and several male flowers. It resembles a single flower. For example, Poinsettia.

Write the main functions of the stem.

Functions of the stems are:

1. It bears and supports leaves, flowers and fruits.

2. The various appendages borne on the stem are placed in such a fashion that they are able to carry out their functions most effectively.

3. It conducts water and mineral salts from roots to the leaves and fruits.

4. The food manufactured in the leaves is transported to the roots, fruits and organs of storage through the stem.

5. Every year, it adds new cells, tissues and organs which are required for the continued functioning of plants.

Name the type of inflorescence found in Salvia.

Verticillaster inflorescence is found in Salvia.

What do you mean by determinate inflorescence?

The cymose inflorescence is called determinate inflorescence as in this, the main axis terminates in a flower and further growth is continued by one or more lateral branches.

Name the family to which each of the following belongs (i) Pisum (ii) Onion (iii) Potato.

(i) Pisum belongs to Fabaceae family.

(ii) Onion belongs to Alliaceae family.

(iii)Potato belongs to Solanaceae family.

Pick out the plant with unipinnate type of compound leaves from the plant names given: Trifolium, Neem, Moringa.

Neem has unipinnate type of compound leaves. The leaflets are borne directly on the extension of petiole called rachis. Unipinnate compound leaf of Neem is imparipinnate.

Name any one plant in which adventitious roots develop chlorophyll and perform photosynthesis.

In Tinospora, adventitious roots develop chlorophyll and perform photosynthesis.

Differentiate between bulb and tuber.

Bulb	Tuber
1)Only one bulb is present.	1)These are present in numbers.
2)It is a compact shoot complex.	2)It is a swollen end of stolon.
3)The stem is reduced and discoid.	3)The stem is enlarged.
4)food is stored in scales, leaf bases and buds.	4)Food is stored on the stem.

Differentiate between racemose and cymose inflorescence

Racemose inflorescence	Cymose inflorescence
This is an indefinite or indeterminate type of inflorescence	This is a definite or determinate type of inflorescence
The main axis does not end the growth with a flower	The main axis ends the growth with a flower
The flowers are borne in acropetal succession, that is, lower ones are older and upper ones are younger flowers	The flowers are borne in basipetal succession, that is, lower ones are younger flowers and upper ones are older flowers
Flowers are borne laterally	Flowers are borne terminally
The opening of flowers occurs at short intervals	Opening of successive flowers take long intervals

Define cymose inflorescence and its types?

In a cymose inflorescence, the main axis has limited growth and the flowers are arranged in a basipetal manner which means that the older flowers are found towards the top and the younger ones towards the base of the axis.
The different types of cymose inflorescence are:

Monochasial/Uniparous– the main axis ends in a flower and has one lateral branch. Example: Drosera

Dichasial/Biparous– The main axis produces a flower at the tip and produces two branches simultaneously at a lower level both of which also end in flowers. This pattern of branching is further repeated. Example: Dianthus

Polychasial/ Multiparous– The main axis ends in a flower and at the same time it produces a number of lateral flowers around. The oldest flower lies in the centre and ends the main floral axis. Example: Calotropis

Cymose/Capitulum– In this case, the peduncle is reduced to form a disc-like structure. This disc bears sessile flowers with the oldest in the centre and the younger ones towards the periphery.

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Differentiate between runner and sucker.

Runner	Sucker
1)It arises from a stem.	1)It arises from a rootstock.
2)They spread quickly and produce a new plant.	2)These are usually removed from the plant they absorb the energy of the plant and also able to grow a new plant.
3)The example is strawberry.	3) The example is Rose.

Differentiate between rhizome and bulb.

Rhizome	Bulb
1)Thick, underground, dorsiventral stem grows horizontally at a particular depth.	1)The specialized underground stem that bears roots.
2)It bears nodes, internodes. axillary buds etc.	2)It bears root at the lower side and cluster of leaves at the upper side.
3)The example is ginger.	3)The example is onion.

List the various types of compound leaves.

Compound leas is a leaf contains the number of leaflets on one stalk. Types of compound leaves:

(i) Pinnate

(ii) Palmate.

It is commonly believed that only roots develop below the ground. How would you prove that potato tuber is a stem and not a root?

In potato, the evidence of stem nature is by the presence of eyes on its brownish corky surface. It is a pit like structure and represents a node and axillary bud is present in it. Thus potato tuber is a stem, not root that helps in vegetative propagation.

What is racemose inflorescence? Give its types.

Racemose is an inflorescence in which the terminal of a branch does not transform into a flower that is the reason it is also called as indefinite inflorescence in which the flowers are arranged acropetally.

Different types of the racemose inflorescence are:-

Corymb-All the flowers are arranged at the same level due to the slight shortening of peduncle and pedicel is slightly elongated of lower flowers. An example is a candytuft.
Umbel:-Pedicellate flowers are arranged centripetally around an extremely reduced peduncle with an involucre below. An example is Centella
Spike:-Sessile flower born acropetally. An example is Amaranthus.
Spikelet:-it is a compact spike with few flowers born on the axis called rachilla and surrounded by two scales called glumes. An example is a wheat.
Catkin:-Compact unisexual spike often hanging. An example is Acalypha.
Spadix: -A fleshy spike covered with spathe. An example is a maize.

Give any two reasons to justify that onion bulb is a modified stem.

Onion bulb is a modified stem because

(i) It has large number of fleshy scale leaves.

(ii) In this, terminal and axillary buds are present.

(iii) Adventitious roots are present on the posterior side.

Differentiate between potato tuber and tuberous roots of dahlia.

Potato tuber	Tuberous root of Dahlia
1)It is a modification of stem	1)it is a modification of root
2)It stores food.	2)It helps in growing a new plant.

What do you understand by special types of inflorescence? Describe them with diagrams and examples.

There are four different types of special inflorescence found and are deflected from racemose and cymose inflorescence. These are:-

A)Hypanthodium:-It has a flask-shaped fleshy receptacle, a pore or ostiole lined by scales and a short canal bearing hair. The receptacle bears male flower ostiole, female flower towards the base and sterile flowers between the two.

Example-Ficus (Peepal, Banyan)

B)Coenanthium:-It has a saucer-shaped receptacle with upturned margin and bearing florets like hypanthodium.

Example:-Dorstenia.

C)Verticillaster:-It is the characteristic inflorescence of family Lamiaceae or Labiatae. Flowers are arranged in two opposite cymose groups on each node.

Example- Ocimum (Tulsi).

D)Cyathium:-It is the characteristic inflorescence of Euphorbia, in which a single female flower is present in the center and number of male flowers around it, inside a cup-shaped involucre.

Differentiate between corm and bulb.

Corm	Bulb
1)Its shape may be spherical, elongated or vertically compressed.	1)Its shape is roughly spherical or pyriform in outline.
2)The stem is swollen or enlarged.	2) The stem is conical in shape.
3)Buds are born externally.	3)Buds are born internally.
4)The example is Colocasia and Crocus.	4) The example is Allium cepa and Lilium bulbifera.

Distinguish between flower and inflorescence

Flower:

The flower is a modified shoot which shows distinct nodes and internodes and the stalk of the flower is called pedicel

Inflorescence:

Inflorescence is a group of flowers arranged on a floral axis which does not show distinct nodes and internodes and the stalk of the flower is called peduncle

Solve the crossword given in figure as per the clues given below it:
Across -
The term that describes upward movement of water in a stem.
The part of leaf which is attached to the stem.
This part is attached to the tip of filament.
Down -
Plants that are weak and spread on the ground.
Ovules are present in this part of flower.
Is the broad part of leaf.

Across -
1. Conduction.
3. Petiole
5. Anther

Down -
1. Creepers
2. Ovary
4. Lamina
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Differentiate between
Pedicel and peduncle

The stalk of flower is called pedicel, while the stalk of the whole inflorescence is called peduncle.

Draw the figure of a plant to show the parts, namely, the root, stem, and leaves in it.

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Differentiate between Spike and spadix.

Both spike and spadix are types of inflorescence. In spike, sessile flowers develop on elongated peduncle. Moreover, the peduncle is not fleshy. In spadix, the whole inflorescence is covered by one to a few large bracts; called spathes. Peduncle is fleshy in spadix.

What is the role of endothecium?

Besides protection of the contents of pollen sac, endothecium ensures dehiscence of anther at mature.

Stolon, offset and rhizome are different forms of stem modifications. How can these modified forms of stem be distinguished from each other?

Stolon	Offset	Rhizome
1. A slender lateral branch arises from the base of the main axis and after growing aerially for sometime arch downwards to touch the ground.	1. A lateral branch with short internodes and each node bearing a rosette of leaves and tuft of roots is found in aquatic plants.	1. Underground fleshy stem with distinct nodes and internodes which are covered by scaly leaves.
2. Purpose of modification is vegetative propagation.	2. Purpose of modification is vegetative propagation.	2. Purpose of modification is food storage.
3. Example: Mint and Jasmine	3. Example: $$Pistia$$ and $$Eichhornia$$	3. Example: Ginger and turmeric

Distinguish between the following pairs: Flower and inflorescence

Flower	Inflorescence
It is specialized shoot wherein the leaves are altered into floral structures.	It is the mode of arrangement of flowers on an the plant axis.

What is another name for a flowering plant?

Flowering plants are also called angiosperms. Angiosperms are seed-bearing vascular plants. Their reproductive structures are flowers in which the ovules are enclosed in an ovary.

Match the names of the economically important plants (or their products) listed in column-I with the families to which they belong given in column-II.Choose the answer which gives the correct combination of alphabets of the two columns.

A-2, B-3, C-4, D-1

Reason:

Sunflower belongs to the family Asteraceae or Compositae.
Tulsi is a member of family Lamiaceae or Labiatae
Coffee belongs to the family Rubiaceae.
Vasaka is a member of family Acanthaceae.

Match the names of plants with the families to which they belong. Choose the answer which gives the correct combinations of the alphabets.

A-5, B-1, C-2, D-3

Reason:

Tamarindus Indica belongs to family Fabaceae or Papilionaceae.
Cocos nucifera is a member of family Arecaceae.
Colchicum autumnale belongs to family Iridaceae or Liliaceae.
Withania somnifera is a member of family Solanaceae.

a. Fruit is the product of fertilization. Is there any fruit that is formed without the act of fertilization?
b. Represent the classification of fruits in a diagrammatic sketch.

a. The structure of neuron: Nerve cells or neurons are the structural and functional units of the nervous system. It consists of three major parts namely, Cell body, dendrites, Axon.
Cell Body: It is irregular in shape or polyhedral. The cell body contains cytoplasm and certain granular bodies called Nissles granules which contain a group of ribosomes for protein synthesis.
Dendrites: Dendrites are short fibres which branch repeatedly and protrude out of the cell body. They transmit electrical impulse towards the cyton.
Axon: They are long fibres arising from the cell body with the branched distal end.
It terminates in bulb-like structures called synaptic knob. It is filled with chemicals called neurotransmitters.
Parts of Axon:
- Axoplasm: It is the cytoplasm of the axon.

- Myelin sheath: It is made up of many layers of Schwann cells.
- Neurilemma: The outermost layer of Schwann cells.

- Nodes of Ranvier: These are gaps left by a myelin sheath.

b. Yes, there are some fruits which develop without the act of fertilization. Such fruits are called Parthenocarpic fruits. For example, seedless grapes.

c. Diagrammatic sketch of classification of fruit:

Image result for classification of fruits

Name a plant that has underground as well as aerial (above the ground) root system.

Aerial roots are roots that are fully or partially exposed to the air. They do attach to something, at least eventually, like trees, bark, or rocks, but they never become fully submerged in the soil. Roots that grow deep in the soil are underground roots. Some trees have both, underground as well as aerial roots. Examples of such trees are banyan tree, mangroves, etc.

Define the following terms.
(i) Racemose inflorescence.
(ii) Osmotic pressure.

(i) Racemose inflorescence: It is an indeterminate inflorescence which shows indefinite growth and bears either acropetal(older towards the base and younger towards apex) or centripetal (older towards the periphery and younger towards the centre).
(ii) Osmotic pressure: The hydrostatic pressure which balances and prevents the osmotic inflow of water into concentrated solution is called osmotic pressure.

Match the lists.

The correct match of List-I with List-II are:A- Apices of underground branches store food-4-StachysB- Underground branches grow obliquely upward from the axillary buds of nodes of stem below the soil-1-MenthaC-Aerial branches grow obliquely downwards and produce adventitious roots after touching the soil-3-AgaveD-Weak stemmed plants have a cluster of leaves and roots at every node-2-Hydrocotyles.So, the correct answer is 'A-4, B-1, C-3, D-2'.

Match the columns and select the correct combination.

The correct match of a list I with list II are:

A- Underground stem -->3- Potato ( stem tubers)

B- Stem tendril --> 5-Cucumber

C- Stem Thorn --> 4-Citrus

D- Flattened stem --> 2-Opuntia

E- Fleshy cylindrical stem --> 1-Euphorbia

So, the correct answer is 'A-3, B-5, C-4, D-2, E-1'.

Enumerate distinguishing characters of Liliaceae or Poaceae. Mention its economic importance.

The economic importance of family Liliaceae:-

Medicine:- Colchicum autumnale and Aloe.
Food:-Onion, garlic and asparagus.
Fibres:-Yucca filamentosa and Sanseviera raxburghiana.
Ornamentals:-Tulip, Yucca gloriosa.

The economic importance of family Solanaceae:

All cereals belong to this family.
Sugarcane is the source of sugar.
Bamboo belongs to this family.

Characters	Liliaceae	Poaceae
Inflorescence	Racemose, sometimes solitary	Spikelet inflorescence having 1-5 flowers in a reduced axis.
Flower	Bracteate or ebracteate, pedicellate, bisexual and actinomorphic	Unisexual, zygomorphic
Perianth	Tepal six (3+3), often united into a tube, valvate aestivation	Represented by membranous scales known as lodicules.
Androecium	Stamen six (3+3)	Stamens 3, versatile and dithecous
Gynoecium	Tricarpellary, syncarpous, ovary superior, trilocular with many ovules, axile placentation	Monocarpellary, unilocular ovary with basal placentation
Fruits	Capsule, rarely a berry	Caryopsis
Seeds	Endospermic	Endospermic

What are the differences between a pinnately compound leaf and a branch bearing simple leaves?

Pinnately Compound Leaves	Branched Simple Leaves
1)It contains axillary bud.	1) Axillary bud is absent.
2)It may bear lateral stipules at the base.	2)Lateral stipules are absent at the base.
3)Leaflets are present.	3)They do not posses leaflets.
4)It does not bear the flower.	4)Branch leaves may have flowers.

Very short answer type.
In the root nodules of leguminous plants, what is the role of nitrogenase and leghaemoglobin?

Nitrogenase: catalyses the conversion of atmospheric/gaseous nitrogen into ammonia. Leghaemoglobin combines oxygen to protect the nitrogenase enzyme (which is highly sensitive to oxygen).

Differentiate between.
Cleistothecium and apothecium

Cleistothecium is a globose and completely closed fruiting body in which asci are scattered.Whereas, apothecium is a broad plate-like fruiting body in which asci develop on the surface of the hymenium and remain exposed at maturity.

Very short answer type :
Classify the following fruits into two categories, dehiscent and indehiscent fruits samara, nut, follicle pod, caryopsis, achene, capsule

Dehiscent fruits Follicle, pod, capsule.
Indehiscent fruits Samara, nut, caryopsis, achene.

Why do plants of the legume family usually contain more protein than other plants?

Plants of the legume family have root nodules in which the symbiotic bacteria fix nitrogen to ammonia. These ammonia contain a large amount of proteins, amino acids etc.

What is significant with regard to flowering in bamboo? Why?

Bamboos are grasses belonging to the family Gramineae. The significant things with regard to flowering in bamboo is that flowering bamboo always dies after seed setting. This is because bamboos exhibit monocarpic flowering behaviour. Death after flowering is a peculiar characteristic of monocarpic flowering and it is observed in members of the grass family. Thus, bamboo plants flower only once in their life cycle.

Write a note on pneumatophore.

Pneumatophores are also called respiratory roots.
These aerial roots grow vertically upwards in swampy plants like Rhizophora.
These are specialized root structures that facilitate aeration necessary for root respiration in hydrophytic trees.
Mangrove muds are anaerobic.
Eg- Mangrove species (Avicennia marina), cotton etc.

Name the type of supporting roots that arise from lower nodes of maize stern.

The stems of maize have supporting roots coming out of the lower nodes of the stem. These roots are called stilt roots.

Morphology of flowering plant

Morphology is the branch of science which deals with the study of form and structure.

The morphology or parts of a flowering plant are.

1. The Root-It is the underground part of a plant which helps in fixation and absorption of water. Types of root system are tap root system and adventitious root system.

2.The Stem - The stem develops from the plumule of the germinating seed and shows the differentiation of nodes and internodes.

3. The Leaf - The leaf is a green, flat, thin, expanded lateral appendage of a stem which is borne at the node and bears the bud. There are 16 types of leaf.

4.Flower - It is the modified dwarf shoot which is meant for sexual reproduction. Floral parts of the flower are Calyx, Corolla, Androecium, Gynoecium.

5. Fruit - After fertilization, the mature ovary develops into a fruit. The parenthocarpic fruits are formed from ovary without fertilization. The parts in fruit are Epicarp, Mesocarp, Endocarp, seed.

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Distinguish between families Fabaceae, Solanaceae, Liliaceae on the basis of gynoecium characteristics (with figures), Also write economic importance of any one of the above family.

Gynoecium Characteristics	Fabaceae	Solanaceae	Liliaceae
Carpels	Monocarpellary	Bicarpellary, Syncarpous	Tricarpellary, syncarpous
Ovary	Superior and unilocular ovary	Superior and bilocular ovary	Superior ovary, trilocular
Placentation	Marginal placentation	Axile placentation	Axile placentation

Economic importance of Solanaceae:
$$*$$ Many important fruits and vegetables belong to this family. e.g. tomato, brinjal and potato.
$$*$$ Chilli; which is an important spice also belongs to this family.
$$*$$ Belladona and Withania; which are medicinal plants belong to this family.
$$*$$ Petunia; which is an ornamental plant belongs to this family.
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Morphology Of Flowering Plants - Class 11 Medical Biology - Extra Questions